Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) is an

enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. A ...

with

phosphatase In biochemistry, a phosphatase is an enzyme that uses water to cleave a phosphoric acid Ester, monoester into a phosphate ion and an Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol. Because a phosphatase enzyme catalysis, catalyzes the hydrolysis of its Substrate ...

activity. SHIP1 is structured by multiple domain and is encoded by the ''INPP5D''

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...

in humans. SHIP1 is expressed predominantly by

hematopoietic cells Haematopoiesis (, from Greek , 'blood' and 'to make'; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also h(a)emopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cells. ...

but also, for example, by

osteoblast Osteoblasts (from the Greek language, Greek combining forms for "bone", ὀστέο-, ''osteo-'' and βλαστάνω, ''blastanō'' "germinate") are cell (biology), cells with a single Cell nucleus, nucleus that synthesize bone. However, in the p ...

s and

endothelial cells The endothelium is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel ...

. This phosphatase is important for the regulation of cellular activation. Not only

catalytic Catalysis () is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed in the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recyc ...

but also adaptor activities of this protein are involved in this process. Its movement from the

cytosol The cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells (intracellular fluid (ICF)). It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondri ...

to the

cytoplasmic membrane The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane (PM) or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment ( ...

, where predominantly performs its function, is mediated by

tyrosine phosphorylation Tyrosine phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO43−) group to the amino acid tyrosine on a protein. It is one of the main types of protein phosphorylation. This transfer is made possible through enzymes called tyrosine kinases. Tyros ...

of the intracellular chains of

cell surface receptor Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules. They are specialized integral m ...

s that SHIP1 binds. Insufficient regulation of SHIP1 leads to different

pathologies Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in t ...

Structure and regulation of activity

SHIP1 is a 145 kDa large protein and member of the inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase (INPP5) family. Alternate transcriptional

splice variant Alternative splicing, or alternative RNA splicing, or differential splicing, is an alternative splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins. In this process, particular exons of a gene may be in ...

s, encoding different

isoform A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some isof ...

s, have been characterized. At the N-terminus of the protein,

SH2 domain The SH2 (Src Homology 2) domain is a structurally conserved protein domain contained within the Src oncoprotein and in many other intracellular signal-transducing proteins. SH2 domains allow proteins containing those domains to dock to phosphory ...

is formed. This domain is important for the interaction of SHIP1 with the phosphorylated protein chains that SHIP1 binds. Highly conserved phosphatase domain is in central part of the protein. This catalytic domain is flanked on the N-terminal side by the PH-like domain that binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P₃) and is overlapped on C-terminus with the

C2 domain A C2 domain is a protein structural domain involved in targeting proteins to cell membranes. The typical version (PKC-C2) has a beta-sandwich composed of 8 beta sheet, β-strands that co-ordinates two or three calcium ions, which bind in a cavity ...

that binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate (PI(4, 5)P₂). The C-tail is not structured, but contains a

proline Proline (symbol Pro or P) is an organic acid classed as a proteinogenic amino acid (used in the biosynthesis of proteins), although it does not contain the amino group but is rather a secondary amine. The secondary amine nitrogen is in the prot ...

-rich region that forms the motif for binding

SH3 domain The SRC Homology 3 Domain (or SH3 domain) is a small protein domain of about 60 amino acid residues. Initially, SH3 was described as a conserved sequence in the viral adaptor protein v-Crk. This domain is also present in the molecules of phos ...

and also contains sequence containing

tyrosine -Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Gr ...

915 (Y915) and tyrosine 1022 (Y1022) (in human cell) that is typical for interaction with the phosphotyrosine binding domain (PTB domain). Phosphatase activity of SHIP1 can be allosteric regulated by phosphorylation of the catalytic domain on

serine Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated − form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated − form un ...

440 (Ser440), this phosphorylation is mediated by

cAMP-dependent protein kinase A In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKA) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). PKA is also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (). PKA has several functions in the cell, including regulatio ...

(PKA). Second

allosteric regulation In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site. The site to which the effector binds is termed the ''allosteric site ...

is mediated by binding PI(3,4)P₂ to the C2 domain. Furthermore, binding PDB domain to C-terminus of SHIP1 is regulated by Y915 and Y1022 phosphorylation.

Function

At the plasma membrane, the protein

hydrolyzes Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile. Biological hydrolysis ...

the 5' phosphate from phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate and inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, thereby influence the binding of many proteins to the cytoplasmic membrane thus affecting multiple

signaling pathway In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) or cell communication is the ability of a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals with its environment and with itself. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellula ...

s. To access the substrate which is located on the cytoplasmic membrane, SHIP1 move from cytosol to the plasma membrane. This movement is mediated by binding its SH2 domain to the phosphorylated intracellular chains of cell surface receptors. Binding SHIP1 to phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIM) of FcγRIIB inhibits the activation of

B cell B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. B cells produce antibody molecules which may be either secreted or ...

s including Ca²⁺ influx. SHIP1 can also interact with other inhibitory receptors and contribute to negative signaling. Overall, the protein functions as a negative regulator of cell proliferation and survival. Nevertheless, SHIP1 may also bind to partially phosphorylated

immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors, cell-surface proteins found mainly on immune cel ...

s (ITAM) of some cell surface receptors, for example

T cell receptor The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The binding b ...

(TCR) and

CD79 Introduction CD79 ( Cluster of Differentiation 79) is a transmembrane protein that forms a complex with the B-cell receptor (BCR) and generates a signal following recognition of antigen by the BCR. CD79 is composed of two distinct chains call ...

a/b. SHIP1 does not bind only to intracellular chains of cell surface receptor. Its SH2 domain may also interact with phosphorylated cytoplasmic proteins, such as

SHC1 SHC-transforming protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SHC1'' gene. SHC has been found to be important in the regulation of apoptosis and drug resistance in mammalian cells. SCOP classifies the 3D structure as belonging to th ...

and

DOK1 Docking protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DOK1'' gene. Function Docking protein 1 is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in hematopoietic progenitors isolated from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients in the c ...

. The regulation of signaling by SHIP1 is not dependent only on its catalytic activity. SHIP1 can also affect cell signaling pathways independently on its catalytic activity by serving as a bridge for other proteins thereby regulate protein-protein interactions.

Interactions

INPP5D has been shown to

interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ...

with

DOK2 Lee Joon-kyung (; born March 28, 1990) better known by his stage name Dok2 (, pronounced as Dokki), is a South Korean rapper, record producer and co-founder of now-defunct Illionaire Records. Biography Early life Dok2's mother is Korean, and h ...

, LYN,

CD22 CD22, or cluster of differentiation-22, is a molecule belonging to the SIGLEC family of lectins. It is found on the surface of mature B cells and to a lesser extent on some immature B cells. Generally speaking, CD22 is a regulatory molecule that ...

, Grb2,

CRKL Crk-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRKL gene. Function v-CRK avian sarcoma virus CT10-homolog-like contains one SH2 domain and two SH3 domains. CRKL has been shown to activate the RAS and JUN kinase signaling pathw ...

CD31 Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) also known as cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PECAM1'' gene found on chromosome17q23.3. PECAM-1 plays a key role in removing aged neutrop ...

and

Medicines

Poor regulation of the SHIP1 function leads to different pathologies. On the one hand, its increased activity is associated with

tumorogenesis Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. The process is characterized by changes at the cellular, genetic, and epigenetic levels and abnorm ...

. On the other hand, its low activity leads to

autoinflammatory disease Periodic fever syndromes are a set of disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of systemic and organ-specific inflammation. Unlike autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, in which the disease is caused by abnormalities of ...

s. This knowledge is used in

drug development Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes preclinical research on microorganisms and animals, filing for re ...

. In the case of autoinflammatory diseases, there is an attempt to increase SHIP1 catalytic activity by binding the small molecule to the C2 domain. This molekule should to act as

allosteric activator In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an Effector (biology), effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site. The site to which the effector binds is termed th ...

. Currently, some molecules are under development and tested as potential

anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs, also called anti-inflammatories, make up about half of analgesics. These drugs remedy pain by reducing inflammation as o ...

drug A drug is any chemical substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when consumed. Drugs are typically distinguished from food and substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of drugs can be via insuffla ...

. AQX-1125 (Rosiptor) and AQX-MN100 are both in

clinical trial Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietar ...

References

External links