, or are supplementary Japanese schools located in foreign countries for students living abroad with their families. ''Hoshū jugyō kō'' educate Japanese-born children who attend local day schools. They generally operate on weekends, after school, and other times not during the hours of operation of the day schools.Mizukami, Tetsuo (水上徹男 ''Mizukami Tetsuo''). ''The sojourner community lectronic resource Japanese migration and residency in Australia'' (Volume 10 of Social sciences in Asia, v. 10).

BRILL Brill may refer to: Places * Brielle (sometimes "Den Briel"), a town in the western Netherlands * Brill, Buckinghamshire, a village in England * Brill, Cornwall, a small village to the west of Constantine, Cornwall, UK * Brill, Wisconsin, an un ...

, 2007. , 9789004154797. p
136
The

Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture The was a former Japanese government ministry. Its headquarters were in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo. The Ministry of Education was created in 1871. It merged with the into the new Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (M ...

(Monbusho), as of 1985, encouraged the opening of ''hoshū jugyō kō'' in

developed countries A developed country (or industrialized country, high-income country, more economically developed country (MEDC), advanced country) is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy and advanced technological infrastruct ...

. It encouraged the development of full-time Japanese ("person," not "language") day schools, in Japanese ''

nihonjin gakkō , also called Japanese school, is a full-day school outside Japan intended primarily for Japanese citizens living abroad. It is an expatriate school designed for children whose parents are working on diplomatic, business, or education missions ...

'', in

developing countries A developing country is a sovereign state with a lesser developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreem ...

. In 1971, there were 22 supplementary Japanese schools worldwide.Goodman, Roger. "The changing perception and status of ''

kikokushijo and are Japanese-language terms referring to the children of Japanese expatriates who take part of their education outside Japan. The former term is used to refer to children who have returned to Japan, while the latter refers to such children w ...

''." In: Goodman, Roger, Ceri Peach, Ayumi Takenaka, and Paul White (editors). ''Global Japan: The Experience of Japan's New Immigrant and Overseas Communities''.

Routledge Routledge () is a British multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanities, behavioural science, education, law, and ...

, June 27, 2005. p
179
"Official policy (see Monbusho, 1985) was that Nihonjingakko should be set up in developing countries, hoshuko in the developed world." By May 1986, Japan operated 112 supplementary schools worldwide, having a total of 1,144 teachers, most of them Japanese nationals, and 15,086 students.

. ''Diplomatic Bluebook 1987 Japan's Diplomatic Activities''.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs In many countries, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the government department responsible for the state's diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral relations affairs as well as for providing support for a country's citizens who are abroad. The entit ...

. Retrieved on March 8, 2015. The number of supplementary schools increased to 120 by 1987. As of April 15, 2010, there are 201 Japanese supplementary schools in 56 countries.

Operations

These schools, which usually hold classes on weekends, are primarily designed to serve the children of Japanese residents temporarily residing in foreign countries so that, upon returning to their home country, they can easily re-adapt to the Japanese educational system.Mori and Calder, p. 292 (PDF p. 3/21). As a consequence, students at these schools, whether they are Japanese nationals and/or permanent residents of the host country, are generally taught in the age-appropriate Japanese curriculum specified by the

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology The , also known as MEXT or Monka-shō, is one of the eleven Ministries of Japan that composes part of the executive branch of the Government of Japan. Its goal is to improve the development of Japan in relation with the international community ...

(MEXT).Kano, p
104
Article 26 of the

Constitution of Japan The Constitution of Japan (Shinjitai: , Kyūjitai: , Hepburn: ) is the constitution of Japan and the supreme law in the state. Written primarily by American civilian officials working under the Allied occupation of Japan, the constitution r ...

guarantees compulsory education for Japanese children in grades one through nine, so many weekend schools opened to serve students in those grades. Some weekend schools also serve high school and preschool/kindergarten.Doerr and Lee, p. 426. Several Japanese weekend schools operate in facilities rented from other educational institutions. The majority of the instruction is ''kokugo'' (

Japanese language is spoken natively by about 128 million people, primarily by Japanese people and primarily in Japan, the only country where it is the national language. Japanese belongs to the Japonic or Japanese- Ryukyuan language family. There have been ma ...

instruction). The remainder of the curriculum consists of other academic subjects, including mathematics, social studies, and sciences. In order to cover all of the material mandated by the government of Japan in a timely fashion, each school assigns a portion of the curriculum as homework, because it is not possible to cover all material during class hours. , author of "Japanese Community Schools: New Pedagogy for a Changing Population," stated in 2011 that the supplementary schools were dominated by "a monoglossic ideology of protecting the Japanese language from English".Kano, p
106
The Japanese government sends full-time teachers to supplementary schools that offer lessons that are similar to those of ''nihonjin gakkō'', and/or those which have student bodies of 100 students each or greater. The number of teachers sent depends upon the enrollment: one teacher is sent for a student enrollment of 100 or more, two for 200 or more students, three for 800 or more students, four for 1,200 or more students, and five for 1,600 or more students. MEXT also subsidizes those weekend schools that each have over 100 students.

North America

Princeton Community Japanese Language School

In North America, the ''hoshūkō'' are usually operated by the local Japanese communities. They are equivalent to ''

hagwon Hagwon () is the Korean-language word for a for-profit private institute, academy, or cram school prevalent in South Korea. Although most widely known for their role as "cram schools", where children can study to improve test scores, hagwons actu ...

'' in ethnic Korean communities and Chinese schools in ethnic Chinese communities. These Japanese schools primarily serve Japanese nationals from families temporarily in the United States, or ''

'', and second-generation

Japanese Americans are Americans of Japanese ancestry. Japanese Americans were among the three largest Asian American ethnic communities during the 20th century; but, according to the 2000 census, they have declined in number to constitute the sixth largest Asi ...

. The latter may be

U.S. citizens Citizenship of the United States is a legal status that entails Americans with specific rights, duties, protections, and benefits in the United States. It serves as a foundation of fundamental rights derived from and protected by the Constitut ...

or they may have dual U.S.-Japanese citizenship.Endo, R. (

Hamline University Hamline University is a private liberal arts college in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Founded in 1854, Hamline is known for its emphasis on experiential learning, service, and social justice. The university is named after Bishop Leonidas Lent Hamline o ...

). "Realities, Rewards, and Risks of Heritage-Language Education: Perspectives from Japanese Immigrant Parents in a Midwestern Community." ''

Bilingual Research Journal The ''Bilingual Research Journal'' is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering bilingualism. The journal was established in 1975 and is published by Routledge. The current editors-in-chief are Dr. María E. Fránquiz and Emeritus Pro ...

'', 2013, Vol. 36(3), p.278-294. CITED: p. 281. Because few Japanese children with Japanese as a first language in North America attend full-time Japanese schools, the majority of these children receive their primary education in English, their second language.Mori and Calder, p. 291 (PDF 2/21). These supplementary schools exist to provide their Japanese-language education. Rachel Endo of

, the author of "Realities, Rewards, and Risks of Heritage-Language Education: Perspectives from Japanese Immigrant Parents in a Midwestern Community," wrote that these schools "have rigorous academic expectations and structured content".Endo, R. (

). "Realities, Rewards, and Risks of Heritage-Language Education: Perspectives from Japanese Immigrant Parents in a Midwestern Community." ''

'', 2013, Vol.36(3), p.278-294. CITED: p. 282. As of 2012 the most common education option for Japanese families resident in the United States, especially those living in major metropolitan areas, is to send children to American schools during the week and use weekend Japanese schools to supplement their education.Kano, p
103
As of 2007 there were 85 Japanese supplementary schools in the United States.Mizukami, Tetsuo. ''The sojourner community lectronic resource Japanese migration and residency in Australia'' (Volume 10 of Social sciences in Asia, v. 10).

, 2007. , 9789004154797. p
139
Some 12,500 children of Japanese nationality living in the United States attended both Japanese weekend schools and American day schools. They make up more than 60% of the total number of children of Japanese nationality resident in the United States. In the 1990s, weekend schools began creating ''keishōgo,'' or "heritage education," classes for permanent residents of the U.S. The administrators and teachers of each weekend school that offers "heritage classes" develop their own curriculum.Doerr and Lee, p. 427. In the years prior to 2012, there was an increase in the number of students who were permanent residents of the United States and did not plan to go back to Japan. Instead, they attended the schools "to maintain their ethnic identity." By that year, the majority of students in the Japanese weekend schools in the United States were permanent residents of the United States. Kano argued that the MEXT curriculum for many of these permanent residents is unnecessary and out of touch. The oldest U.S. Japanese weekend school with Japanese government sponsorship is the , founded in 1958 and serving the

Washington, DC metropolitan area The Washington metropolitan area, also commonly referred to as the National Capital Region, is the metropolitan area centered on Washington, D.C. The metropolitan area includes all of Washington, D.C. and parts of the states of Maryland, Virgi ...

.English
." Washington Japanese Language School. Retrieved on April 30, 2014. "Washington Japanese Language School c/o Holy Cross Church, Quinn Hall, 4900 Strathmore Avenue, Garrett Park, MD 20896"

United Kingdom

The MEXT has eight Saturday Japanese supplementary schools in operation in the UK. As of 2013, 2,392 Japanese children in

Canterbury Canterbury (, ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and UNESCO World Heritage Site, situated in the heart of the City of Canterbury local government district of Kent, England. It lies on the River Stour, Kent, River Stour. ...

Cardiff Cardiff (; cy, Caerdydd ) is the capital and largest city of Wales. It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff ( cy, Dinas a Sir Caerdydd, links=no), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingd ...

Derby Derby ( ) is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire, England. It lies on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire, which is in the East Midlands Region. It was traditionally the county town of Derbyshire. Derby gai ...

Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...

(school is in

Livingston Livingston may refer to: Businesses * Livingston Energy Flight, an Italian airline (2003–2010) * Livingston Compagnia Aerea, an Italian airline (2011–2014), also known as Livingston Airline * Livingston International, a North American custom ...

Leeds Leeds () is a city and the administrative centre of the City of Leeds district in West Yorkshire, England. It is built around the River Aire and is in the eastern foothills of the Pennines. It is also the third-largest settlement (by populati ...

, London,

Manchester Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The t ...

(school is in

Lymm Lymm is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Warrington, Cheshire, England, which incorporates the hamlets of Booths Hill, Broomedge, Church Green, Deansgreen, Heatley, Heatley Heath, Little Heatley, Oughtrington, Reddish, Rushgreen and ...

Sunderland Sunderland () is a port city in Tyne and Wear, England. It is the City of Sunderland's administrative centre and in the Historic counties of England, historic county of County of Durham, Durham. The city is from Newcastle-upon-Tyne and is on t ...

(school is in

Oxclose Oxclose is an area of Washington, Tyne and Wear, England. It is located between the A1231, A182 and A195 highways, close to Sunderland, and is well served by links from the A1(M) which passes within of Oxclose's boundaries. Oxclose covers an are ...

), and

Telford Telford () is a town in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire, England, about east of Shrewsbury, south west of Stafford, north west of Wolverhampton and from Birmingham in the same direction. With an est ...

attend these schools." * -

Morley Morley may refer to: Places England * Morley, Norfolk, a civil parish * Morley, Derbyshire, a civil parish * Morley, Cheshire, a village * Morley, County Durham, a village * Morley, West Yorkshire, a suburban town of Leeds and civil parish * M ...

, Erewash,

Derbyshire Derbyshire ( ) is a ceremonial county in the East Midlands, England. It includes much of the Peak District National Park, the southern end of the Pennine range of hills and part of the National Forest. It borders Greater Manchester to the nor ...

* Japanese Saturday School in London * -

* - Located in

- Its time of establishment is August 2005 * -

Warrington Warrington () is a town and unparished area in the borough of the same name in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England, on the banks of the River Mersey. It is east of Liverpool, and west of Manchester. The population in 2019 was estimat ...

Cheshire Cheshire ( ) is a ceremonial and historic county in North West England, bordered by Wales to the west, Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, and Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south. Cheshire's county t ...

* —

* -

(near

), established in 1982 * - Stirchley, Telford * -

Tyne and Wear Tyne and Wear () is a metropolitan county in North East England, situated around the mouths of the rivers Tyne and Wear. It was created in 1974, by the Local Government Act 1972, along with five metropolitan boroughs of Gateshead, Newcastl ...

(near

Newcastle-upon-Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne ( RP: , ), or simply Newcastle, is a city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. The city is located on the River Tyne's northern bank and forms the largest part of the Tyneside built-up area. Newcastle is als ...

)

Demographics

In 2003, 51.7% of pupils of Japanese nationality in North America attended both ''hoshūkō'' and local North American day schools.Mizukami, Tetsuo. ''The sojourner community lectronic resource Japanese migration and residency in Australia'' (Volume 10 of Social sciences in Asia, v. 10).

, 2007. , 9789004154797. p
138
As of 2013, in Asia 3.4% of children of Japanese nationality and speaking Japanese as a first language attend Japanese weekend schools in addition to their local schools. In North America that year, 45% of children of Japanese nationality and speaking Japanese as a first language attend Japanese weekend schools in addition to their local schools.

List of schools

See: List of ''hoshū jugyō kō''

References

* Doerr, Musha Neriko (

Brookdale Community College Brookdale Community College is a public community college in the Lincroft section of Middletown Township, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1967, the college also has regional locations in Neptune Township, ...

) and Kiri Lee (

Lehigh University Lehigh University (LU) is a private research university in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. The university was established in 1865 by businessman Asa Packer and was originally affiliated with the Epis ...

).
Contesting heritage: language, legitimacy, and schooling at a weekend Japanese-language school in the United States

Archive
. ''

Language and Education Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of met ...

''. Vol. 23, No. 5, September 2009, 425–441. ** Note: p. 426 states that the "all the names in this article are aliases": It is a common practice in ethnography to use aliases for actual names in order to protect privacy of the students, parents, teachers, as well as the school. * Kano, Naomi. "Japanese Community Schools: New Pedagogy for a Changing Population" (Chapter 6). In: García, Ofelia, Zeena Zakharia, and Bahar Otcu (editors). ''Bilingual Community Education and Multilingualism: Beyond Heritage Languages in a Global City'' (Volume 89 of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism).

Multilingual Matters Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. More than half of all E ...

, 2012. , 9781847698001. START: p
99
* Mori, Yoshiko (森美子 ''Mori Yoshiko'';

Georgetown University Georgetown University is a private university, private research university in the Georgetown (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Founded by Bishop John Carroll (archbishop of Baltimore), John Carroll in 1789 as Georg ...

) and Toshiko M. Calder (カルダー淑子 ''Karudā Toshiko'';

Princeton Community Japanese Language School The Princeton Community Japanese Language School (PCJLS; プリンストン日本語学校 ''Purinsuton Nihongo Gakkō'') is a Japanese weekend school in the Princeton, New Jersey area. It holds weekend Japanese classes for Japanese citizen chil ...

).
Bilingual Vocabulary Knowledge and Arrival Age Among Japanese Heritage Language Students at ''Hoshuukoo''
" '' Foreign Language Annals''.

American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages ACTFL (American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages) is an organization aiming to improve and expand the teaching and learning of all languages at all levels of instruction. ACTFL is an individual membership organization of more than 13 ...

, Volume 46, Issue 2, pages 290–310, June 2013. First published online on 22 May 2013. DO
10.1111/flan.12027

Notes

).
The Acquisition of Heritage Japanese Language in the United States : Relationship between Ethnic Identity and Hoshuu-jugyoko(Japanese Language Schools for Supplementary Studies)
(米国における継承日本語習得 : エスニックアイデンティティーと補習授業校との関係
Archive
. 母語・継承語・バイリンガル教育(MHB)研究 (2), 82-104, 2006-03-31. 母語・継承語・バイリンガル教育(MHB)研究会
See profile at

CiNii CiNii () is a bibliographic database service for material in Japanese academic libraries, especially focusing on Japanese works and English works published in Japan. The database was founded in April 2005 and is maintained by the National Institu ...

See profile at

Osaka University , abbreviated as , is a public research university located in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It is one of Japan's former Imperial Universities and a Designated National University listed as a "Top Type" university in the Top Global University Project. ...

Knowledge Archive
Alternate linkArchive
. * Okumura, Minako (奥村三菜子;

University of Bonn The Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn (german: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) is a public research university located in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded in its present form as the ( en, Rhine U ...

and ''Japanische Schule Bonn e.V.'' (ボン日本語補習授業校)).
補習
(ドイツの日本語補習校幼児部における現状・実践・考察
Archive
. 母語・継承語・バイリンガル教育(MHB)研究 (6), 80-95, 2010-03-31. Mother Tongue, Heritage Language, and Bilingual Education (MHB) Research Association (母語・継承語・バイリンガル教育研究会（MHB研究会）)
See profile #1
an
profile #2
at

See profile at

Knowledge Archive (OUKA; 大阪大学機関リポジトリ)
Alternate linkArchive
. * Ozawa, Michimasa. (小澤至賢; 国立特別支援教育総合研究所教育 Department of Educational Support (支援部)).
Situation of Support for Japanese Students with Disabilities in Full-day and Supplementary Schools for the Japanese in the Eastern United States
(アメリカ東部地区の日本人学校及び補習授業校における障害のある日本人児童生徒への支援状況 (<特集>米国における障害のある子どもへの教育的支援の実際
Archive
. ''Special Needs Education of the World'' (世界の特別支援教育) 23, 43-55, 2009-03. National Institute of Special Needs Education (独立行政法人国立特別支援教育総合研究所)
See profile at

. ''English abstract available''. * Suzuki, Kazuyo (鈴木一代; Faculty of Humanities (人間学部),

Saitama Gakuen University is a private university in Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of J ...

).
Japanese Language and Culture Acquisition of Intercultural Children with Japanese Ancestry : From the Perspective of Teachers at Part-time Japanese Schools
(日系国際児の日本語・日本文化習得とその支援 : 補習授業校講師の視点から
Archive
. ''Bulletin of Saitama Gakuen University'' (埼玉学園大学紀要). Faculty of Humanities 7, 103-113, 2007-12. Saitama Gakuen University
See profile at

. ''English abstract available''. * 奥村三菜子.
補習授業校における国際児にとっての日本語教育のあり方を考える : ドイツの補習授業校での実践から (第31回日本言語文化学研究会) -- (発表要旨)

Archive
. 言語文化と日本語教育 (31), 82-85, 2006-06. お茶の水女子大学日本言語文化学研究会
See profile at

See profile at
Ochanomizu University Teapot (Institutional Repository). * 横尾俊 (国立特別支援教育総合研究所教育相談部).
平成20年度日本人学校及び補習授業校に対するアンケート結果について

Archive
. 国立特別支援教育総合研究所教育相談年報 30, 33-45, 2009-06. ''National Institute of Special Needs Education'' (独立行政法人国立特別支援教育総合研究所)
See profile at

. * 大浜幾久子 (

University of Tokyo , abbreviated as or UTokyo, is a public research university located in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. Established in 1877, the university was the first Imperial University and is currently a Top Type university of the Top Global University Project by ...

).
補習

Archive
. ''Annual Convention of the Japanese Association of Educational Psychology'' (日本教育心理学会総会発表論文集) (22), 228-229, 1980-10-05. The Japanese Association of Educational Psychology (日本教育心理学会)
See profile at

. Articles not available online * 峯本伸一 (前ボストン補習授業校(Greater Boston Japanese Language School):奈良市教育委員会). 在外教育施設における指導実践記録 33, 197-200, 2010-12-24.

Tokyo Gakugei University Tokyo Gakugei University (東京学芸大学, ''Tōkyō gakugei daigaku'') is a national university in Koganei, Tokyo. Founded in 1873, it was chartered as a university in 1949. It is also known as ''Gakudai'' (学大) and TGU, for short. In add ...

See profile at

. {{DEFAULTSORT:Nihonjin Gakko * Economy of Japan *

Operations

North America

United Kingdom

Demographics

List of schools

References

Notes

Further reading