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Hubert Lederer Dreyfus (; October 15, 1929 – April 22, 2017) was an American philosopher and professor of philosophy at the
University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant u ...
. His main interests included phenomenology,
existentialism Existentialism ( ) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on human thinking, feeling, and acting. Existentialist thinkers frequently explore issues related to the meaning, purpose, and valu ...
and the philosophy of both
psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between ...
and
literature Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...
, as well as the philosophical implications of
artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by animals and humans. Example tasks in which this is done include speech r ...
. He was widely known for his exegesis of
Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th ce ...
, which critics labeled "Dreydegger". Dreyfus was featured in
Tao Ruspoli Tao Ruspoli (; born 7 November 1975) is an Italian-American filmmaker, photographer, musician, and co-founder of The Bombay Beach Biennale. Early life Ruspoli was born in Bangkok, Thailand, and raised in Rome, Italy and Los Angeles, California ...
's film ''
Being in the World ''Being in the World'' is a 2010 documentary film directed by Tao Ruspoli. The film is based on Martin Heidegger's philosophy and is inspired by Hubert Dreyfus. It features a number of prominent philosophers. Philosophers such as Hubert Dreyfus, ...
'' (2010)'','' and was among the philosophers interviewed by
Bryan Magee Bryan Edgar Magee (; 12 April 1930 – 26 July 2019) was a British philosopher, broadcaster, politician and author, best known for bringing philosophy to a popular audience. Early life Born of working-class parents in Hoxton, London, in 1930, w ...
for the BBC Television series '' The Great Philosophers'' (1987)''.'' The '' Futurama'' character Professor ''Hubert'' Farnsworth is partly named after him, writer
Eric Kaplan Eric Kaplan is an American television writer and producer. His work has included shows such as ''Late Show with David Letterman'', ''Andy Richter Controls the Universe'', ''Malcolm in the Middle'', ''Futurama'', ''The Simpsons'' and ''Rick and M ...
having been a former student.


Life and career

Dreyfus was born on 15 October 1929, in Terre Haute, Indiana, to Stanley S. and Irene (Lederer) Dreyfus.Dreyfus, Hubert L(ederer) 1929-.
Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series. '' Encyclopedia.com.'' 22 Aug. 2019
He attended
Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...
from 1947. With a senior honors thesis on ''Causality and Quantum Theory'' (for which W. V. O. Quine was the main examiner) he was awarded a BA '' summa cum laude'' in 1951 and joined
Phi Beta Kappa The Phi Beta Kappa Society () is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and the most prestigious, due in part to its long history and academic selectivity. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal ...
. He was awarded an MA in 1952. He was a Teaching Fellow at Harvard in 1952-1953 (as he was again in 1954 and 1956). Then, on a Harvard Sheldon traveling fellowship, Dreyfus studied at the
University of Freiburg The University of Freiburg (colloquially german: Uni Freiburg), officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (german: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg), is a public research university located in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemb ...
over 1953–1954. During this time he had an interview with
Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th ce ...
. Sean D. Kelly records that Dreyfus found the meeting 'disappointing.' Brief mention of it was made by Dreyfus during his 1987
BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
interview with
Bryan Magee Bryan Edgar Magee (; 12 April 1930 – 26 July 2019) was a British philosopher, broadcaster, politician and author, best known for bringing philosophy to a popular audience. Early life Born of working-class parents in Hoxton, London, in 1930, w ...
in remarks that are revealing of both his and Heidegger's opinion of the work of
Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and lit ...
. Magee, Bryan, Dreyfus, Hubert L
''Bryan Magee talks to Hubert Dreyfus about Husserl, Heidegger and modern existentialism''.
ia_YouTube.html"_;"title="YouTube.html"_;"title="ia_YouTube">ia_YouTube">YouTube.html"_;"title="ia_YouTube">ia_YouTube''_The_Great_Philosophers''_BBC_(1987)
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" would appear in print. After acting as an instructor in philosophy at Brandeis University (1957–1959), he attended the École normale supérieure (Paris), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, on a French government grant (1959–1960). From 1960, first as an instructor, then as an assistant and then associate professor, Dreyfus taught philosophy at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the ...
(MIT). In 1964, with his dissertation ''Husserl's Phenomenology of Perception'', he obtained his PhD from Harvard. (Due to his knowledge of Husserl,
Dagfinn Føllesdal Dagfinn Føllesdal (born 22 June 1932) is a Norwegian-American philosopher. He is the Clarence Irving Lewis Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Stanford University, and professor emeritus at the University of Oslo. Biography and career Følles ...
sat on the thesis committee but he has asserted that Dreyfus "was not really my student.")Korsnes, C
2016
''A Matter of Perspective: Interview with Dagfinn Føllesdal''
'' Filosofisk supplement'', 2/2015
That same year, his co-translation (with his first wife) of ''Sense and Non-Sense'' by
Maurice Merleau-Ponty Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty. (; 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. The constitution of meaning in human experience was his main interest an ...
was published. Also in 1964, and whilst still at
MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the m ...
, he was employed as a consultant by the RAND Corporation to review the work of Allen Newell and
Herbert A. Simon Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American political scientist, with a Ph.D. in political science, whose work also influenced the fields of computer science, economics, and cognitive psychology. His primary ...
in the field of
artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by animals and humans. Example tasks in which this is done include speech r ...
(AI). This resulted in the publication, in 1965, of the "famously combative" '' Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence'', which proved to be the first of a series of papers and books attacking the AI field's claims and assumptions. The first edition of ''What Computers Can't Do'' would follow in 1972, and this critique of AI (which has been translated into at least ten languages) would establish Dreyfus's public reputation. However, as the editors of his ''
Festschrift In academia, a ''Festschrift'' (; plural, ''Festschriften'' ) is a book honoring a respected person, especially an academic, and presented during their lifetime. It generally takes the form of an edited volume, containing contributions from the h ...
'' noted: "the study and interpretation of 'continental' philosophers... came first in the order of his philosophical interests and influences." ;Berkeley In 1968, although he had been granted
tenure Tenure is a category of academic appointment existing in some countries. A tenured post is an indefinite academic appointment that can be terminated only for cause or under extraordinary circumstances, such as financial exigency or program disco ...
, Dreyfus left
MIT The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the m ...
and became an associate professor of philosophy at the
University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant u ...
(winning, that same year, the Harbison Prize for Outstanding Teaching). In 1972 he was promoted to full professor. Though Dreyfus retired from his chair in 1994, he continued as professor of philosophy in the Graduate School (and held, from 1999, a joint appointment in the rhetoric department). And he continued to teach philosophy at
UC Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant uni ...
until his last class in December 2016. Dreyfus was elected a fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, a ...
in 2001. He was also awarded an honorary doctorate for "his brilliant and highly influential work in the field of artificial intelligence" and his interpretation of twentieth century continental philosophy by Erasmus University. Dreyfus died on April 22, 2017. His younger brother and sometimes collaborator,
Stuart Dreyfus A native of Terre Haute, Indiana, Stuart E. Dreyfus is professor emeritus at University of California, Berkeley in the Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Department. While at the Rand Corporation he was a programmer of the JOHNNIAC com ...
, is a professor emeritus of industrial engineering and operations research at the
University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant u ...
.


Dreyfus' criticism of AI

Dreyfus' critique of
artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by animals and humans. Example tasks in which this is done include speech r ...
(AI) concerns what he considers to be the four primary assumptions of AI research. The first two assumptions are what he calls the "biological" and "psychological" assumptions. The biological assumption is that the brain is analogous to computer hardware and the mind is analogous to computer
software Software is a set of computer programs and associated software documentation, documentation and data (computing), data. This is in contrast to Computer hardware, hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work. ...
. The psychological assumption is that the mind works by performing discrete computations (in the form of
algorithm In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing ...
ic rules) on discrete
representations ''Representations'' is an interdisciplinary journal in the humanities published quarterly by the University of California Press. The journal was established in 1983 and is the founding publication of the New Historicism movement of the 1980s. It ...
or symbols. Dreyfus claims that the plausibility of the psychological assumption rests on two others: the epistemological and
ontological In metaphysics, ontology is the philosophical study of being, as well as related concepts such as existence, becoming, and reality. Ontology addresses questions like how entities are grouped into categories and which of these entities exi ...
assumptions. The epistemological assumption is that all activity (either by animate or inanimate objects) can be formalized (mathematically) in the form of predictive rules or laws. The ontological assumption is that reality consists entirely of a set of mutually independent, atomic (indivisible) facts. It's because of the epistemological assumption that workers in the field argue that
intelligence Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. More generally, it can be des ...
is the same as formal rule-following, and it's because of the ontological one that they argue that human knowledge consists entirely of internal representations of reality. On the basis of these two assumptions, workers in the field claim that cognition is the manipulation of internal symbols by internal rules, and that, therefore, human behaviour is, to a large extent, context free (see
contextualism Contextualism, also known as epistemic contextualism, is a family of views in philosophy which emphasize the ''context'' in which an action, utterance, or expression occurs. Proponents of contextualism argue that, in some important respect, the a ...
). Therefore, a truly
scientific Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for ...
psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between ...
is possible, which will detail the 'internal' rules of the human mind, in the same way the laws of physics detail the 'external' laws of the physical world. However, it is this key assumption that Dreyfus denies. In other words, he argues that we cannot now (and never will be able to) understand our own behavior ''in the same way'' as we understand objects in, for example, physics or chemistry: that is, by considering ourselves as things whose behaviour can be predicted via 'objective', context free scientific laws. According to Dreyfus, a context-free
psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between ...
is a contradiction in terms. Dreyfus's arguments against this position are taken from the phenomenological and hermeneutical tradition (especially the work of
Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th ce ...
). Heidegger argued that, contrary to the cognitivist views (on which AI has been based), our being is in fact highly context-bound, which is why the two context-free assumptions are false. Dreyfus doesn't deny that we can ''choose to see'' human (or any) activity as being 'law-governed', in the same way that we can ''choose to see'' reality as consisting of indivisible atomic facts... if we wish. But it is a huge leap from that to state that because we want to or can see things in this way that ''it is therefore an objective fact that they are the case''. In fact, Dreyfus argues that they are ''not'' (necessarily) the case, and that, therefore, any research program that assumes they ''are'' will quickly run into profound theoretical and practical problems. Therefore, the current efforts of workers in the field are doomed to failure. Dreyfus argues that to get a device or devices with human-like intelligence would require them to have a human-like being-in-the-world and to have bodies more or less like ours, and social acculturation (i.e. a society) more or less like ours. (This view is shared by psychologists in the embodied psychology (Lakoff and Johnson 1999) and distributed cognition traditions. His opinions are similar to those of
robotics Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of computer science and engineering. Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and use of robots. The goal of robotics is to design machines that can help and assist humans. Robotics integrate ...
researchers such as
Rodney Brooks Rodney Allen Brooks (born 30 December 1954) is an Australian roboticist, Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, author, and robotics entrepreneur, most known for popularizing the actionist approach to robotics. He was a Panasonic Profes ...
as well as researchers in the field of
artificial life Artificial life (often abbreviated ALife or A-Life) is a field of study wherein researchers examine systems related to natural life, its processes, and its evolution, through the use of simulations with computer models, robotics, and biochemistry ...
.) Daniel Crevier writes: "time has proven the accuracy and perceptiveness of some of Dreyfus's comments. Had he formulated them less aggressively, constructive actions they suggested might have been taken much earlier."


Webcasting philosophy

When UC Berkeley and Apple began making a selected number of lecture classes freely available to the public as podcasts beginning around 2006, a recording of Dreyfus teaching a course called "Man, God, and Society in Western Literature – From Gods to God and Back" rose to the 58th most popular webcast on iTunes. These webcasts have attracted the attention of many, including non-academics, to Dreyfus and his subject area.


Works


Books

* 1972. ''What Computers Can't Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence''. (At
Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...
) **2nd edition 1979 , ; 3rd edition 1992 re-titled as ''What Computers Still Can't Do'' *1983. (with Paul Rabinow)
Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics
'' Chicago, Ill: The University of Chicago Press. (At
Open Library Open Library is an online project intended to create "one web page for every book ever published". Created by Aaron Swartz, Brewster Kahle, Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and Rebecca Malamud, Open Library is a project of the Internet Archive, ...
) *1986 (with
Stuart Dreyfus A native of Terre Haute, Indiana, Stuart E. Dreyfus is professor emeritus at University of California, Berkeley in the Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Department. While at the Rand Corporation he was a programmer of the JOHNNIAC com ...
).
Mind Over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer
'. New York: Free Press.(At
Open Library Open Library is an online project intended to create "one web page for every book ever published". Created by Aaron Swartz, Brewster Kahle, Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and Rebecca Malamud, Open Library is a project of the Internet Archive, ...
) *1991. ''Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger's ''Being and Time, Division I.Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. , *1992. '' What Computers Still Can't Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. * 1997, '' Disclosing New Worlds: Entrepreneurship, Democratic Action, and the Cultivation of Solidarity'' (co-author, with Fernando Flores and Charles Spinosa) *2001. ''On the Internet'' First Edition. London and New York: Routledge. ; 2nd edition 1979 (At
Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...
) *2011. (with
Sean Dorrance Kelly Sean Dorrance Kelly is an American philosopher, currently the Teresa G. and Ferdinand F. Martignetti Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where he also serves as Faculty Dean of Dunster House. He is an expert on phenomenology and philo ...
) '
All Things Shining: Reading the Western Classics to Find Meaning in a Secular Age
'' (At
Open Library Open Library is an online project intended to create "one web page for every book ever published". Created by Aaron Swartz, Brewster Kahle, Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and Rebecca Malamud, Open Library is a project of the Internet Archive, ...
) *2014 ''Skillful Coping: Essays on the Phenomenology of Everyday Perception and Action,'' Mark A. Wrathall (ed.), *2015 (with Charles Taylor) ''Retrieving Realism''. Harvard University Press, *2017 ''Background Practices: Essays on the Understanding of Being,'' Mark A. Wrathall (ed.), Oxford University Press,


''Festschrift''

*2000. ''Heidegger, Authenticity, and Modernity: Essays in Honor of Hubert Dreyfus, Volume 1.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. . Brinkmann, Svend (2010)
On the Road with Heidegger: Review of the Festschrift in honor of Hubert Dreyfus
' PrePrint of published review in: ''SATS'', Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 175–180, ISSN (Online) 1869-7577, ISSN (Print) 1600-1974
*2000. ''Heidegger, Coping, and Cognitive Science: Essays in Honor of Hubert L. Dreyfus, Volume 2''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Sean Dorrance Kelly Sean Dorrance Kelly is an American philosopher, currently the Teresa G. and Ferdinand F. Martignetti Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, where he also serves as Faculty Dean of Dunster House. He is an expert on phenomenology and philo ...
. 2000
''Grasping at Straws: Motor Intentionality and the Cognitive Science of Skilled Behavior''
In ''Heidegger, Coping, and Cognitive Science: Essays in Honor of Hubert L. Dreyfus - Vol. II'', edited by Mark Wrathall and Jeff Malpas, II: Pp. 161–177. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press uthor Copy/ref>


Select articles

* 1965
''Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence''
Rand Paper.


See also

* Critique of technology * Mike Cooley


References


Criticism of AI sources

* * George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, 1999. ''Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought''. Basic Books.


External links


Professor Bert Dreyfus at the Berkeley Philosophy Department Web page

Professor Bert Dreyfus's UC Berkeley Home Page
* *
Copy of Article "The iPod Lecture Circuit"
by Michelle Quinn in '' LA Times'', November 2007 (Archived by
Wayback Machine The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web founded by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit based in San Francisco, California. Created in 1996 and launched to the public in 2001, it allows the user to go "back in time" and see ...
).
Conversations with History, an interview, November 2005
October 20, 2005

on AfterTV *Hubert Dreyfus interviewed by
Bryan Magee Bryan Edgar Magee (; 12 April 1930 – 26 July 2019) was a British philosopher, broadcaster, politician and author, best known for bringing philosophy to a popular audience. Early life Born of working-class parents in Hoxton, London, in 1930, w ...
o
Husserl, Heidegger and Modern Existentialism
for '' The Great Philosophers'' (1987) on
YouTube YouTube is a global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google, and is the second mo ...
* Lectures from the course "Philosophy 185 Heidegger" (2007) by Hubert Dreyfus.(audio) (on
Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...
). [Further of hi
Webcast Lectures
hosted there]
Professor Hubert Dreyfus - "Dostoevsky on how to Save the Sacred from Science"
(video, 2015) * {{DEFAULTSORT:Dreyfus, Hubert 1929 births 2017 deaths 20th-century American philosophers 21st-century American philosophers American ethicists 20th-century American Jews Brandeis University faculty American consciousness researchers and theorists Continental philosophers Enactive cognition Epistemologists Existentialists Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Harvard University alumni Heidegger scholars History of artificial intelligence Jewish philosophers MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty Metaphysicians Moral philosophers Ontologists Philosophers of culture Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of literature Philosophers of mind Philosophers of psychology Philosophers of science Philosophers of technology Philosophy of artificial intelligence Philosophy writers Phenomenologists Presidents of the American Philosophical Association University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty 21st-century American Jews