Hyderabad ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the
Indian state
India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, with a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions.
History
Pre-indepen ...
of
Telangana
Telangana (; , ) is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of and 35 ...
and the ''
de jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legall ...
'' capital of
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the ...
. It occupies on the
Deccan Plateau
The large Deccan Plateau in southern India is located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada river. To the north, it is bounded by th ...
along the banks of the
Musi River Musi may refer to:
* Musi River (Indonesia)
* Musi River (India), Telangana
* Moosy River, Andhra Pradesh, India
* Musi language, a Malay language spoken in Indonesia
* Angelo Musi (1918–2009), American basketball player
* Agostino de' Musi, rea ...
, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of , much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around
artificial lakes
A reservoir (; from French ''réservoir'' ) is an enlarged lake behind a dam. Such a dam may be either artificial, built to store fresh water or it may be a natural formation.
Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways, including contro ...
, including the
Hussain Sagar lake, predating the city's founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the
2011 Census of India
The 2011 Census of India or the 15th Indian Census was conducted in two phases, house listing and population enumeration. The House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved the collection of information about all buildings. Informatio ...
, Hyderabad is the
fourth-most populous city in India with a population of residents within the city limits, and has a population of residents in the
metropolitan region, making it the
sixth-most populous metropolitan area in India. With an output of 74 billion, Hyderabad has the fifth-largest urban economy in India.
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the
fortified Golconda. In 1687,
the city was annexed by the
Mughals. In 1724,
Asaf Jah I, the
Mughal viceroy, declared his sovereignty and founded the
Asaf Jahi dynasty, also known as the
Nizams. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahi's from 1769 to 1948. As capital of the
princely state of Hyderabad, the city housed the
British Residency and
cantonment until
Indian independence in 1947.
Hyderabad was annexed by the
Indian Union in 1948 and continued as a capital of
Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1956. After
the introduction of the
States Reorganisation Act of 1956, Hyderabad was made the capital of the
newly formed Andhra Pradesh. In 2014,
Andhra Pradesh was split to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states with a transitional arrangement scheduled to end in 2024. Since 1956, the city has housed the
Rashtrapati Nilayam, the winter office of the
president of India
The president of India ( IAST: ) is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. Droupadi Murm ...
.
Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; the
Charminar has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world.
A distinctive culture arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, with
Painting
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and a ...
,
handicraft,
jewellery
Jewellery ( UK) or jewelry ( U.S.) consists of decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks. Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes. From a w ...
,
literature
Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to ...
,
dialect
The term dialect (from Latin , , from the Ancient Greek word , 'discourse', from , 'through' and , 'I speak') can refer to either of two distinctly different types of linguistic phenomena:
One usage refers to a variety of a language that is ...
and
clothing
Clothing (also known as clothes, apparel, and attire) are items worn on the body. Typically, clothing is made of fabrics or textiles, but over time it has included garments made from animal skin and other thin sheets of materials and natura ...
are prominent still today. Through
its cuisine, the city is listed as a
creative city of gastronomy by
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international coope ...
. The
Telugu film industry
Telugu cinema, also known as Tollywood, is the segment of Indian cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Telugu language, widely spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Telugu cinema is based in Film Nagar, H ...
based in the city was the country's second-largest producer of motion pictures .
Until the Hyderabad was known for the
pearl industry and was nicknamed the "City of Pearls", and was the only trading centre for
Golconda diamonds in the world. Many of the city's historical and traditional
bazaars remain open. Hyderabad's central location between the
Deccan Plateau
The large Deccan Plateau in southern India is located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada river. To the north, it is bounded by th ...
and the
Western Ghats, and industrialisation throughout the attracted major Indian research, manufacturing, educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged as an
Indian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. The formation of the
special economic zones of
Hardware Park and
HITEC City, dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad.
History
Toponymy
The name ''Hyderabad'' means "Haydar's city" or "lion city", from ''
haydar
Haydar ( ar, حيدر), also spelt Hajdar, Hayder, Heidar, Haider, Heydar, and other variants, is an Arabic male given name, also used as a surname, meaning " lion". In Islamic tradition, the name is primarily associated with Ali ibn Abi Talib ...
'' 'lion' and ''
ābād'' 'city', after
Caliph
A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to th ...
Ali Ibn Abi Talib, also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.
The city was originally called ''Baghnagar'' "city of gardens", and later acquired the name ''Hyderabad''.
The European travellers
von Poser and
Thévenot found both names in use in the 17th century.
One popular legend suggests that the founder of the city,
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, named it ''Bhagya-nagar'' after
Bhagmati
Bhagamati (Hyder Mahal) was a queen of Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, in whose honor Hyderabad was supposedly named. She is also known by the name Bhagyawati There exists debate among scholars about whether there existed any Bhagamati at all an ...
, a local
nautch (dancing) girl whom he married. She converted to
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the ...
and adopted the title ''Hyder Mahal''. The city would have been named ''Hyderabad'' in her honour.
[
*
*
*
* ]
Early and medieval history
The discovery of
Megalithic burial sites and
cairn circles in the
suburb
A suburb (more broadly suburban area) is an area within a metropolitan area, which may include commercial and mixed-use, that is primarily a residential area. A suburb can exist either as part of a larger city/urban area or as a separ ...
s of Hyderabad, in 1851 by
Philip Meadows Taylor
Colonel Philip Meadows Taylor, (25 September 1808 – 13 May 1876), an administrator in British India and a novelist, made notable contributions to public knowledge of South India. Though largely self-taught, he was a polymath, working alternat ...
, a
polymath in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited from the
Stone Age.
Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age ( Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and the Bronze Age ( Chalcolithic). The concept has been mostly ...
sites that may date from 500
BCE.
The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the
Chalukya dynasty from 624
CE to 1075 CE.
Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda—now part of Hyderabad—came under the control of the
Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at
Warangal
Warangal () is a city in the Indian state of Telangana and the district headquarters of Warangal district. It is the second largest city in Telangana with a population of 704,570 per 2011 Census of India, and spreading over an .
Warangal ser ...
— northeast of modern Hyderabad.
The Kakatiya ruler
Ganapatideva 1199–1262 built a
hilltop outpost—later known as
Golconda Fort—to defend their western region.
The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the
Khalji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan
Alauddin Khalji
Alaud-Dīn Khaljī, also called Alauddin Khilji or Alauddin Ghilji (), born Ali Gurshasp, was an emperor of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrativ ...
of the
Delhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1321, when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by
Malik Kafur
Malik Kafur (died 1316), also known as Taj al-Din Izz al-Dawla, was a prominent slave-general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He was captured by Alauddin's general Nusrat Khan during the 1299 invasion of Gujarat, and rose to promi ...
, Allaudin Khalji's general.
During this period, Alauddin Khalji took the ''
Koh-i-Noor'' diamond, which is said to have been mined from the
Kollur Mines of Golconda, to Delhi.
Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the
Tughlaq dynasty,
Malik Maqbul Tilangani
Malik Maqbul (Mala Yugandharudu ) , also referred to as Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani[< ...](_blank)
was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains
Musunuri Nayakas
The Musunuri Nayakas were warrior kings of 14th-century South India who were briefly significant in the region of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka is said to have taken a leadership role among the Andhra chieftains and driv ...
—who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333—took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital. In 1347 when
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the
Bahmani Sultanate in the
Deccan Plateau
The large Deccan Plateau in southern India is located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada river. To the north, it is bounded by th ...
, with
Gulbarga— west of Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighboring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.
In 1496
Sultan Quli was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana, he rebuilt, expanded and
fortified
A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ''fortis'' ("strong") and ''facere' ...
the old mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad nagar". In 1518, he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the
Qutb Shahi dynasty.
The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan,
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda. During his rule, he had the
Charminar and
Mecca Masjid built in the city.
Mir Momin Astarabadi, the prime minister in the
Qutub Shahi period, developed the plan of the city of Hyderabad, including the location of the Charminar and
Char Kaman
Char Kaman (literally "meaning four gates") are four historical structures in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, India. It is located near Charminar. After the completion of Charminar, at about 75m feet to its north, four lofty arches known a ...
.
On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb after a
year-long siege of the Golconda Fort.
The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed ''Darul Jihad'' (House of War),
whereas its state "Golconda" was renamed ''Deccan Suba'' (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golconda to
Aurangabad, about northwest of Hyderabad.
[
* ]
Modern history
In 1713, Mughal emperor
Farrukhsiyar appointed
Mubariz Khan as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he
fortified the city and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats.
In 1714
Farrukhsiyar appointed
Asaf Jah I as
Viceroy of the Deccan—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'' (Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the d ...
.
[
* ] His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan.
Under the influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents, Mughal Emperor
Muhammad Shah issued a decree to
Mubariz Khan, to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the
Battle of Shakar Kheda
The Battle of Sakhar kherda took place on 11 October 1724 at Sakhar Kherda (Sakhar Kherda or Sakhar Kherda) in Berar, 80 miles from Aurangabad between Nizam-ul-Mulk and Mubariz Khan, Subedar of Deccan.
Prelude
In 1714, Mughal emperor Farr ...
.
In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the ''
Deccan'', named the region ''
Hyderabad Deccan
Hyderabad State () was a princely state located in the south-central Deccan region of India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into the present-day state of Telangana, the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka, an ...
'', and started what came to be known as the
Asaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or
Nizams of Hyderabad
The Nizams were the rulers of Hyderabad from the 18th through the 20th century. Nizam of Hyderabad (Niẓām ul-Mulk, also known as Asaf Jah) was the title of the monarch of the Hyderabad State ( divided between the state of Telangana, Mar ...
.
The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—
Nasir Jung (1748–1750),
Muzaffar Jang (1750-1751) and
Salabat Jung (1751-1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of
Asaf Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the
Treaty of Masulipatam
The Northern Circars (also spelt Sarkars) was a division of British India's Madras Presidency. It consisted of a narrow slip of territory lying along the western side of the Bay of Bengal from 15° 40′ to 20° 17′ north latitude, in the pre ...
—by which the
East India Company
The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Sou ...
in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at
Coromandel Coast
The Coromandel Coast is the southeastern coastal region of the Indian subcontinent, bounded by the Utkal Plains to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the east, the Kaveri delta to the south, and the Eastern Ghats to the west, extending over an ...
.
[
*
*
* ]
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.
In response to regular threats from
Hyder Ali
Hyder Ali ( حیدر علی, ''Haidarālī''; 1720 – 7 December 1782) was the Sultan and ''de facto'' ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Born as Hyder Ali, he distinguished himself as a soldier, eventually drawing the att ...
(Dalwai of
Mysore
Mysore (), officially Mysuru (), is a city in the southern part of the state of Karnataka, India. Mysore city is geographically located between 12° 18′ 26″ north latitude and 76° 38′ 59″ east longitude. It is located at an altitude o ...
),
Baji Rao I (
Peshwa
The Peshwa (Pronunciation: e(ː)ʃʋaː was the appointed (later becoming hereditary) prime minister of the Maratha Empire of the Indian subcontinent. Originally, the Peshwas served as subordinates to the Chhatrapati (the Maratha king); later ...
of the
Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
General the
Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau
Charles Joseph Patissier, Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau (8 February 1718 or 8 February 1720 – 7 January 1785) or Charles Joseph Patissier de Bussy was the Governor General of the French colony of Pondicherry from 1783 to 1785. He served with dis ...
), the Nizam signed a
subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the
British Indian Army to be stationed at
Bolarum (modern
Secunderabad) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.
Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of
Hussain Sagar lake, and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services, underground drainage, running water,
electricity
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as describe ...
, telecommunications, universities, industries, and
Begumpet Airport. The
Nizams ruled the
princely state of
Hyderabad
Hyderabad ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the ''de jure'' capital of Andhra Pradesh. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern Indi ...
during the
British Raj
The British Raj (; from Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent;
*
* it is also called Crown rule in India,
*
*
*
*
or Direct rule in India,
* Quote: "Mill, who was him ...
.
Post-Independence
After India
gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the
Indian Union or newly formed
Dominion of Pakistan
Between 14 August 1947 and 23 March 1956, Pakistan was an independent federal dominion in the Commonwealth of Nations, created by the passing of the Indian Independence Act 1947 by the British parliament, which also created the Dominion of ...
.
The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the
Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party but often simply the Congress, is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British E ...
and the
Communist Party of India, began agitating against
Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the
Indian Army
The Indian Army is the Land warfare, land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the Commander-in-Chief, Supreme Commander of the Indian Army, and its professional head is the Chief of Arm ...
took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed
Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an
Instrument of Accession, which made him the ''
Rajpramukh'' (Princely Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956.
Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the
Telangana uprising against the
feudal lords of the
Telangana region
Telangana (; , ) is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of and ...
. The
Constitution of India
The Constitution of India ( IAST: ) is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental ...
, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the
part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital. In his 1955 report ''Thoughts on Linguistic States'',
B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the
Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the
second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.
On 1 November 1956 the states of India
were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form
Maharashtra
Maharashtra (; , abbr. MH or Maha) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India and the second-most populous country subdi ...
,
Karnataka
Karnataka (; ISO 15919, ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reor ...
and
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the ...
. The nine
Telugu
Telugu may refer to:
* Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India
*Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India
* Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language
** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode
...
- and
-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking
Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the
Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at
Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives; terrorist bombs in
May and
August
August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and the fifth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. Its zodiac sign is Leo and was originally named '' Sextilis'' in Latin because it was the 6th month i ...
2007 caused
communal tension and riots; and two bombs exploded in
February 2013. On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of
Parliament passed the
Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.
Geography
Hyderabad is south of
Delhi
Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders w ...
, southeast of
Mumbai
Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the secon ...
, and north of
Bangalore
Bangalore (), officially Bengaluru (), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than and a metropolitan population of around , making it the third most populous city and fifth most ...
by road. It is situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India,
along the banks of the
Musi River Musi may refer to:
* Musi River (Indonesia)
* Musi River (India), Telangana
* Moosy River, Andhra Pradesh, India
* Musi language, a Malay language spoken in Indonesia
* Angelo Musi (1918–2009), American basketball player
* Agostino de' Musi, rea ...
, a tributary of
Krishna River located on the
Deccan Plateau
The large Deccan Plateau in southern India is located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada river. To the north, it is bounded by th ...
in the northern part of
South India
South India, also known as Dakshina Bharata or Peninsular India, consists of the peninsular southern part of India. It encompasses the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, as well as the union terr ...
.
Greater Hyderabad covers , making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India.
With an average altitude of , Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink
granite
Granite () is a coarse-grained ( phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly cools and solidifies un ...
, dotted with small hills, the highest being
Banjara Hills at .
The city has numerous lakes sometime referred to as ''sagar'', meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre),
Osman Sagar and
Himayat Sagar.
, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).
Climate
Hyderabad has a
tropical wet and dry climate (
Köppen ''Aw'') bordering on a hot
semi-arid climate
A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi ...
(Köppen ''BSh''). The annual mean temperature is ; monthly mean temperatures are .
Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius;
maximum temperatures often exceed between April and June.
The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to .
May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from ; December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from .
Heavy rain from the
south-west summer monsoon falls between June and October, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall.
Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was on 8 January 1946. The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily
sunlight exposure occurs in February.
Conservation
Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. , the tree cover is 1.7% of the total city area, a decrease from 2.7% in 1996. The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of
national parks,
zoo
A zoo (short for zoological garden; also called an animal park or menagerie) is a facility in which animals are kept within enclosures for public exhibition and often bred for conservation purposes.
The term ''zoological garden'' refers to z ...
s, mini-zoos and a
wildlife sanctuary.
Nehru Zoological Park
Nehru Zoological Park (also known as YouTube Zoo or Zoo Park) is a zoo located near Mir Alam Tank in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is one of the most visited destinations in Hyderabad.
History
Nehru Zoological Park's construction was started ...
, the city's one large zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger
safari park. Hyderabad has three national parks (
Mrugavani National Park
Mrugavani National Park is a national park located in Hyderabad, Telangana State, India. It is situated at Chilkur in Moinabad mandal, 20 km from MGBS and covers an area of or 1211 acres. It is home to a 600 different types of plant li ...
,
Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park
Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park is a deer national park located in Vanasthalipuram , Saheb Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is spread over 3605 acres. It is the largest green lung space in the city of Hyderabad.
History
The park ...
and
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park is a national park located in Jubilee Hills and Banjara Hills in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The park has an approximate area of . The palace complex was given to Prince Mukarram Jah on his coronation b ...
), and the
Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary
Manjira wildlife sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary and reservoir located in the Sangareddy district of Telangana State, India.
Originally a crocodile sanctuary developed to protect the vulnerable species mugger crocodile, today it is home to m ...
is about from the city. Hyderabad's other environmental reserves are:
Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens,
Ameenpur Lake
Ameenpur is a small lake in Sangareddy District in the Indian state of Telangana and on the edge of the city of Hyderabad. It is the first body of water in India to be recognized as a Biodiversity Heritage Site and is the first biodiversity site t ...
,
Shamirpet Lake
Prateek was the main architect of the lake.
Shamirpet Lake is an artificial lake near Hyderabad, India, it is about 24 kilometers north of Secunderabad.
History
It was built during the Nizam reign.
Information
The lake attracts many birds ...
,
Hussain Sagar,
Fox Sagar Lake
Fox Sagar Lake, also Jeedimetla Cheruvu or Kolla Cheruvu, is a manmade lake and was the largest waterbody in Secunderabad. It was once spread over an area of . As of 2014, due to encroachment, it only occupied a surface area of . The lake which ...
,
Mir Alam Tank
Mir Alam Tank is a reservoir in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is located to the south of Musi river. It was the primary source of drinking water to Hyderabad before Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar were built. It is connected to National Highway ...
and
Patancheru Lake, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal
migratory birds
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting b ...
from different parts of the world.
[
*
*
*
*
* ] Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the
Telangana Forest Department
The Ministry of State for Forest and Environment, is a government ministry of Telangana. It is headed by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests. The primary function of this department is protection, conservation and management of forests i ...
,
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, the
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the
Animal Welfare Board of India
The Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI), headquartered at Ballabhgarh in Haryana state, is a statutory advisory body advising the Government of India's Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying(Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy ...
, the
Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the
University of Hyderabad.
Administration
Common capital status
According to the
Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014
The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act of 2014, commonly known as the Telangana Act, is an Act of Indian Parliament that bifurcated the state of Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and the residuary Andhra Pradesh state, as an outcome of the Telang ...
part 2 Section 5: "(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."
The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the
Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly.
Local government
The
Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city, there are six administrative zones of GHMC: South Zone–(
Charminar), East Zone–(
L. B. Nagar
Lal Bahadur Nagar, commonly known as L. B. Nagar, is a commercial and residential hub in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was once a Municipality in Ranga Reddy district.
Demographics
India census, L.B. Nagar had a population of 261,987. ...
), West Zone–(
Serilingampally), North Zone–(
Kukatpally
Kukatpally is a suburb located in north western part of Hyderabad in the Indian state of Telangana. It is the headquarters of Balanagar mandal in Malkajgiri revenue division of Medchal-Malkajgiri district. It was a municipality prior to its me ...
), Northeast Zone–(
Secunderabad) and Central Zone–(
Khairatabad
Khairatabad is a neigbbourhood in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is a mandal in the Secunderabad Revenue division of Hyderabad District. This is a Zone in the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. There are five circles in this zone namely M ...
); these zones consist of 30 "circles", which together encompass
150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a
corporator, elected by popular vote, the city has 7,400,000 voters of which 3,850,000 are male and 3,500,000 are female.
The corporators elect the
Mayor, who is the
titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licenses, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education.
The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the
Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the
Hyderabad
Hyderabad ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the ''de jure'' capital of Andhra Pradesh. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern Indi ...
,
Ranga Reddy and
Medak districts covering a total area of .
The
Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of ,
where there are several military camps.
The
Osmania University
Osmania University is a collegiate public state university located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Mir Osman Ali Khan, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad in 1918 , He released a farman to establish OSMANIA UNIVERSITY on the day of 28 August 1918. ...
campus is administered independently by the university authority.
Appointed in February 2021,
Gadwal Vijayalakshmi of
Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) is serving as the Mayor of GHMC.
In Hyderabad
police
The police are a Law enforcement organization, constituted body of Law enforcement officer, persons empowered by a State (polity), state, with the aim to law enforcement, enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citize ...
jurisdiction is divided into three commissionerates:
Hyderabad
Hyderabad ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the ''de jure'' capital of Andhra Pradesh. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern Indi ...
(established in 1847 AD, an oldest police commissionerate in India ),
Cyberabad, and
Rachakonda
Rachakonda Fort is a historic fort located in Rachakonda, Yadadri Bhongir district of Telangana, India. It was built by the Recherla Nayaka king Anapotanayaka in the 14th century AD. Till that time the Recherla Nayakas had their capital at Anu ...
, each headed by a
commissioner of police, who are
Indian Police Service
The Indian Police Service ( IPS) is a civil service under the All India Services. It replaced the Indian Imperial Police in 1948, a year after India became independent from the British Raj.
Along with the Indian Administrative Service ( ...
(IPS) officers. The Hyderabad police is a division of the
Telangana Police
The Telangana State Police Department is the law enforcement agency for the state of Telangana in India. It has jurisdiction concurrent with the 33 revenue districts of the state. The police force was created from the remnants of the Andhra Pra ...
, under the state Home Ministry.
The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city"), and the area under the
Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 ''
mandals
A tehsil (, also known as tahsil, taluka, or taluk) is a local unit of administrative division in some countries of South Asia. It is a subdistrict of the area within a district including the designated populated place that serves as its administr ...
'' in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the
Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board
Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB) was established on 1 November 1989, in Hyderabad, India. It looks for the supply of water to the household and sewerage
Sewerage (or sewage system) is the infrastructure that co ...
(HMWSSB).
Hyderabad is the seat of the
Government of Telangana,
Government of Andhra Pradesh and the President of India's winter retreat
Rashtrapati Nilayam, as well as the
Telangana High Court
The Telangana High Court is the High Court for the Indian state of Telangana. Founded by the 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan, initially, it was set up as High Court of Hyderabad for the then Princely State of Hyderabad Deccan and later renam ...
and various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court.
The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies, which form five constituencies of the
Lok Sabha
The Lok Sabha, constitutionally the House of the People, is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-p ...
(the
lower house of the Parliament of India).
Utility services
The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulates
rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), aquifer, or a reservoir w ...
, sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a water supply pipeline from
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is a masonry dam across the Krishna River at Nagarjuna Sagar which straddles the border between Nalgonda district in Telangana and Palnadu district in Andhra Pradesh. The dam provides irrigation water to the Nalgonda, Sur ...
to meet increasing demand.
The
Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply. , there were 15
fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department. The government-owned
India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.
Pollution control
Hyderabad produces around 4,500
tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in
Imlibun,
Yousufguda
Yousufguda ( te, యూసఫ్ గూడ) is a neighbourhood in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is a major residential suburb.
Due to its proximity to the IT hub near Madhapur, it has become a more affordable alternative to other areas in the ...
and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in
Jawaharnagar. Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010. Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has led to increased
industrial waste,
air,
noise
Noise is unwanted sound considered unpleasant, loud or disruptive to hearing. From a physics standpoint, there is no distinction between noise and desired sound, as both are vibrations through a medium, such as air or water. The difference aris ...
and
water pollution
Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities, so that it negatively affects its uses. Water bodies include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs and groundwater. ...
, which is regulated by the
Telangana Pollution Control Board
The Telangana Pollution Control Board is an ministry of Government of Telangana. It is body of the Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the State of Telangana, India. The board is charged with enforcing laws related to envir ...
(TPCB). The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish.
Deaths resulting from
atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.
[
*
* ] The city's "VIP areas", the Assembly building, Secretariat, and Telangana chief minister's office, have particularly low
air quality index
An air quality index (AQI) is used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become. AQI information is obtained by averaging readings from an air quality sensor, whi ...
ratings, suffering from high levels of
PM2.5's.
Ground water around Hyderabad, which has a
hardness
In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. In general, different materials differ in their hardness; for example hard ...
of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable, is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels.
This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated
effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.
Healthcare
The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services.
–11, the city had 50 government hospitals, 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000.
For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,
[, the census city population was 6,809,970 and there were 12,000 available hospital beds, giving the derived rate.] 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.
The city has about 4,000 individual clinics.
Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,
[ The cities surveyed were ]Delhi
Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders w ...
, Meerut, Kolkata
Kolkata (, or , ; also known as Calcutta , the official name until 2001) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary business, comme ...
, Indore
Indore () is the largest and most populous city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It serves as the headquarters of both Indore District and Indore Division. It is also considered as an education hub of the state and is the only city to ...
, Mumbai
Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the secon ...
, Nagpur, Chennai
Chennai (, ), formerly known as Madras ( the official name until 1996), is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost Indian state. The largest city of the state in area and population, Chennai is located on the Coromandel Coast of th ...
and Hyderabad. despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.
, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built.
Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use
Unani
Unani or Yunani medicine ( Urdu: ''tibb yūnānī'') is Perso-Arabic traditional medicine as practiced in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. Unani medicine is pseudoscientific. The Indian Medical Association describes ...
,
homoeopathic and
Ayurvedic treatments.
In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's
total fertility rate is 1.8,
which is below the
replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic
vaccines (
BCG,
measles and full courses of
polio
Poliomyelitis, commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Approximately 70% of cases are asymptomatic; mild symptoms which can occur include sore throat and fever; in a proportion of cases more severe sy ...
and
DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except
Meerut.
The infant
mortality rate
Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of d ...
was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.
The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are
anaemic
Anemia or anaemia (British English) is a blood disorder in which the blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen due to a lower than normal number of red blood cells, or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin. When anemia comes on slowly, t ...
, and up to 20% of children are underweight,
while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from
diabetes
Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level ( hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased ...
.
Demographics
When the
GHMC
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, commonly known as the GHMC is the civic body that oversees Hyderabad, the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana. It is the local government for the cities of Hyderabad and Secund ...
was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from to .
Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 census to 6,809,970 census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,
making Hyderabad the nation's
fourth most populous city.
[
* ] , the population density is
and the Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334 making it the
sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country.
census
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating information about the members of a given population. This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses inc ...
, there are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens—a
sex ratio
The sex ratio (or gender ratio) is usually defined as the ratio of males to females in a population. As explained by Fisher's principle, for evolutionary reasons this is typically about 1:1 in species which reproduce sexually. Many species dev ...
of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.
Among children aged years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls—a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83% (male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.
The socio-economic strata consist of 20%
upper class, 50%
middle class
The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status. The term has historically been associated with modernity, capitalism and political debate. C ...
and 30%
working class
The working class (or labouring class) comprises those engaged in manual-labour occupations or industrial work, who are remunerated via waged or salaried contracts. Working-class occupations (see also " Designation of workers by collar colou ...
.
Ethnicity
Referred to as "Hyderabadi", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly
Telugu
Telugu may refer to:
* Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India
*Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India
* Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language
** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode
...
and
Urdu speaking
Native speakers of Urdu are spread across South Asia. The vast majority of them are Muslims of the Hindi–Urdu Belt of northern India, followed by the Deccani people of the Deccan plateau in south-central India (who speak Deccani Urdu) and the ...
people, with minority
Bengali
Bengali or Bengalee, or Bengalese may refer to:
*something of, from, or related to Bengal, a large region in South Asia
* Bengalis, an ethnic and linguistic group of the region
* Bengali language, the language they speak
** Bengali alphabet, the w ...
,
Sindhi
Sindhi may refer to:
*something from, or related to Sindh, a province of Pakistan
* Sindhi people, an ethnic group from the Sindh region
* Sindhi language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by them
People with the name
* Sarkash Sindhi (1940–2012 ...
,
Kannada
Kannada (; ಕನ್ನಡ, ), originally romanised Canarese, is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India, with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 47 million native s ...
,
Memon,
Nawayath
The Nawayath (also spelled as Navayath and Nawayat and also called Nait, Naiti , Naithee and Naita) are an Indian community and a subgroup of Konkani Muslims. They speak the Nawayathi dialect of Konkani.
The term, as described by Qanoon-e-Is ...
i,
Malayalam
Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry ( Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India. Malayalam wa ...
,
Marathi,
Gujarati
Gujarati may refer to:
* something of, from, or related to Gujarat, a state of India
* Gujarati people, the major ethnic group of Gujarat
* Gujarati language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by them
* Gujarati languages, the Western Indo-Aryan sub- ...
,
Marwari,
Odia
Odia, also spelled Oriya or Odiya, may refer to:
* Odia people in Odisha, India
* Odia language, an Indian language, belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family
* Odia alphabet, a writing system used for the Odia languag ...
,
Punjabi
Punjabi, or Panjabi, most often refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to Punjab, a region in India and Pakistan
* Punjabi language
* Punjabi people
* Punjabi dialects and languages
Punjabi may also refer to:
* Punjabi (horse), a British Th ...
,
Tamil
Tamil may refer to:
* Tamils, an ethnic group native to India and some other parts of Asia
** Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka also called ilankai tamils
**Tamil Malaysians, Tamil people native to Malaysia
* Tamil language, na ...
and
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh (; , 'Northern Province') is a state in northern India. With over 200 million inhabitants, it is the most populated state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world. It was established in 195 ...
i communities.
[
*
* ] Hyderabadi Muslims are a unique community who owe much of their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various dynasties who previously ruled.
Hadhrami Arabs,
African Arabs,
Armenians
Armenians ( hy, հայեր, ''hayer'' ) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian highlands of Western Asia. Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the ''de facto'' independent Artsakh. There is a wide-ranging diaspora ...
,
Abyssinians,
Iranians,
Pathans and
Turkish people
The Turkish people, or simply the Turks ( tr, Türkler), are the world's largest Turkic ethnic group; they speak various dialects of the Turkish language and form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. In addition, centuries-old ethnic ...
are also present; these communities, of which the Hadhrami Arabs are the largest, declined after
Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.
Religion
Hindus
Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
are in the majority.
Muslims form a very large minority, and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around
old Hyderabad. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic
churches,
mosque
A mosque (; from ar, مَسْجِد, masjid, ; literally "place of ritual prostration"), also called masjid, is a place of prayer for Muslims. Mosques are usually covered buildings, but can be any place where prayers ( sujud) are performed, ...
s and
temples. census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion.
[ ''On this page, select "Andhra Pradesh" from the download menu. Data for "GHMC (M Corp. + OG)" is at row 11 of the downloaded excel file.'']
Languages
Telugu
Telugu may refer to:
* Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India
*Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India
* Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language
** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode
...
and
are both official languages of the city, and most Hyderabadis are bilingual. The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called
Telangana Mandalika, and the Urdu spoken is called
Deccani.
English is a "Secondary official language" used monumentally in business and administration, and it is an important medium of instruction in education and publications.
A significant minority speak other languages, including
Hindi
Hindi (Devanāgarī: or , ), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: ), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern, and western India. Hindi has been ...
,
Bengali
Bengali or Bengalee, or Bengalese may refer to:
*something of, from, or related to Bengal, a large region in South Asia
* Bengalis, an ethnic and linguistic group of the region
* Bengali language, the language they speak
** Bengali alphabet, the w ...
,
Kannada
Kannada (; ಕನ್ನಡ, ), originally romanised Canarese, is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India, with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 47 million native s ...
,
Marathi,
Punjabi
Punjabi, or Panjabi, most often refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to Punjab, a region in India and Pakistan
* Punjabi language
* Punjabi people
* Punjabi dialects and languages
Punjabi may also refer to:
* Punjabi (horse), a British Th ...
,
Marwari,
Odia
Odia, also spelled Oriya or Odiya, may refer to:
* Odia people in Odisha, India
* Odia language, an Indian language, belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family
* Odia alphabet, a writing system used for the Odia languag ...
and
Tamil
Tamil may refer to:
* Tamils, an ethnic group native to India and some other parts of Asia
** Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka also called ilankai tamils
**Tamil Malaysians, Tamil people native to Malaysia
* Tamil language, na ...
.
Slums
In the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live
below the poverty line. According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. The World Bank is the collective name for the Inte ...
, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements. About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years.
Overall literacy in the slums is and female literacy is . A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depends on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government-aided schools, 175 private schools, and 528 community halls in the slum areas.
According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are
nuclear families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is per annum), 27% of the
chief wage earners (CWE) are
casual labour
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, private pr ...
and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.7% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.2% work as
child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.
Cityscape
Neighbourhoods
The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad called the ''
Purana Shahar'' (Old City), while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is
Purana Pul—("old bridge") built in 1578 AD.
Hyderabad is
twinned with neighbouring
Secunderabad, to which it is connected by
Hussain Sagar.
Many historic and heritage sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid,
Salar Jung Museum
The Salar Jung Museum is an art museum located at Dar-ul-Shifa, on the southern bank of the Musi River in the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is one of the notable National Museums of India. Originally a private art collection of the ...
,
Nizam Museum
Nizam's Museum or H.E.H Nizam's Museum is a museum located in Hyderabad at Purani Haveli, a palace of the erstwhile Nizams. This museum showcases the gifts that the last Nizam of Hyderabad State, Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII received on his silve ...
,
Telangana High Court
The Telangana High Court is the High Court for the Indian state of Telangana. Founded by the 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan, initially, it was set up as High Court of Hyderabad for the then Princely State of Hyderabad Deccan and later renam ...
,
Falaknuma Palace,
Chowmahalla Palace and the traditional retail corridor comprising the
Pearl Market,
Laad Bazaar
Laad Bazaar or Choodi Bazaar is a market located in Hyderabad, India. It is located on one of the four main roads that branch out from the Charminar.
''Laad'' meaning lacquer, is used to make bangles, on which artificial diamonds are studde ...
and
Madina Circle. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as
Begum Bazaar
Begum Bazaar is the biggest commercial market in Hyderabad, India. It was established during the Qutb Shahi rule. Begum Bazar is located about a half of a kilometer from the Naya Pul bridge in the Old City. It is an old retail and wholesale ma ...
,
Koti,
Abids,
Sultan Bazar and
Moazzam Jahi Market
Moazzam Jahi Market is a fruit market in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Named after Moazzam Jah- the second son of Mir Osman Ali Khan
History
It was constructed in 1935 during the reign of the last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan. It was named after ...
, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the
Reserve Bank of India, the
Telangana Secretariat
Telangana Secretariat situated at Hyderabad, is the administrative office of the employees of the Government of Telangana in India. The Telangana government on 15 September 2022 has decided to name the new Secretariat complex as Dr. B. R. Amb ...
, the
India Government Mint, the
Telangana Legislature
The Telangana Legislature is the state legislature of Telangana.
State legislature
The Telangana Legislature is currently bicameral.
# The lower house is called the Telangana Legislative Assembly. At present the Legislative Assembly consists ...
, the
Public Gardens
A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate both ...
,
Shahi Masjid, the
Nizam Club
The Nizam Club is located in Saifabad, Hyderabad, India. the club location is considered as heart of the Hyderabad city, which is exactly opposite to Telangana Legislative Assembly Hall. Surrounded in 4 acres land.
History
The club was establis ...
, the
Ravindra Bharathi
Ravindra Bharathi is an auditorium located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was named after Rabindranath Tagore.
History
On 23 March 1960, the then Governor of Uttar Pradesh and a former Chief minister of Andhra State, Bezawada Gopala Re ...
, the
State Museum, the
Birla Temple
Birla Mandir (Birla Temple) refers to different Hindu temples or Mandirs built by the Birla family, in different cities across India. All these temples are magnificently built, some of them in white marble or in sandstone. The temples are gene ...
and the
Birla Planetarium.
[
*
* ]
North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar,
Tank Bund Road,
Rani Gunj
''Rani'' in Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, sometimes spelled ''Ranee'', is a Hindu/Sanskrit feminine given name. The term is the female form of the term for princely rulers in South and Southeast Asia and applies equally to the wife of a ...
and the
Secunderabad railway station.
Most of the city's parks and recreational centres, such as
Sanjeevaiah Park
Sanjeevaiah Park is a public greenspace and park in the heart of Hyderabad, India. Built on along the banks of Hussain Sagar lake, the park is named after Damodaram Sanjivayya, an erstwhile Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. The park is manage ...
,
Indira Park
Indira Park is a public Urban open space, greenspace and park in the heart of Hyderabad, India, Hyderabad, India. The foundation stone for the Indira Park was laid during September 1975 by Late Faqruddin Ahmed, the then president of India and it ...
,
Lumbini Park,
NTR Gardens
NTR Gardens is a small public, urban park of adjacent to Hussain Sagar lake in Hyderabad, India, Hyderabad, India. It is named after the former Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, N. T. Rama Rao. Constructed in several phases since 1999, the area ...
, the
Buddha statue and
Tankbund Park are located here.
[
* ] In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills,
Jubilee Hills,
Begumpet
Begumpet ("Begum's Place") is a part of Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Begumpet is named after the daughter of the sixth Nizam ( Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI), Basheer Unnisa Begum, who received it as part of her wedding dowry wh ...
,
Khairtabad
Khairatabad is a neigbbourhood in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is a mandal in the Secunderabad Revenue division of Hyderabad District. This is a Zone in the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. There are five circles in this zone namely M ...
,
Tolichowki
Toli chowki is a neighbourhood in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The name Tolichowki comes from the Urdu word 'Toli', meaning 'troupe', and 'Chowki', meaning 'post'. It is close to the IT corridor like Gachibowli, Madhapur, Manikonda and Konda ...
,
Jagannath Temple and
Miyapur
Miyapur ( ), located northwest of Hyderabad, is part of Greater Hyderabad and administered by GHMC and developed by HMDA. Transportation is managed by UMTA.
Miyapur has many lakes, and upscale residential apartments. The Jawaharlal Nehru T ...
. The northern end contains industrial areas such as
Kukatpally
Kukatpally is a suburb located in north western part of Hyderabad in the Indian state of Telangana. It is the headquarters of Balanagar mandal in Malkajgiri revenue division of Medchal-Malkajgiri district. It was a municipality prior to its me ...
,
Sanathnagar,
Moosapet
Moosapet is a neighbourhood in Hyderabad, India, And also a part of Greater Hyderabad. The suburb is from KPHB Colony and from Madhapur. Kukatpally Y junction is located in this area. It is administered as Ward No. 117 of the Greater Hyderab ...
,
Balanagar,
Patancheru and
Chanda Nagar. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas such as
Malkajgiri,
Neredmet
Neredmet is formally known as Neredu Mettu is a residential neighbourhood in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It falls under Malkajgiri mandal & Circle in Medchal-Malkajgiri district. Neredmet currently serves as the headquarters of Rachakonda Pol ...
,
A. S. Rao Nagar
A. S. Rao Nagar, also known as Dr. A. S. Rao Nagar, is a major commercial and residential neighbourhood of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is located in the north eastern side of the city falling under Kapra Village & Mandal , Medchal-Malkajgiri ...
and
Uppal.
In the eastern part of the city lie
many defence research centres and
Ramoji Film City. The "Cyberabad" area in the southwest and west of the city, consisting of
Madhapur
Madhapur is a suburb of Hyderabad, India. It is noted as a centre of information technology activity. The heart of this area is called HITEC City which has the highest concentration of IT/ITES establishments in the city. Located in Ranga Reddy ...
and
Gachibowli has grown rapidly since the 1990s. It is home to information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport,
Osman Sagar,
Himayath Sagar and
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park is a national park located in Jubilee Hills and Banjara Hills in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The park has an approximate area of . The palace complex was given to Prince Mukarram Jah on his coronation b ...
.
Landmarks
Heritage buildings constructed during the
Qutb Shahi
The Qutb Shahi dynasty also called as Golconda Sultanate (Persian: ''Qutb Shāhiyān'' or ''Sultanat-e Golkonde'') was a Persianate Shia Islam dynasty of Turkoman origin that ruled the sultanate of Golkonda in southern India. After the co ...
and
Nizam eras showcase
Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by
Medieval
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
,
Mughal and
European styles.
After the 1908
flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of
Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth
Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad.
In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India".
Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical
Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches.
[
* ] The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of the Golconda Fort built in the 16th century. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of
Charminar towards the fort. The Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a -high minaret. The Charminar, Golconda Fort and the
Qutb Shahi tombs are considered to be
monuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for
UNESCO World Heritage status.
Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the
Chowmahalla Palace, which was the
seat of royal power. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the
Baroque Harem to its
Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include
Falaknuma Palace (inspired by the style of
Andrea Palladio
Andrea Palladio ( ; ; 30 November 1508 – 19 August 1580) was an Italian Renaissance architect active in the Venetian Republic. Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily Vitruvius, is widely considered to be one of ...
),
Purani Haveli
Purani Haveli also known as Masarrat Mahal palace is a palace located in Hyderabad, Telangana, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was the official residence of the Nizam. It was also known as ''Haveli Khadeem'', which means old mansion, was constr ...
,
King Kothi Palace
King Kothi Palace or Nazri Bagh Palace is a royal palace in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was the palace where the erstwhile ruler of Hyderabad State, Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, lived.
Etymology
Initially, Kamal Khan constructed this palace f ...
and
Bella Vista Palace
Bella Vista is a royal palace of the Nizam during the existence of Hyderabad State, now located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is an Indo-European building standing on a verdant campus. The building's French architect named it Bella Vis ...
all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the
Indo-Saracenic
Indo-Saracenic architecture (also known as Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal, or Hindoo style) was a revivalist architectural style mostly used by British architects in India in the later 19th century, especially in public and government ...
style of architecture seen in many civic monuments such as the
Hyderabad High Court,
Osmania Hospital
Osmania General Hospital (OGH) is one of the oldest hospitals in India located at Afzal Gunj, Hyderabad and is named after its founder – Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad. It is run by the Government of Telangana, and is o ...
,
City College and the
Kacheguda railway station, all designed by
Vincent Esch
Vincent Jerome Esch, (20 July 1876 – 9 December 1950) was a British architect who worked in India. He is regarded as a pioneer of the Indo-Sarcenic architectural style, which developed during the British rule in the Indian subcontinent.
Born in ...
. Other landmark structures of the city constructed during his regin are the
State Central Library, the Telangana Legislature, the
State Archaeology Museum,
Jubilee Hall
A jubilee is a particular anniversary of an event, usually denoting the 25th, 40th, 50th, 60th, and the 70th anniversary. The term is often now used to denote the celebrations associated with the reign of a monarch after a milestone number of y ...
, and
Hyderabad railway station.
Other landmarks of note are
Paigah Palace,
Asman Garh Palace
Asman Garh Palace is a palace located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. ''Asman'' means "sky", and ''Garh'' means "home", since the palace was located so high on a hillock.
The palace hosted a museum displaying archaeological relics. After that co ...
,
Basheer Bagh Palace
Basheer Bagh Palace or Bashir Bagh Palace was a palace located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was constructed by Sir Asman Jah, a Paigah noble and Prime Minister of Hyderabad state (1887–1894).
History
It was once a palace with grea ...
,
Errum Manzil
''Errum Manzil'' or Iram Manzil is an expansive palace standing in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was built around the year 1870 by Nawab Safdar Jung Musheer-ud-daula Fakhrul Mulk, a nobleman of Hyderabad state. It is located on top of a hillock ...
and the
Spanish Mosque, all constructed by the
Paigah family.
Economy
Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged from 40-74 billion (
PPP GDP), and have ranked it either
fifth- or sixth- most productive metro area of India.
[
*
* ] Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the
gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and sold (not resold) in a specific time period by countries. Due to its complex and subjective nature this measure is of ...
(GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012. Its per capita annual income in 2011 was .
, the largest employers in the city were the state government (113,098 employees) and central government (85,155). According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed.
The
service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.
Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "
City of Pearls" and up until the 18th century, the city was the only global trading centre for diamonds known as
Golconda Diamonds.
[
* ] Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is an Indian central public sector undertaking. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Heavy Industries, Government of India. It is based in New Delhi, India. Established in 1956, BHEL is India' ...
(BHEL),
Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC),
National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC),
Bharat Electronics
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is an Indian Government-owned aerospace and defence electronics company. It primarily manufactures advanced electronic products for ground and aerospace applications. BEL is one of nine PSUs under the Ministry ...
(BEL),
Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL),
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO),
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL),
Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
The Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology ( hi, कोशिकीय एवं आण्विक जीवविज्ञान केंद्र, IAST: ''Kośikīya evam āṇavik jīvavijñāna kendra'') or CCMB is an Indian fundamen ...
(CCMB),
Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD),
State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and
Andhra Bank (AB)
were established in the city.
The city is home to
Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE),
and houses the regional office of the
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
In 2013, the
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-
Mumbai
Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the secon ...
by the end of 2014.
The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre.
Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.
, the IT exports from Hyderabad were 1,45,522 crore (19.66 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and ITES companies that provide 628,615 jobs.
Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts,
[
* ] sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.
Many traditional and historic
bazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.
[
* ]
The establishment of
Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited
Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL) is a public sector pharmaceutical, bulk drug manufacturing and drug discovery company owned by the Indian government, headquartered in New Delhi, and located in Hyderabad, Gurgaon and Rishikesh. ...
(IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city.
[
* ] , the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products,
contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the "
Genome Valley
Genome Valley is an Indian high-technology business district spread across /(3.1 sq mi) in Hyderabad, India. It is located across the suburbs, Turakapally, Shamirpet, Medchal, Uppal, Patancheru, Jeedimetla, Gachibowli and Keesara. The Geno ...
of India".
[
*
* ] Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as ''Cyberabad'' (Cyber City).
, it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors
and 22% of
NASSCOM's total membership is from the city.
The development of
HITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad.
The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms that provide employment for 407,000 individuals; the global conglomerates include
Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washi ...
,
Apple
An apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree (''Malus domestica''). Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus '' Malus''. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancest ...
,
Amazon
Amazon most often refers to:
* Amazons, a tribe of female warriors in Greek mythology
* Amazon rainforest, a rainforest covering most of the Amazon basin
* Amazon River, in South America
* Amazon (company), an American multinational technolog ...
,
Google
Google LLC () is an American Multinational corporation, multinational technology company focusing on Search Engine, search engine technology, online advertising, cloud computing, software, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, ar ...
,
IBM,
Yahoo!,
Oracle Corporation,
Dell,
Facebook
Facebook is an online social media and social networking service owned by American company Meta Platforms. Founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dust ...
,
CISCO
Cisco Systems, Inc., commonly known as Cisco, is an American-based multinational digital communications technology conglomerate corporation headquartered in San Jose, California. Cisco develops, manufactures, and sells networking hardware, ...
,
[*
*
* ] and major Indian firms including
Tech Mahindra
Tech Mahindra is an Indian multinational information technology services and consulting company. Part of the Mahindra Group, the company is headquartered in Pune and has its registered office in Mumbai. Tech Mahindra is a 6.0 billion comp ...
,
Infosys
Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational information technology company that provides business consulting, information technology and outsourcing services. The company was founded in Pune and is headquartered in Bangalore. Infosys is ...
,
Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris,
Cyient
Cyient (formerly Infotech Enterprises Limited) is an Indian multinational technology company that is focused on engineering, manufacturing, data analytics, and networks and operations. Infotech Enterprises Ltd. was established in 1991 in H ...
and
Wipro
Wipro Limited (formerly, Western India Palm Refined Oils Limited) is an Indian multinational corporation that provides information technology, consulting and business process services. Thierry Delaporte is serving as CEO and managing direct ...
.
In 2009 the
World Bank Group ranked the city as the
second best Indian city for doing business.
The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of
special economic zones of any Indian city.
The
Automotive industry in Hyderabad
The Automotive industry in Hyderabad was introduced in the year 1930's and manufacturing started with the establishment of Hyderabad Allwyn which use to manufacture auto-components and assemble Albion CX9 buses for Hyderabad State Railways. It ...
is also emerging and making it an automobile hub. Automobile companies including as
Hyundai Hyundai is a South Korean industrial conglomerate (" chaebol"), which was restructured into the following groups:
* Hyundai Group, parts of the former conglomerate which have not been divested
** Hyundai Mobis, Korean car parts company
** Hyundai A ...
,
Hyderabad Allwyn
Hyderabad Allwyn Limited, established in 1942, was a Hyderabad State government engineering and white goods manufacturing company involved in manufacture of automobiles, trucks, scooters, bus coach building, refrigerators and wrist watches.
...
,
Praga Tools
Praga Tools Limited was established in May, 1943 as Praga Tools Corporation Limited to manufacture machine tools with its headquarters at Kavadiguda, Secunderabad, Telangana, India.
It was renamed as Praga Tools Limited in 1963 and was transf ...
,
HMT Bearings,
Ordnance Factory Medak, Deccan Auto and
Mahindra & Mahindra
Mahindra & Mahindra Limited (M&M) is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in Mumbai. It was established in 1945 as Mahindra & Mohammed and later renamed as Mahindra & Mahindra. Part of the Mahindra Grou ...
have units in the Hyderabad economic zone.
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles,
Maruti Suzuki and
Triton Energy
Triton Energy Limited () (formerly known as Triton Energy Corporation prior to March 25, 1996) was one of the largest independent oil and natural gas exploration and production companies in the United States. Triton was founded in Dallas, Texas by ...
will invest in Hyderabad.
Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large
informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.
According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000
street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.
Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,
and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own
stall.
Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.
Vendor earnings vary from to per day.
Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.
Culture
Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the d ...
. After the
fall of Delhi in 1857, the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geopolitically, it includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, In ...
, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu.
This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a
co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which the city has become noted.
[
* ] A further consequence of this north–south mix is that both
Telugu
Telugu may refer to:
* Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India
*Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India
* Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language
** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode
...
and
are official languages of Telangana. The mixing of religions has resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as
Ganesh Chaturthi,
Diwali and
Bonalu
Bonalu is a traditional Hindu festival centered on the Goddess Mahakali from Telangana. This festival is celebrated annually in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, as well as in other parts of the state. It is celebrated in the mont ...
of Hindu tradition and
Eid ul-Fitr and
Eid al-Adha by Muslims.
Traditional Hyderabadi garb reveals a mix of Muslim and Hindu influences with men wearing ''
sherwani
Sherwani is a long-sleeved outer coat worn by men in South Asia. Like the Western frock coat it is fitted, with some waist suppression; it falls to below the knees and is buttoned down the front. It can be collarless, have a shirt-style collar, ...
'' and ''
kurta–
paijama'' and women wearing ''
khara dupatta
Khada dupatta (upright stole) is the traditional wedding dress of Hyderabadi Muslim brides in the Indian subcontinent. It is an elaborate wedding ensemble comprising a kurta (tunic), chooridaar (extra-long slim pants that gather at the ankles ...
'' and ''
salwar kameez''.
Most Muslim women wear ''
burqa'' and ''
hijab'' outdoors. In addition to the traditional Hindu and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of
western style clothing among youths.
Literature
In the past,
Qutb Shah
Quṭb Shāh, formally known as Sayyid ʿAbdullāh ʿAwn ibn Yaʿlā al-ʿAlawī al-Qādirī ( fa, عبداللہ عَوْن ابنِ یعلیٰ) (c. 1028–1099), was a ruler, medieval Persian Sufi Muslim preacher, and a religious scholar.Moh ...
i rulers and
Asaf Jahi Nizams attracted artists, architects, and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as ''
mushairas'' (poetic symposia), ''
Qawwali'' (devotional songs) and ''
Dholak ke Geet'' (traditional folk songs).
The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of
Deccani literature Deccani literature ( ur, , ) The literature was produced in Deccani dialect of Urdu language writing system. The earliest forms of Deccani literature are in the form of Sufi and Bhakti texts with poetic genres. The timeline of Deccani literature is ...
leading to works such as the ''
Deccani Masnavi
''Deccani Masnavi'' ( Deccani: دکنی مثنوی; ''dakkʰinī mat̲h̲nawī'') are name of the poem written in rhyming couplets in Deccani Urdu. It originated during the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan (now South India) in the early 14th century. ...
'' and ''
Diwan poetry'', which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu.
''
Lazzat Un Nisa
''Lazzat Un Nisa'' (from ar, لذّتُ النّسا ''The Pleasure of Woman'') is an erotic Indian anecdote,''Lazzat Un Nisa'',translated by Jane Fine, 2002, Classex Books Private Limited, , 121 pages. retrieved Dec 06, 2006 in the Urdu and Pers ...
'', a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.
The reign of the
Asaf Jahi Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education.
In 1824, a collection of Urdu ''
Ghazal'' poetry, named ''Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa'', authored by
Mah Laqa Bai
Mah Laqa Bai (7 April 1768 – August 1824), born Chanda Bai, and sometimes referred to as Mah Laqa Chanda, was an Indian 18th century Urdu poet, courtesan and philanthropist based in Hyderabad. In 1824, she became the first female poet to h ...
—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.
Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual
Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity. Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the
Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the
National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891,
and other major libraries including the
Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam
Sri Krishna Devaraya Bhasha Nilayam earlier known as Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam (Telugu: శ్రీ కృష్ణ దేవరాయాంధ్ర భాషా నిలయం) is one of the oldest non-Government Library in ...
, the
British Library
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and is one of the largest libraries in the world. It is estimated to contain between 170 and 200 million items from many countries. As a legal deposit library, the Briti ...
and the
Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.
[
* ]
Music and films
South Indian music and dances such as the
Kuchipudi and
Bharatanatyam
Bharatanatyam () is a major form of Indian classical dance that originated in Tamil Nadu. It is one of the eight widely recognized Indian classical dance forms, and expresses South Indian religious themes and spiritual ideas, particularly of ...
styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their culture policies,
North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams,
and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with
tawaif (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture, and were appointed to teach singing, poetry, and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy.
This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besides
western and Indian popular music genres such as
filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based ''
marfa music'', ''Dholak ke Geet'' (household songs based on local
folklore
Folklore is shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. This includes oral traditions such as tales, legends, proverbs and jokes. They include material culture, rangin ...
), and
qawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events.
The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.
[
* ]
Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama,
the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals
in such venues as the
Ravindra Bharati
Ravindra Bharathi is an auditorium located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was named after Rabindranath Tagore.
History
On 23 March 1960, the then Governor of Uttar Pradesh and a former Chief minister of Andhra State, Bezawada Gopala Redd ...
,
Shilpakala Vedika
Shilpakala Vedika is a terracotta auditorium and convention centre located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The auditorium is in area.
"Shilpa" means sculpture, ''kala'' means art, and ''vedika'' means platform. Hence it is an art sculpture ...
, Lalithakala Thoranam and
Lamakaan. Although not a purely music oriented event,
Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances.
The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as
Tollywood.
In the 1970s,
Deccani language realist films by globally acclaimed
Shyam Benegal started a movement of
coming of age art film
An art film (or arthouse film) is typically an independent film, aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience. It is "intended to be a serious, artistic work, often experimental and not designed for mass appeal", "made primarily f ...
s in India, which came to be known as
parallel cinema.
[
*
*
*] The
Deccani film industry ("Dollywood") produces films in the local Hyderabadi dialect, which have gained regional popularity since 2005.
The city has hosted international film festivals such as the
International Children's Film Festival and the
Hyderabad International Film Festival
The Hyderabad International Film Festival (HIFF) is a film festival in Hyderabad, India.
Festival
The first Hyderabad International Film Festival (HIFF) was held in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
India, officially the Republic of Indi ...
.
[
* ] In 2005, ''
Guinness World Records
''Guinness World Records'', known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 as ''The Guinness Book of Records'' and in previous United States editions as ''The Guinness Book of World Records'', is a reference book published annually, listing world ...
'' declared
Ramoji Film City to be the world's largest film studio.
Art and handicrafts
The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of
Deccan painting.
Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the
Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style.
[
* ] The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by
Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes, and jewellery.
Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include:
Wootz steel,
Filigree work,
Bidriware
Bidriware is a metal handicraft from the city of Bidar in southern India. It was developed in the 14th century C.E. during the rule of the Bahmani Sultans. The term "bidriware" originates from the township of Bidar, which is still the chief cen ...
, a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring
Karnataka
Karnataka (; ISO 15919, ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reor ...
, which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a
Geographical Indication
A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign used on products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g., a town, region, or country). The use of a geographical indication, as an indication of the product's source, ...
(GI) tag under the auspices of the
WTO act;
and
Zari
''Zari'' (or ''jari'') is an even thread traditionally made of fine gold or silver used in traditional Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani garments, especially as brocade in saris etc. This thread is woven into fabrics, primarily silk, to m ...
and
Zardozi, embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads.
Chintz—a glazed
calico textiles was originated in Golconda in 16th century. and another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is
Kalamkari
''Kalamkari'' is a type of hand-painted cotton textile produced in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Only natural dyes are used in ''Kalamkari'', which involves twenty-three steps.
There are two distinctive styles of Kalamkari art in India � ...
, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as
Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as
Machilipatnam which uses both hand and block techniques. Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"), the
Telangana State Archaeology Museum
Telangana State Archaeology Museum or Hyderabad Museum is a museum located in Hyderabad, India. It is the oldest museum in Hyderabad.
History
Archaeologist Henry Cousens first explored the site in the beginning of the 19th century, and around ...
, the
Nizam Museum
Nizam's Museum or H.E.H Nizam's Museum is a museum located in Hyderabad at Purani Haveli, a palace of the erstwhile Nizams. This museum showcases the gifts that the last Nizam of Hyderabad State, Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII received on his silve ...
, the
City Museum and the
Birla Science Museum
B. M. Birla Science Museum is an Indian science museum located in Hyderabad, India. Constructed by civil engineer P. A. Singaravelu, it comprises a planetarium, museum, science centre, art gallery as well as a dinosaurium. The museum itself was ...
.
Cuisine
Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and
meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices.
Hyderabad is listed by
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international coope ...
as a
creative city of gastronomy. The ''
Hyderabadi biryani'' and ''
Hyderabadi haleem'' with their blend of
Mughlai and
Arab cuisines,
carry the national
Geographical Indications tag. Hyderabadi cuisine is influenced to some extent by
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
,
but more by Arabic,
Turkish,
Iranian and native
Telugu
Telugu may refer to:
* Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India
*Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India
* Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language
** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode
...
and
Marathwada cuisines.
Popular native dishes include ''
nihari'', ''
chakna
Chakna or chaakna is a spicy stew, originating from the Indian subcontinent, made out of goat tripe and other animal digestive parts. It is a speciality among Hyderabadi Muslims. In all other parts of India, chakna refers to any snacks/finger f ...
'', ''
baghara baingan
Baghāre baingan ( ur, ) is a curry from the Hyderabadi cuisine made with eggplant (''brinjal'') Hyderabad. It is also used as a side dish with the Hyderabadi biryani.
Etymology
The word ''baghār'' refers to tempering, and the word ''bain ...
'' and the desserts ''
qubani ka meetha
Qubani ka meetha is an Indian dessert made from dried apricots. It is a part of Hyderabadi cuisine and is a common feature at Hyderabadi weddings.
History
''Khubani'' or ''khobani'' ( خوبانی) is Urdu for apricot; it is believed that apr ...
'', ''
double ka meetha
Double ka meetha (also known as '' Shahi Tukra'', is an Indian bread pudding sweet made of fried bread slices soaked in hot milk with spices, including saffron and cardamom. Double ka meetha is a dessert of Hyderabad. It is popular in Hyderab ...
'' and ''kaddu ki kheer'' (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).
Media
One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, ''
The Deccan Times'', was established in the 1780s. Major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are ''
Eenadu'', ''
Sakshi'' and ''
Namasthe Telangana
''Namasthe Telangana'' Indian Telugu-language daily newspaper published from Hyderabad, Telangana. It was launched on 6 June 2011. The paper aims to mainly focus on politics and developments of Telangana State. The newspaper is published by Tela ...
'', while major English papers are ''
The Times of India
''The Times of India'', also known by its abbreviation ''TOI'', is an Indian English-language daily newspaper and digital news media owned and managed by The Times Group. It is the third-largest newspaper in India by circulation and largest s ...
'', ''
The Hindu
''The Hindu'' is an Indian English-language daily newspaper owned by The Hindu Group, headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It began as a weekly in 1878 and became a daily in 1889. It is one of the Indian newspapers of record and the sec ...
'' and ''
Deccan Chronicle
''Deccan Chronicle'' is an Indian English-language daily newspaper founded by Rajagopal Mudaliar in the 1930s & currently owned by Samagrah Commercial Pvt Limited. It is published in Hyderabad, Telangana, by Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited ...
''. The major Urdu papers include ''
The Siasat Daily'', ''
The Munsif Daily
''The Munsif Daily'' ( ur, ) is an Urdu language newspaper published from Hyderabad in India. Its Editor-in-chief
An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final respon ...
'' and ''
Etemaad''. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919.
Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935,
with
FM broadcasting
FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM). Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, wide-band FM is used worldwide to provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio. FM broadcasting is capab ...
beginning in 2000.
The available channels in Hyderabad include
All India Radio
All or ALL may refer to:
Language
* All, an indefinite pronoun in English
* All, one of the English determiners
* Allar language (ISO 639-3 code)
* Allative case (abbreviated ALL)
Music
* All (band), an American punk rock band
* ''All'' (All ...
,
Radio Mirchi,
Radio City,
Red FM,
Big FM and
Fever FM.
Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of ''
Doordarshan'', the government of India's
public service broadcaster, which transmits two
free-to-air
Free-to-air (FTA) services are television (TV) and radio services broadcast in unencrypted form, allowing any person with the appropriate receiving equipment to receive the signal and view or listen to the content without requiring a subscripti ...
terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of
Star TV. Satellite TV channels are accessible via
cable subscription,
direct-broadcast satellite services or
internet-based television.
Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies.
The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector
internet service provider
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. ISPs can be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise priva ...
(ISP) starting operations in 1998. In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.
Education
Public and
private schools
An independent school is independent in its finances and governance. Also known as private schools, non-governmental, privately funded, or non-state schools, they are not administered by local, state or national governments. In British En ...
in Hyderabad are governed by the
Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a
"10+2+3" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions.
Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu. Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the
Secondary School Certificate or the
Indian Certificate of Secondary Education
The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) is an examination conducted by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, a private board designed to provide an examination in a course of general education, in accordance wi ...
. After completing secondary education, students enroll in schools or junior colleges with higher secondary facilities. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the
Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET).
There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: two private universities, two
deemed universities
Deemed university, or deemed-to-be-university, is an accreditation granted to higher educational institutions in India by the Department of Higher Education. , the UGC lists 127 institutes which were granted the deemed to be university status.
...
, six state universities, and three
central universities. The central universities are the
University of Hyderabad (Hyderabad Central University, HCU),
Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the
English and Foreign Languages University.
Osmania University
Osmania University is a collegiate public state university located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Mir Osman Ali Khan, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad in 1918 , He released a farman to establish OSMANIA UNIVERSITY on the day of 28 August 1918. ...
, established in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and is India's second most popular institution for international students.
The
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance-learning
open university in India.
Hyderabad is home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals,
such as the
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) and
National Institute of Nutrition
The National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) is an Indian public health, nutrition and translational research centre located in Hyderabad, India. The institute is one of the oldest research centres in India, and the largest centre, under the India ...
(NIN). Hyderabad has five major medical schools—
Osmania Medical College
Osmania Medical College, formerly known as ''The Hyderabad Medical School'', is a medical college in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was founded in 1846 by the 5th Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, Afzal ud Dowla, Asaf Jah 5. The college was ori ...
,
Gandhi Medical College,
Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences
Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS) is a public hospital located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India and is named after its founder – the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad– and was inaugurated by Princess Durreshehvar
It is an Institute under S ...
,
Deccan College of Medical Sciences and
Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences
Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences is a medical college in Rangareddy, Hyderabad, Telangana. The institute with 150 medical seats is attached to an 800-bedded Multi speciality hospital for world class clinical training of its students as per ...
—and many affiliated teaching hospitals. An
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
The All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) is a group of autonomous government public medical universities of higher education under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , Government of India. These institutes h ...
has been sanctioned in the outskirts of Hyderabad. The
Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of
Unani medicine. Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the
Indian Heart Association
The Indian Heart Association (IHA), along with the Indian Stroke Association (ISA), is an organization dedicated to raising cardiovascular and stroke health awareness among the South Asian population.
The organisation was founded by Harvard Medi ...
, a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.
Institutes in Hyderabad include the
National Institute of Rural Development
The National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj (NIRD&PR), an autonomous organisation under the Union Ministry of Rural Development, is a premier national centre of excellence in rural development and Panchayati Raj. Recognized int ...
,
NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad (NLU), the
Indian School of Business, the
National Geophysical Research Institute
The National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) is a geoscientific research organization established in 1961 under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India's largest Research and Development organization. It is suppo ...
, the
Institute of Public Enterprise
The Institute of Public Enterprise (IPE) was established in 1964 for the study of issues and policies relating to public enterprise (PEs). S S Khera, ICS, the Cabinet Secretary, Government of India, had conceived the idea of a research instituti ...
, the
Administrative Staff College of India
Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI), was started jointly by the Government of India and the representatives of industry as an autonomous institute in the year 1956 to impart training in the field of Civil Services development. It is loc ...
and the
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Technical and engineering schools include the
International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad
International is an adjective (also used as a noun) meaning "between nations".
International may also refer to:
Music Albums
* ''International'' (Kevin Michael album), 2011
* ''International'' (New Order album), 2002
* ''International'' (The T ...
(IIITH),
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Birla may refer to:
* Birla family
* Members of the Birla family:
** Aditya Vikram Birla
** Ananya Birla
** Basant Kumar Birla
** G. D. Birla
** K. K. Birla
** C. K. Birla
** Kumar Mangalam Birla
See also
* Burla (disambiguation)
Burla may refer ...
(BITS Hyderabad),
Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management Hyderabad Campus (GITAM Hyderabad Campus), and
Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad (IIT-H) as well as
agricultural engineering
Agricultural engineering, also known as agricultural and biosystems engineering, is the field of study and application of engineering science and designs principles for agriculture purposes, combining the various disciplines of mechanical, civil ...
institutes such as the
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) is a public agricultural university with its headquarters at the village Lam, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
History
The original Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University was esta ...
. Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International,
NIFT Hyderabad and
Wigan and Leigh College. The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H), will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015.
Sports
At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002
National Games of India
The National Games of India consist of various disciplines in which athletes from the different states of India participate against each other.
The country's first few Olympic Games, now renamed as National Games, were held in North India (De ...
, the
2003 Afro-Asian Games, the
2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open
The 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open was a Tier 4 women's professional tennis tournament on the 2004 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 16 through 21 February 2004. Nicole Pratt won the singles title.
Champio ...
women's tennis tournament, the
2007 Military World Games, the
2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009
IBSF World Snooker Championship. The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the
Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for
field hockey
Field hockey is a team sport structured in standard hockey format, in which each team plays with ten outfield players and a goalkeeper. Teams must drive a round hockey ball by hitting it with a hockey stick towards the rival team's shooting ...
, the
G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in
Gachibowli for athletics and football, and for cricket, the
Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and
Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, home ground of the
Hyderabad Cricket Association. Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches, including matches in the 1987 and the 1996
ICC Cricket World Cup
The Cricket World Cup (officially known as ICC Men's Cricket World Cup) is the international championship of One Day International (ODI) cricket. The event is organised by the sport's governing body, the International Cricket Council (ICC), e ...
s. The
Hyderabad cricket team represents the city in the
Ranji Trophy—a
first-class cricket
First-class cricket, along with List A cricket and Twenty20 cricket, is one of the highest-standard forms of cricket. A first-class match is one of three or more days' scheduled duration between two sides of eleven players each and is officiall ...
tournament among India's states and cities. Hyderabad is home to the
Indian Premier League franchise
Sunrisers Hyderabad—previously
Deccan Chargers—is the champion of
2009 Indian Premier League and
2016 Indian Premier League. The new professional
football club of the city
Hyderabad FC
Hyderabad Football Club is an Indian professional football club based in Hyderabad, Telangana. The club competes in the Indian Super League, the top flight of Indian football. Founded on 27 August 2019, the club replaced Pune City after th ...
champions of
2021-22 Indian Super League
Increment or incremental may refer to:
*Incrementalism, a theory (also used in politics as a synonym for gradualism)
*Increment and decrement operators, the operators ++ and -- in computer programming
*Incremental computing
*Incremental backup, wh ...
.
During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and
polo fields were built.
Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the
Secunderabad Club, the
Nizam Club
The Nizam Club is located in Saifabad, Hyderabad, India. the club location is considered as heart of the Hyderabad city, which is exactly opposite to Telangana Legislative Assembly Hall. Surrounded in 4 acres land.
History
The club was establis ...
and the
Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist. In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan Mile Drag,
TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying.
Transport
, the most commonly used forms of medium-distance transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and
auto rickshaws. These altogether serve 3.5 million passengers daily. Bus services operate from the
Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses serving 3.3 million passengers.
Hyderabad Metro—(a light-rail
rapid transit
Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail or metro, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. A rapid transit system that primarily or traditionally runs below the surface may be ...
system) was inaugurated in November 2017. it is a 3 track network spread upon with 57 stations, it is the second-largest metro rail network in India. Hyderabad's
Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), is a three-line suburban rail service with 121 services carrying 180,000 passengers daily.
Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by
Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities). Intercity rail services operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is
Secunderabad railway station, which serves as
Indian Railways
Indian Railways (IR) is a statutory body under the ownership of Ministry of Railways, Government of India that operates India's national railway system. It manages the fourth largest national railway system in the world by size, with a tota ...
'
South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are , , , and .
, there are over 5.3 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 4.3 million are two-wheelers and 1.04 million four-wheelers.
The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage—roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area
—has led to widespread traffic congestion especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road. The Inner Ring Road, the
Outer Ring Road, the
Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India, and various
interchanges
Interchange may refer to:
Transport
* Interchange (road), a collection of ramps, exits, and entrances between two or more highways
* Interchange (freight rail), the transfer of freight cars between railroad companies
* Interchange station, a rai ...
, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are for two-wheelers and cars, for auto rickshaws and for
light commercial vehicles and buses.
Hyderabad sits at the junction of three
National Highways linking it to six other states:
NH-44 runs from
Srinagar
Srinagar (English: , ) is the largest city and the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It lies in the Kashmir Valley on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus, and Dal and Anchar lakes. The city is known for its ...
,
Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir may refer to:
* Kashmir, the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent
* Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), a region administered by India as a union territory
* Jammu and Kashmir (state), a region administered ...
, in the north to
Kanyakumari,
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (; , TN) is a state in southern India. It is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu is the home of the Tamil people, whose Tamil language ...
, in the south;
NH-65, runs east-west between Machilipatnam,
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the ...
connects Hyderabad and
Suryapet
Suryapet is a city in the Indian state of Telangana. It is a municipality and the headquarters of its eponymous district. The Government of India announced Suryapet to be developed under the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transform ...
with
Pune
Pune (; ; also known as Poona, ( the official name from 1818 until 1978) is one of the most important industrial and educational hubs of India, with an estimated population of 7.4 million As of 2021, Pune Metropolitan Region is the largest i ...
,
Maharashtra
Maharashtra (; , abbr. MH or Maha) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. Maharashtra is the second-most populous state in India and the second-most populous country subdi ...
;
NH-163 links Hyderabad and
Bhopalpatnam
Bhopalpatnam is a tehsil, revenue division and development block in Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh, India. There lies a newly built bridge on indravati river connecting Chhattisgarh State to Maharashtra.
NH-63 connects Jagdalpur- Sironcha- ...
,
Chhattisgarh;
NH-765 links Hyderabad to
Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh. Five state highways,
SH-1 links Hyderabad, to
Ramagundam
Ramagundam is a city and municipal corporation in Peddapalli district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is the most populous city in the district and falls under the Peddapalli revenue division. It is located on the banks of the Godava ...
, SH-2, SH-4, and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.
Air traffic was previously handled via
Begumpet Airport established in 1930, but this was replaced by
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) is an international airport that serves Hyderabad, the capital of the Indian state of Telangana. It is located in Shamshabad, about south of Hyderabad and it was opened on 23 March 2008 to replace B ...
(RGIA) in 2008, capable of handling 25 million passengers and 150,000 metric-tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2020,
Airports Council International
Airports Council International (ACI) is an organization of airport authorities aimed at unifying industry practices for airport standards. Established in 1991, its headquarters (ACI World) are based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and its member ...
, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size and Region in the passenger category.
[
* ]
See also
*
List of flyovers and under-passes in Hyderabad
*
List of people from Hyderabad
This is a list of eminent people from Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana State of India. A person from Hyderabad is called a ''Hyderabadi''. People born in Hyderabad, of Hyderabadi descent, or those who have spent a large part of their career i ...
*
List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad
This list of tallest buildings in Hyderabad lists the high-rises in Hyderabad, India.
Hyderabad is witnessing a massive construction boom around its IT corridor with several high-rise & skyscraper proposals getting approvals. As of January 2 ...
*
List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad
Explanatory notes
Citations
General and cited references
*
*
Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
A guide to Hyderabad*
{{Authority control
Cities and towns in Hyderabad district, India
Cities in Telangana
Indian capital cities
High-technology business districts in India
Metropolitan cities in India
Historic districts
Capitals of former nations
Former national capitals
Former capital cities in India
Populated places established in 1591
1591 establishments in Asia
1590s establishments in India