Hồ Quý Ly
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Hồ Quý Ly ( vi-hantu, 胡季犛, born 1336) ruled Đại Ngu (Vietnam) from 1400 to 1401 as the founding emperor of the short-lived
Hồ dynasty The Hồ dynasty (Vietnamese: , chữ Nôm: 茹胡; Sino-Vietnamese: ''Hồ triều, chữ Hán:'' 胡 朝) was a short-lived Vietnamese dynasty consisting of the reigns of two monarchs, Hồ Quý Ly (胡季犛) in 1400–01 and his second so ...
. Quý Ly rose from a post as an official served the court of the ruling
Trần dynasty The Trần dynasty, (Vietnamese: Nhà Trần, chữ Nôm: 茹陳)also known as the House of Trần, was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled over the Kingdom of Đại Việt from 1225 to 1400. The dynasty was founded when emperor Trần Thái T ...
and a military general fought against the Cham forces during the Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390). After his military defeat in the Ming Conquest of Dai Ngu (1406–1407), he and his son were captured as prisoners and were exiled to China, while the Dai Viet Empire became the thirteenth province of
Ming Empire The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last orthodox dynasty of China ruled by the Han peop ...
.


Biography


Early career

Hồ Quý Ly was born in 1336 at Đại Lại village, Vĩnh Ninh district, Ái Châu, Thanh Đô town with aristocracy's standing. His
birth name A birth name is the name of a person given upon birth. The term may be applied to the surname, the given name, or the entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a birth certificate or birth r ...
was Lê Quý Ly (黎季犛),
courtesy name A courtesy name (), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in the East Asian cultural sphere, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.Ulrich Theobald ...
Lý Nguyên (理元) or Nhất Nguyên (一元), as he was adopted by Lê Huan, after whom he took the family name. Descended from a Chinese family named Hu who had migrated from
Zhejiang Zhejiang ( or , ; , also romanized as Chekiang) is an eastern, coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable cities include Ningbo and Wenzhou. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiang ...
(China) to Dien Chau (modern-day
Thanh Hóa Thanh Hóa () is the capital of Thanh Hóa Province. The city is situated in the east of the province on the Ma River (Sông Mã), about 150 kilometers (93 miles) south of Hanoi and 1560 kilometers (969 miles) north of Ho Chi Minh City. Thanh ...
) in the tenth century, he adopted the Vietnamese surname Lê to appeal to the local elite. Two of Quý Ly's paternal aunts first came to the court of king
Tran Nghe Tong Tran may refer to: Arts, media, and entertainment * "Tran", a novel in the Janissaries series named for a fictional planet * Dr. Tran, an animated miniseries People * Trần (陳), a Vietnamese surname * Tran, member of the Nazi-era comedy duo ...
(r. 1370–1372) and were honored in 1371 and 1372, thus enabled Ho Quy Ly's rise to power. In 1371, he got married with a princess of king Tran Minh Tong after finishing a commission of the king.


Rise to power

At the time, power in
Dai Viet Dai may refer to: Names * Dai (given name), a Welsh or Japanese masculine given name * Dai (surname) (戴), a Chinese surname Places and regimes * Dai Commandery, a commandery of the state of Zhao and in early imperial China * Dai County, in X ...
remained in the hands of the royal family and the aristocracy. In 1375, through beneficial royal contacts, Quý Ly received a high military rank. In June 1376, Che Bong Nga of Champa launched an offensive into Hoa Chau. King Tran Due Tong (r. 1373–1377) called the army for a counterattack. Quý Ly was responsible for transporting supplies and army from Nghe An, Tan Binh and Thuan Hoa, while general Do Tu Binh commanded the army. The campaign became disastrous in January 1377 as king Due Tong was killed in battle and prince Tran Huc was captured; only Do Tu Binh and Le Quý Ly were able to flee. Le Quý Ly disappeared from politics for two years. Following the victory in
Vijaya Vijaya may refer to: Places * Vijaya (Champa), a city-state and former capital of the historic Champa in what is now Vietnam * Vijayawada, a city in Andhra Pradesh, India People * Prince Vijaya of Sri Lanka (fl. 543–505 BC), earliest recorde ...
, Che Bong Nga's army rapidly advanced into the
Red River Delta The Red River Delta or Hong River Delta ( vi, Châu thổ sông Hồng) is the flat low-lying plain formed by the Red River and its distributaries merging with the Thái Bình River in northern Vietnam. ''Hồng'' (紅) is a Sino-Vietnamese wor ...
and sacked
Hanoi Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of . It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is ...
, gaining control of vast territories including Thanh Hoa and Nghe An. In 1380, Quý Ly joined Do Tu Binh in fending off a Cham attack in Thanh Hoa. In 1382, Che Bong Nga launched another northward assault into Thanh Hoa by both land and sea. A local general named Nguyen Da Phuong, put aside Quý Ly's orders and left his position to attack, inflicting a series of defeats on the Cham forces and forcing them to withdraw back to the south. In early 1383, a large fleet of Quý Ly was cancelled due to a storm. In summer, Che Bong Nga launched a new offensive through the mountains in Eastern Laos, bypassing Quý Ly's position, and attacked
Son Tay A son is a male reproduction, offspring; a boy or a man in relation to his parents. The female counterpart is a daughter. From a biological perspective, a son constitutes a first degree relative. Social issues In pre-industrial societies and s ...
from the west. King Nghe Tong ordered troops to stop the Cham advances, but they were routed and a Vietnamese commander was captured. The king once again fled north across the Red River while Cham troops sacked Hanoi, occupying it for six months before their departure.


As a chief minister

In March 1387 Nghe Tong returned to the capital and Quý Ly was appointed chief minister. By September, anti-Quy Ly faction began emerging in the court. Le A Phu, an official, had warned Prince Ngac about Quý Ly and secretly sent an offer to Tran Phe De (r. 1377–1388) seeking Quý Ly's death. However the conspiracy was leaked. With advise from Pham Cu Luan, Quý Ly came to the old king Nghe Tong, urged to purge the young king Phe De and place Prince Ngung on the throne. In 1388, Tran Phe De was dethroned and executed, along with Le A Phu and other supporters. Prince Ngu was crowned as
Tran Thuan Tong Tran may refer to: Arts, media, and entertainment * "Tran", a novel in the Janissaries series named for a fictional planet * Dr. Tran, an animated miniseries People * Trần (陳), a Vietnamese surname * Tran, member of the Nazi-era comedy duo ...
(r. 1389–1398). Quý Ly promptly married his eldest daughter to Thuan Tong while continued placing his own men to the government. In mid-1389, chaos and revolts against Quý Ly occurred in Thanh Hoa. Take advantage, Che Bong Nga launched a new attack on Thanh Hoa. Quý Ly led an army to against them but was badly defeated. Quý Ly asked Nghe Tong for royal warships, but he preferred to keep them in defense of the capital. In late 1389, a Buddhist monk from Son Tay led a revolt the court, attacked the capital and forced two monarchs Nghe Tong and Thuan Tong to flee to
Bac Ninh BAC or Bac may refer to: Places * Bac, a village in Montenegro * Baile Átha Cliath, Irish language name for Dublin city. * Bîc River, aka ''Bâc River'', a Moldovan river * Baç Bridge, bridge in Turkey * Barnes County Municipal Airport (ICAO ...
. As the same time, troops were rallied to put down the rebellion while the Cham forces remained themselves in southern Delta. In February 1390, the Vietnamese inflicted a heavy defeat on the Chams that ended the war. The great Cham king was killed and his general La Ngai fled to the south, proclaimed as Jaya Simhavarman VI. In 1392, through manipulating Nghe Tong, Quý Ly removed Tran Nhat Chuong, a member of the royal family for plotting to kill him. In later that year, he established the first strong centralized system to patrol the country. He also introduced classical Chinese learning into Vietnamese state. In opposite, two of the top Vietnamese scholars, Dao Su Tich and Doan Su Loi protested against the new ideology. In 1393, Quý Ly held the first examination for both classical scholars and low officials. His reforms received fully supports and encourage from the old king Nghe Tong. In January 1395, Nghe Tong died. Quy Ly's first move was translating the Book of Documents into
Nom NOM may refer to: * National Organization for Marriage * Natural organic matter * New Order Mormons * Nickelodeon Original Movies * ''Nintendo Official Magazine'', official British Nintendo magazine; now discontinued, superseded by ''Official Ni ...
. In the same year, he forbade officials to wear broad-sleeve garments, allowing only narrow sleeves. In the next year, he set up entire the government dresses. He issued the first Vietnamese banknotes. Quy Ly worked on many aspect, tried to integrate Chinese classic learning and Confucianism into the Vietnamese state. In early 1397, he ordered the construction of a new capital in northwest Thanh Hoa. He renamed the old capital Hanoi to Dong Do, while his new capital is called Tay Do. In early 1398, Quý Ly manipulated king Thuan Tong into abdicating. He appointed the two-year-old Prince An as king Tran Thieu De (r. 1398–1400). In 1399 Quý Ly moved the abdicated Thuan Tong into isolation.


Reign and exile

In 1400, Quý Ly dethroned the last Trần emperor and declared himself emperor, establishing his clan in royal positions and renaming the kingdom from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu. Encountering a failed coup by the Trần, Quý Ly suppressed dissenters by executing 370 dissidents, seizing their possessions, enslaving their female relatives, and burying alive or drowning males of all ages. In 1401, he abdicated in favor of his second son
Hồ Hán Thương Hồ Hán Thương ( vi-hantu, 胡漢蒼, ?–1407?) was the second and final emperor of the short-lived Hồ dynasty of Đại Ngu (now Viet Nam). Hán Thương, his father Hồ Quý Ly, and his son Nhe, were captured by the Ming The Mi ...
, who also the grandson of Tran Minh Tong. In accordance with the former Trần dynasty's tradition, Hồ Quý Ly styled himself as Emperor Emeritus and still possessed much power over state affairs. From 1400 to 1403, Hồ Quý Ly and his son, Hồ Hán Thương sent three expeditions against Champa. The first and third expeditions ended with Champa's defensive victory; however the second one (1402) resulted in the Champa King Jaya Simhavarman V relinquishing southern Quảng Nam and northern
Quảng Ngãi Quảng Ngãi () is a city in central Vietnam. It serves as the capital city of Quảng Ngãi Province. Quảng Ngãi City borders Tư Nghĩa District to the south and west, Sơn Tịnh District to the northwest and Bình Sơn District to the ...
to Dai Viet. In 1407, he was captured by Ming forces in Thiên Cầm cave and was exiled to China. He was forced to enlist in the Ming army as a common soldier. It is not clear when he died. His son, Hồ Hán Thương, and grandson, Hồ Nhuế, also died in Chinese exile.


Family

* Forefather : Hồ Hưng Dật * Father : Hồ Quốc Mạo * Mother : Phạm Thị Mỗ * Brothers : Hồ Quý Đôn, Hồ Quý Uông, Hồ Quý Mỗ, Hồ Quý Hàm, Hồ Quý Tì * Spouses : Huy Ninh Princess, Thái Từ Empress, Nguyễn Thị Mỗ * Children :
Hồ Nguyên Trừng Hồ Nguyên Trừng (chữ Hán: 胡元澄, pinyin Hu Yuancheng; also known as Lê Trừng, ; 1374? – 1446?) was a Trần dynasty, Vietnamese scholar, official, and engineer in exile in Ming dynasty, China. He was the oldest son of Emperor Hồ Q ...
(general),
Hồ Hán Thương Hồ Hán Thương ( vi-hantu, 胡漢蒼, ?–1407?) was the second and final emperor of the short-lived Hồ dynasty of Đại Ngu (now Viet Nam). Hán Thương, his father Hồ Quý Ly, and his son Nhe, were captured by the Ming The Mi ...
(second emperor), Hồ Thánh Ngâu (
Trần dynasty The Trần dynasty, (Vietnamese: Nhà Trần, chữ Nôm: 茹陳)also known as the House of Trần, was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled over the Kingdom of Đại Việt from 1225 to 1400. The dynasty was founded when emperor Trần Thái T ...
's empress) * Grandchildren : Hồ Nhuế (crown prince), Hồ Ngũ Lang, Hồ Vô Cữu, Hồ Tử Chương, Hồ Tử Việp,
Trần Thiếu Đế Trần Thiếu Đế ( vi-hantu, 陳少帝, 1396–?), was the twelfth and the last emperor of the Trần dynasty who reigned over Vietnam from 1398 to 1400. Biography Trần Thiếu Đế's name (𤇼 / Yên) was suggested by ''Khâm định Vi ...


Works

* ''Quốc ngữ thi nghĩa'' (國語詩義) * ''Minh đạo lục'' (明道錄)


Speech


Legacy

Hồ Quý Ly has been a subject of controversial debates among Vietnamese historians, some scholars value his radical thoughts and reformation, while others regard him as a usurper. He ordered the construction of a citadel in Thanh Hóa Province. The remnants of this citadel are included in
UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...
's
list of World Heritage Sites This is a list of the lists of World Heritage Sites. A World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having special cultural or physical significance. General lis ...
.


References


Further reading

* * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Ho, Quy Ly 1336 births 1407 deaths Hồ dynasty emperors Vietnamese emperors Vietnamese retired emperors Monarchs who abdicated Vietnamese reformers Vietnamese monarchs 14th-century Vietnamese philosophers Founding monarchs Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime