The National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute (, IPHAN) is a
heritage register
This list is of heritage registers, inventories of cultural properties, natural and man-made, tangible and intangible, movable and immovable, that are deemed to be of sufficient heritage value to be separately identified and recorded. In many ...
of the
federal government of Brazil
The Federal Government of Brazil (''Governo Federal'') is the national government of the Federative Republic of Brazil, a republic in South America divided in 26 states and a federal district. The Brazilian federal government is divided in thre ...
. It is responsible for the preservation of buildings, monuments, structures, objects and sites, as well as the register and safeguard of intangible cultural heritage deemed of historic or cultural importance to the country.
IPHAN maintains 1,047 sites, which include historic buildings, city centers, and landscapes. It additional lists a growing number of
intangible cultural heritage
An intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a practice, representation, expression, knowledge, or skill considered by UNESCO to be part of a place's cultural heritage. Buildings, historic places, monuments, and artifacts are cultural property. Int ...
entities.
The presidency of the institute was held by only two individuals over its first forty years.
Rodrigo Melo Franco
Rodrigo Melo Franco de Andrade (1898–1969) was a Brazilian art critic and historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical ...
led SPHAN/IPHAN from 1937 until his retirement in 1967; his successor was the architect
Renato Soeiro
Renatus is a first name of Latin origin which means "born again" (natus = born). In Italian, Portuguese and Spanish it exists in masculine and feminine forms: Renato and Renata. In French they have been translated to René and Renée. Renata is ...
, who led the institute from 1967 to 1979.
History
Inspetoria de Monumentos Nacionais
The federal agency dedicated to the preservation of historic sites Brazil was created in 1933 under the name Inspetoria de Monumentos Nacionais (IMN). It was established as a unit linked to the National Historical Museum (NHM). IMN was established by Federal Decree No. 24,735 of July 14, 1934. Its main purpose was to prevent the export of historic objects from Brazil to the international antiquities trade and the demolition of buildings and monuments as part of the rapid urban reforms in Brazil during the early 20th century.
Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional
The Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (SPHAN) was established in 1937 and replace to IMN; it was linked to the Ministry of Education and Health. SPHAN was established through Article no. 378 of the
"Estado Novo" Constitution of 1937) by
Getúlio Vargas
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician who served as the 14th and 17th president of Brazil, from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Due to his long and controversial tenure as Brazi ...
, President of the Republic. The establishment of SPHAN was led by Education Minister
Gustavo Capanema
Gustavo is the Latinate form of a Germanic male given name with respective prevalence in Portuguese language, Portuguese, Spanish language, Spanish, and Italian language, Italian. It has been a common name for Swedish monarchs since the reign of Gu ...
and a team which included the poet
Mário de Andrade
Mário Raul de Morais Andrade (October 9, 1893 – February 25, 1945) was a Brazilian poet, novelist, musicologist, art historian and critic, and photographer. He wrote one of the first and most influential collections of modern Brazilian poetr ...
. The team, together with the lawyer
Rodrigo Melo Franco
Rodrigo Melo Franco de Andrade (1898–1969) was a Brazilian art critic and historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical ...
, undertook a project to research and catalog a large number of historic sites across Brazil. Rodrigo Melo Franco would lead the institute from
Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional
SPHAN was replaced by the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN) in 1970. It again underwent various name changes again in 1979; the name IPHAN was reinstated in 1994.
Chronology
*1936—Provisional creation of the Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (SPHAN)
*1937—SPHAN established under Article no. 378 of the Constitution of 1937
*1946—SPHAN became Departamento do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (DPHAN)
*1970—DPHAN became Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN)
*1979—IPHAN is divided into SPHAN and the Fundação Nacional Pró-Memória (FNPN)
*1990—SPHAN and FNPM were merged to become the Instituto Brasileiro do Patrimônio Cultural (IBPC)
*1994—IBPC became the Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN)
Categories
Entities listed by IPHAN are organized under the ''Livros do Tombo'', which includes the:
*Livro do Tombo Arqueológico, Etnográfico e Paisagístico: includes cultural objects and practices of archaeological, ethnographic value; landscapes, city centers, and architectural complexes are included in this category.
*Livro do Tombo Histórico: includes cultural objects of historical value, such as buildings, landmarks, individuals images, and paintings.
*Livro do Tombo das Belas Artes: includes cultural objects of artistic value, generally the fine arts of "non-utilitarian character".
*: include cultural objects associated with a "utilitarian function" as opposed to those of the fine arts; the category includes the decorative arts, graphic arts and furniture.
See also
*
List of National Historic Heritage of Brazil
The National Historic Heritage of Brazil are buildings, monuments, structures, objects and sites deemed of historic or cultural importance to the country. The register is maintained by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage of B ...
References
External links
Interview with Jurema de Sousa Machado, president of IPHAN since 2012.
{{authority control
Heritage registers in Brazil
Government agencies established in 1934
1934 establishments in Brazil