Hurricane Ida

Hurricane Ida was a deadly and extremely destructive Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2021 that became the second-most damaging and intense hurricane to make landfall in the U.S. state of Louisiana on record, behind Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In terms of maximum sustained winds at landfall (), Ida tied 2020's Hurricane Laura and the 1856 Last Island hurricane as the strongest on record to hit the state. The remnants of the storm also caused a tornado outbreak and catastrophic flooding across the Northeastern United States. The ninth named storm, fourth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season, Ida originated from a tropical wave in the Caribbean Sea on August 23. On August 26, the wave developed into a tropical depression, which organized further and became Tropical Storm Ida later that day, near Grand Cayman. Amid favorable conditions, Ida intensified into a hurricane on August 27, just before moving over western Cuba. A day later, the hurricane underwent rapid intensification over the Gulf of Mexico, and reached its peak intensity as a strong Category 4 hurricane while approaching the northern Gulf Coast, with maximum sustained winds of and a minimum central pressure of . On August 29, the 16th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina making landfall, Ida made landfall near Port Fourchon, Louisiana, devastating the town of Grand Isle. Ida weakened steadily over land, becoming a tropical depression on August 30, as it turned northeastward. On September 1, Ida transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone as it accelerated through the Northeastern United States, breaking multiple rainfall records in various locations before moving out into the Atlantic on the next day. Afterward, Ida's remnant moved into the Gulf of St. Lawrence and stalled there for a couple of days, before being absorbed into another developing low-pressure area early on September 5.

The precursor to Ida caused catastrophic and deadly flash flooding in Venezuela. Ida knocked down palm trees and destroyed many homes in Cuba during its brief passage over the country. Throughout its path of destruction in Louisiana, more than a million people in total had no electrical power. Widespread heavy infrastructural damage occurred throughout the southeastern portion of the state, as well as extremely heavy flooding in coastal areas. New Orleans' levees survived (unlike during Katrina), though power line damage was extensive throughout the whole city. There was also substantial plant destruction in the state. Numerous tornadoes were spawned by Ida as it moved over the Eastern United States. The remnants of the storm produced unexpectedly severe damage in the Northeastern United States on September 1–2. Several intense tornadoes and catastrophic flash flooding swept through the entire region, which had already been impacted by several tropical cyclones, Elsa, Fred, and Henri during July and August. The flooding in New York City prompted the shutdown of much of the transportation system.

Ida is the fifth-costliest tropical cyclone on record, and the fourth-costliest Atlantic hurricane in the United States, having caused at least $75.25 billion (2021 USD) in damages. Of this total, at least $18 billion was in insured losses in Louisiana, $250 million was in Cuba, and $584 million was from agriculture damage in the U.S., surpassing Hurricane Ike of 2008. CoreLogic estimated that Ida caused an estimated $16 to 24 billion in flooding damage in the Northeastern United States, making it the costliest storm to hit the region since Hurricane Sandy in 2012, with an estimated $44 billion in Insured loss.

A total of 107 deaths were attributed to Ida, including 87 in the United States and 20 in Venezuela. In the United States, 30 deaths were in Louisiana, 29 in New Jersey, 17 in New York, 5 in Pennsylvania, 2 in Mississippi, 2 in Alabama, 1 in Maryland, and 1 in Connecticut. There was also a remarkable number of hospitalizations and deaths in the Greater New Orleans Area as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning while using portable gas generators with inadequate ventilation, including three in a family of four in Marrero, Louisiana on September 1, 2021.

Meteorological history

A weak tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and moved into the Atlantic on August 14. The wave moved slowly westward through the monsoon trough without showing any signs of organization over the next several days. On August 21, the wave entered a trade wind environment west of 45°W accompanied by a large area of convection, or thunderstorms, that was elongated from east to west. As the wave moved over the Windward Islands, the convective coverage increased at which point the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began to the track the system as it continued westward into the Caribbean Sea. The next day, the wave interacted with a broad area of low-pressure over the north coast of South America, which led to the formation of a much larger broad low-pressure characterized by spots that were near or below over the southwestern Caribbean Sea by late the same day. On August 25, a vorticity maximum emerged from the eastern side of the larger low-pressure area and convection became concentrated and better organized around it, prompting the NHC to assess this disturbance as a high likelihood of development as it turned north-northwestward. The system continued to further organize and obtain a better defined circulation the next day to the south of Jamaica. At 12:00  UTC on August 26, the system had attained sufficient organization to be classified as Tropical Depression Nine, about 115 mi (180 km) south-southwest of Negril, Jamaica. Upon its development, the depression was moving north-northwestward before turning northwestward a few hours later, steered around the southwestern side of a subtropical ridge located over the western Atlantic Ocean. Favorable factors in the system's further development included warm waters of the northwestern Caribbean Sea, low wind shear, and a moist environment.

Late on August 26, at 18:00 UTC, a Hurricane Hunters flight indicated that the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Ida 130 mi (209 km) Southeast of Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. Initially, the storm had an asymmetric structure, with its strongest winds and deepest convection located east of the center. This was due to some southwesterly wind shear, which gradually lessened. As Ida moved through the Cayman Islands and toward northwestern Cuba, its structure improved, with more outflow and rainbands. The convection also organized into a central dense overcast (CDO). Ida then rapidly intensified, with its winds increasing by in just over 11 hours. Late on August 27, at 18:00 UTC, the NHC upgraded Ida to Category 1 hurricane status, based on observations made by the Hurricane Hunters. Around the same time, the hurricane made its first landfall on Cuba's Isle of Youth with sustained winds of and a minimum central pressure of . After crossing over, Ida
made its second landfall at 23:25 UTC at Playa Dayaniguas in Pinar del Río, Cuba, with the same winds speeds and a slightly higher pressure. The system continued northwestward and its center emerged over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico between 01:00–02:00 UTC on August 28. Although it did not lose any strength, land interaction and entrainment of dry air into the hurricane's southwestern quadrant as Ida crossed Cuba inhibited further intensification, and little change in strength occurred during the first several hours after it reached the Gulf.

During the day-time hours of August 2 microwave satellite imagery and Cuban radar data showed Ida's central core to be reorganizing with the formation of a convective ring around the center. This, combined with the favorable conditions of light vertical wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures, led to a second, and more significant, period of rapid intensification that commenced around 12:00 UTC on August 28. Ida intensified to Category 2 strength by 00:00 UTC on August 29, and into a Category 4 hurricane six hours later, as it moved northwestward toward the Louisiana coast. At around 12:00 UTC that day, Ida reached its peak intensity, with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of and a minimum central barometric pressure of , while located not far southwest the mouth of the Mississippi River. During this intensification phase, the maximum winds increased and the central pressure dropped . At peak, the hurricane displayed a pronounced satellite presentation, with a near-symmetrical structure and a well-defined eye with an impressive stadium effect visible. Strengthening was then halted as the storm began an eyewall replacement cycle, forming a second, larger eyewall around the first one, but Ida remained near its peak intensity. At 16:55 UTC, Ida made its third, and final, landfall near Port Fourchon, Louisiana, with sustained winds of and a central pressure of , tying the 1856 Last Island hurricane and Hurricane Laura as the strongest landfalling hurricane on record in Louisiana, as measured by maximum sustained wind, and trailing only Hurricane Katrina, as measured by central pressure at landfall. A ship at sea near the point of landfall verified this intensity, with reported gusts as high as .

Following landfall, Ida only slowly weakened at first, remaining a dangerous major hurricane. Mesovortices were also visible within the eye. Ida retained Category 4 winds for four hours following landfall, and then Category 3 status for the next four hours, due to the brown ocean effect, as the marshlands and the flat terrain in southern Louisiana allowed Ida to retain its intensity for a longer period of time. As the storm moved further inland, the majority of its cloud cover shifted northeast of the center, and Ida began a period of rapid weakening. It dropped below hurricane strength early on August 30 before weakening to a depression later that day. At that time, the NHC issued their last advisory on Ida, transferring the responsibility for continuing advisories to the Weather Prediction Center (WPC). The system degenerated into an extratropical low two days later, as it moved over the central Appalachian Mountains. As the system moved through the Northeastern United States on it combined with a frontal zone to unleash unprecedented rainfall across the region, regaining tropical-storm-force winds in the process, before moving out into the Atlantic. On the next day, Ida's remnants moved northeastward across Atlantic Canada, bringing heavy rain and gale-force winds to communities throughout the region. Ida's remnants reached the Gulf of St. Lawrence on September 3, where it made a slow, counter clockwise loop while maintaining maximum winds of . The low degenerated to a trough late the next day as a new mid-latitude low formed to the east.

Preparations

Caribbean

Cayman Islands

On August 26, 2021, the Cayman Islands were put under a Tropical Storm Warning. With the expectation of a landfall or near landfall on Grand Cayman, schools and businesses were closed, and the government had fully activated the NEOC and the Emergency Services, in addition to deploying the Cayman Islands Regiment and Cayman Islands Coast Guard for the HADR and SAR operations. Many people piled into grocery stores and hardware stores to grab supplies having Hurricane Grace that hit Cayman just a week earlier fresh in everyone's minds. Cayman Airways cancelled some of its flights and rescheduled them for a later day. The utility company had announced that they were planning on little to no power outages.

Cuba

On August 28, 800 individuals, including teachers and students monitoring turtles on the Guanahacabibes Peninsula, were evacuated due to Ida, according to the head of civil defense in the area. La Palma also sheltered 6,281 people from the storm.

United States

Tornado watches were issued for parts of Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi on August 29. The Storm Prediction Center issued a 5% tornado risk the same day for the 3 states, which included an overall slight risk. Over of storm surge was anticipated for Louisiana, for Mississippi, for Alabama, and for Florida. A high risk for flash flooding was issued on August 29, encompassing much of New Orleans and surrounding areas. A widespread area of of rainfall was forecasted the day Ida made landfall. Approximately 95% of U.S. oil production in the Gulf of Mexico was shut down. As of September 17, the insured damages from Ida in the United States is estimated at $31–44 billion, with $25–35 billion in the Gulf region and $6–9 billion in the Northeast.

Louisiana

On August 27, the preseason NFL football game for the Arizona Cardinals and New Orleans Saints, originally scheduled for the next day at Caesars Superdome, was cancelled due to the storm's forecast of being a major hurricane at the time of its landfall. Before this, the game's start was moved to noon CDT from the originally scheduled 7 PM CDT. Governor John Bel Edwards declared a state of emergency in response to the storm. On August 28, New Orleans mayor LaToya Cantrell issued a mandatory evacuation for all parts of the city which are outside of its flood protections area. That same day, President Joe Biden signed an emergency declaration for Louisiana ahead of the storm.

In a briefing that was held on August 28, one day prior to landfall, Edwards anticipated Ida to be one of the strongest hurricanes to affect the state since the 1850s. The Governor also mentioned the levee system in New Orleans, saying Ida "will be the most severe test of that system". This comes after the 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans during Katrina. The state's hospital capacities were of concern, due to them already being pushed to near full capacity from the COVID-19 surge that was ongoing at the time. Victims of Ida were expected to fill hospitals in affected areas.

Mississippi

In Mississippi, at least 15 school districts and universities were ordered to close on Monday, August 30, along with a dozen casinos ahead of the impact of the storm. Entergy Mississippi expected significant damage to the system in the Jackson metropolitan area.

Elsewhere

On August 30, rains were still expected in southeastern Louisiana, coastal Mississippi, and a warning of heavy rainfall was issued for southwestern Alabama. Similar warnings were issued for the coming hours for the valleys of Tennessee and Ohio as well as the Mid-Atlantic region as the storm moves further north. Tens of millions were at risk for heavy rainfall, flooding, and tornadoes on September 1. More than 14.5 million were put under an enhanced risk that was issued that same day by the SPC. This included a 10% tornado risk. Extreme rainfall was expected for New York City, with Central Park possibly seeing more than September's monthly average in just one day. Flash flood watches were issued at 2 p.m. EDT on September 1 for all five boroughs, including Long Island and Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Ulster, Dutchess, Sullivan, and Westchester counties. The watch extended to Hudson, Bergen, Essex, and Union counties in New Jersey. In Pennsylvania, Governor Tom Wolf signed a proclamation of disaster emergency on August 31 in anticipation of flooding, severe storms, and tornadoes from the remnants of Ida.

Impact

Caribbean

As a tropical wave, Ida triggered flooding in western Venezuela on August 23, killing 20 people.

In Cuba, numerous palm trees were downed on Isla de la Juventud due to hurricane-force winds that struck the island. La Fe recorded 50 mph (80 km/h) winds and gusts up to 71 mph (114 km/h) on August 27. Many houses were also destroyed by strong winds and branches of trees were snapped in La Coloma, Pinar del Río. Los Palacios, and Consolación del Sur also lost electricity, according to a local newspaper in the province. Despite the hurricane, many hospital workers continued to work during the storm. Overall Ida caused $40 million in insurance loss and $100 million in damage in Cuba.

United States

Extreme damage was recorded in Louisiana, with a very large number of houses being damaged or destroyed, and storm surge and rain causing widespread flooding and water damage. Power outages were extensive through the southeastern portion of the state. As Ida moved to the Northeastern United States, its remnants spawned several tornadoes, with some being damaging and powerful. Record rain and high-level flash flooding occurred through extensive portions of the Northeast. Ida was estimated to have caused at least $65 billion (2021 USD) in damages in the United States. Dozens of residents died, mostly in Louisiana, New Jersey and New York.

Louisiana

Severe damage was recorded across the coastal areas of Louisiana, including in New Orleans, Golden Meadow, Houma, Galliano, LaPlace, Lockport and Grand Isle. In Houma, whiteout conditions were recorded, with flying debris and many houses damaged or destroyed. Wireless services were knocked out temporarily. An urgent flood warning was issued for Braithwaite when one of the levees was overtopped. In Galliano, many homes were destroyed, trees were uprooted, cars overturned and power lines brought down. The Lady of the Sea General Hospital in Galliano was damaged, losing a significant amount of the roof.

Significant damage was recorded in the French Quarter in New Orleans, including destroyed roofs and building collapses. The historic Karnofsky Shop collapsed. All of New Orleans lost electricity, as well as a significant portion of Jefferson Parish, after a 400-foot tower owned by Entergy and Entergy New Orleans located near the Avondale Shipyard on the Westbank collapsed under its own weight. The collapse caused major damage to 8 major feeder transmission lines when they fell into the Mississippi River. While power was restored to some neighborhoods 10 days after the "catastrophic failure", some neighborhoods waited significantly longer. The incident has prompted several investigations. There were at least 10 deaths due to heat related factors directly related to the power outage within New Orleans including, noted photographer Laura Bergerol, and several residents in senior housing apartment developments. Approximately, 1 million people throughout the state were left without power. Two drowning deaths were reported including a man who drowned in New Orleans after attempting to drive his vehicle through floodwater.

One of the ferries used on the Lower Algiers- Chalmette route across the Mississippi River broke free of its mooring during the hurricane, drifted up the river, and then ran aground. One of the sections of the Gulf Outlet Dam was overtopped by the storm surge. The USGS recorded the Mississippi River near Belle Chase flowing in reverse due to the volume of the surge. The St. Stephen Catholic School in New Orleans lost its roof.

After the storm had passed, nearly all of the oil production along the Gulf Coast was shut down. Thousands of emergency crew members were deployed in Louisiana, and hundreds of residents were rescued. Power outages in the most heavily affected areas were expected to last for up to a month. States of emergency were declared for Louisiana and portions of the Northeast. Several sporting events were also moved, delayed, or cancelled due to the storm.

An anemometer in Grand Isle recorded a gust of before being destroyed. In Prairieville, a man was killed when a tree fell on his home during the hurricane. An anemometer in Port Fourchon recorded a gust of when Ida came ashore.Major damage was reported in Jefferson Parish. On August 30, insured damage was estimated to be at least $15 billion. Outside the post-Katrina flood protection system, of water overtopped levees in lower Jefferson Parish forcing residents in Lafitte to flee to their rooftops to escape floodwaters. Entergy shut down the Waterford Nuclear Generating Station due to off-site electrical power being lost. Separate energy from emergency diesel generators was used to maintain safe shutdown conditions. The lowest level of alert, "unusual event", was issued. There were no reports of significant equipment damage. Two weak tornadoes, rated EF1 and EF0, struck Eden Isle just south of Slidell, Louisiana, damaging roofs, fences and trees. Two days later in Slidell itself, a 71-year-old man was presumed dead after being mauled by an alligator while walking through floodwaters near his home. On September 13, the alligator was captured and killed by state authorities. Human remains were recovered from inside the alligator's stomach.

Aerial photos and footage was released, which showed large-scale destruction, debris, and flooding throughout affected areas. On August 31, a 24-year-old man was found dead in Uptown New Orleans. The cause of death was assumed to be carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. The next day, in the same city, 12 people, including 7 children, were hospitalized due to CO poisoning. Three additional CO poisoning deaths were reported on September 2 in Jefferson Parish. In nearby St. Tammany Parish, nine people were hospitalized from the same cause.

Much of Southeastern Louisiana was devastated by storm surge inundation, which was estimated to be over in many areas. Plaquemines Parish on the east bank of Mississippi River had an estimated storm surge value of at least . Grand Isle, which was located just east of the landfall point of Ida, was struck by and was rendered uninhabitable after the storm. Up to 12 breaks in its sand levee led to 100% of structures being damaged, with 40% being completely destroyed, or being blocked by piles of debris, and electrical lines were toppled and buried. Parts of the island were covered by up to of sand. The police station was affected, with the roof being torn apart. The chief, Scooter Resweber, called it the "most severe hurricane" he had ever experienced. A St. James Parish man was killed after his backyard shed fell on top of him during Hurricane Ida's heavy winds. Four storm-related deaths were also reported in Tangipahoa Parish among nursing home residents evacuated during Hurricane Ida. As a result of power outages one person died in New Orleans due to heat exhaustion and another person died from a lack of oxygen in St. Tammany Parish. One person also died after falling from a roof while making damage repairs. Total damage to agriculture was estimated at up to $584 million.

On September 7, it was reported that 4 people had died and another 141 people had been hospitalized in the state of Louisiana, due to carbon monoxide poisoning following Ida. According to the Louisiana Department of Health, these deaths were caused by power generators being used indoors, amid power outages following the devastation of the hurricane. The recommendations for using the power generators are to place the generations at least away from homes, and for a carbon monoxide detector or alarm to be set up immediately.

A week after the storm, over a million people in southeast Louisiana were still without power. By the end of September 2021, approximately 90% of the state's power had been restored with the exception of heavily damaged grids from areas closest to the Gulf of Mexico.

Mississippi

Over 113,000 people were without electricity on August 30. On August 31, three people were killed and at least nine others were injured when seven vehicles plunged into a deep hole in a collapsed section of MS 26 in George County. Heavy rains from Ida caused the highway to collapse. 13 weak tornadoes touched down or moved ashore as waterspouts from August 29–30, affecting the entire coastline. An EF1 tornado caused significant damage to homes and other structures near Pass Christian and Diamondhead. The other 12 tornadoes were rated EF0 with seven of them striking or moving between Gulfport and Biloxi, although the damage from them was minimal. This was thought to be in part due to Hurricane Zeta's impacts from the previous year; many weak and dead trees and substandard structures were removed in that storm, potentially reducing the amount of debris available for Ida to cause damage with. Another EF0 tornado struck Pascagoula causing minor damage to homes and tree limbs.

Alabama

Seven weak tornadoes touched down in the southern portion of the state. Three people were injured in Saraland by an EF1 tornado that ripped portions of roofs from motels and an industrial buildings and knocked down trees, some of which fell on homes. Another EF1 tornado damaged trees, rolled a mobile home, and tore most of the roof of another home southeast of Jackson. The other five tornadoes were rated EF0. Two electrical workers died in Adger while repairing power grid damage caused by the storm.

Mid-Atlantic

Two EF1 tornadoes touched down in Montgomery County, Virginia on August 31. The first one damaged a barn and snapped or uprooted several trees southeast of Radford. The second one also snapped and uprooted trees and destroyed a swing northwest of Merrimac. In Buchanan County, one person was found dead after flooding from the storm. In Maryland, A 19-year-old man was confirmed dead after flooding at an apartment complex in Rockville. In Frederick County, 10 students and their bus driver had to be rescued when their school bus was caught in flooding. An EF2 tornado caused considerable damage to homes, businesses, schools, and other structures as well as trees, signs, and power lines in Annapolis. Two other EF0 tornadoes also touched down in the state. In Wilmington, Delaware, over 200 people were rescued from flooding caused by the storm along the Brandywine Creek.

Northeast

= Pennsylvania

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In Pennsylvania, an EF2 tornado caused damage in Fort Washington, Upper Dublin Township, and Horsham Township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, knocking down trees and power lines and tearing the roof off of the Upper Dublin Police Department. A woman was killed in Upper Dublin Township when the tornado blew a tree down onto her house. In Milford Township, a man was found dead after he drowned in his vehicle in the Unami Creek. An EF1 tornado struck Buckingham Township in Bucks County, an EF1 tornado hit Upper Makefield Township in Bucks County, and an EF2 tornado touched down in Oxford in Chester County.

Heavy rain and extensive flooding occurred in Eastern Pennsylvania. The Schuylkill River flooded portions of Philadelphia, with Interstate 676 (Vine Street Expressway) partially covered in water. Flooding from the river also affected the Manayunk neighborhood of Philadelphia, with residents rescued from apartments along Main Street. Flooding from the Schuylkill River caused damage to SEPTA Regional Rail's Manayunk/Norristown Line between Miquon and Norristown, resulting in the suspension of service. Service between Center City Philadelphia and Spring Mill resumed on September 7 while service along the entire length of the line to Norristown resumed on September 13. Overall, Ida caused up to $100 million in Southern Pennsylvania as a result.

=New Jersey and New York

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The impact of Ida in New Jersey and New York was unusually intense and deadly. Ida was the third tropical system in as many weeks to soak the Northeastern United States, after Fred and Henri, which left the soil saturated and a greater risk of flooding. Numerous flash flood warnings and flash flood emergencies were issued across the area as well. Tornado warnings were also issued in parts of the New York City Metropolitan Area, including Westchester County, New York, and parts of Fairfield and Ridgefield in Connecticut. The National Weather Service's New York City office issued its first ever flash flood emergency in response to severe flooding in northeastern New Jersey, followed an hour later by the first flash flood emergency ever for New York City itself.

An EF3 tornado destroyed multiple homes in Mullica Hill, New Jersey, to Bristol, Pennsylvania, and prompted a rare tornado emergency for Bristol and Croydon, Pennsylvania, as well as Burlington, New Jersey. The same storm produced also produced an EF0 tornado that caused tree damage in Princeton, New Jersey. Portions of Trenton, New Jersey