The Hoover Institution (officially The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace; abbreviated as Hoover) is an American public policy

think tank A think tank, or policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most think tanks are non-governmental ...

and

research institution A research institute, research centre, research center or research organization, is an establishment founded for doing research. Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research. Although the term often im ...

that promotes personal and economic liberty,

free enterprise In economics, a free market is an economic system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand expressed by sellers and buyers. Such markets, as modeled, operate without the intervention of government or any ot ...

, and limited government. While the institution is formally a unit of Stanford University, it maintains an independent board of overseers and relies on its own income and donations. It is widely described as a

conservative Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in ...

institution, although its directors have contested the idea that it is partisan. In 1919, the institution began as a library founded by Stanford alumnus

Herbert Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 and a member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, holding o ...

prior to his presidency in order to house his archives gathered during the

Great War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

. The Hoover Tower, an icon of Stanford University, was built to house the archives, then known as the Hoover War Collection (now the

Hoover Institution Library and Archives The Hoover Institution Library and Archives is a research center and archival repository located at Stanford University, near Palo Alto, California in the United States. Built around a collection amassed by Stanford graduate Herbert Hoover prio ...

), and contained material related to

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

, and other global events. The collection was renamed and transformed into a research institution and think tank in the mid-20th century. Its mission, as described by Herbert Hoover in 1959, is "to recall the voice of experience against the making of war, and by the study of these records and their publication, to recall man's endeavors to make and preserve peace, and to sustain for America the safeguards of the American way of life." The Hoover Institution has been a place of scholarship for individuals who previously held significant positions in government. Notable Hoover fellows and alumni include

Nobel Prize The Nobel Prizes ( ; sv, Nobelpriset ; no, Nobelprisen ) are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind." Alfre ...

laureates

Henry Kissinger Henry Alfred Kissinger (; ; born Heinz Alfred Kissinger, May 27, 1923) is a German-born American politician, diplomat, and geopolitical consultant who served as United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the preside ...

Milton Friedman Milton Friedman (; July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the ...

, and

Gary Becker Gary Stanley Becker (; December 2, 1930 – May 3, 2014) was an American economist who received the 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He was a professor of economics and sociology at the University of Chicago, and was a leader of ...

; economist

Thomas Sowell Thomas Sowell (; born June 30, 1930) is an American author, economist, political commentator and academic who is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution. With widely published commentary and books—and as a guest on TV and radio—he bec ...

, scholars Niall Ferguson and

Richard Epstein Richard Allen Epstein (born April 17, 1943) is an American legal scholar known for his writings on torts, contracts, property rights, law and economics, classical liberalism, and libertarianism. He is the Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Law at ...

, and former Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich. In 2020, former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice became the institution's director. It divides its

fellow A fellow is a concept whose exact meaning depends on context. In learned or professional societies, it refers to a privileged member who is specially elected in recognition of their work and achievements. Within the context of higher education ...

s into separate research teams to work on various subjects, including

Economic Policy The economy of governments covers the systems for setting levels of taxation, government budgets, the money supply and interest rates as well as the labour market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the e ...

History History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the History of writing#Inventions of writing, invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbr ...

Education Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. ...

, and Law. It publishes research through its own university press, the Hoover Institution Press. In 2021, Hoover was ranked as the 10th most influential think tank in the world by ''

Academic Influence An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, f ...

''. It was ranked 22nd on the "Top Think Tanks in United States" and 1st on the "Top Think Tanks to Look Out For" lists of the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program that same year.

History

Early history

In June 1919,

, then a wealthy engineer who was one of Stanford's first graduates, sent a telegram offering Stanford president

Ray Lyman Wilbur Ray Lyman Wilbur (April 13, 1875 – June 26, 1949) was an American medical doctor who served as the third president of Stanford University and was the 31st United States Secretary of the Interior. Early life Wilbur was born in Boonesboro, Io ...

$50,000 in order to support the collection of primary materials related to World War I, a project that became known as the Hoover War Collection. Supported primarily by gifts from private donors, the Hoover War Collection flourished in its early years. In 1922, the collection became known as the Hoover War Library (now the

) and had collected a variety of rare and unpublished material, including the files of the ''

Okhrana The Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order (russian: Отделение по охранению общественной безопасности и порядка), usually called Guard Department ( rus, Охранное отд ...

,'' as well as a plurality of government documents. It was originally housed in the Stanford Library, separate from the general stacks. In his memoirs, Hoover wrote:

I did a vast amount of reading, mostly on previous wars, revolutions, and peace-makings of Europe and especially the political and economic aftermaths. At one time I set up some research at London, Paris, and Berlin into previous famines in Europe to see if there had developed any ideas on handling relief and pestilence. ... I was shortly convinced that gigantic famine would follow the present war. The steady degeneration of agriculture was obvious. ... I read in one of Andrew D. White's writings that most of the fugitive literature of comment during the
French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are conside ...
was lost to history because no one set any value on it at the time, and that without such material it became very difficult or impossible to reconstruct the real scene. Therein lay the origins of the Library on War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University.

By 1926, the Hoover War Library was the largest library in the world devoted to the Great War. It contained 1.4 million items and was becoming too large to house in the Stanford Library so the university allocated $600,000 for the construction of the Hoover Tower, which was to be its permanent home independent of the Stanford Library system. The 285-foot tall tower was completed in 1941 on date of the university's

golden jubilee A golden jubilee marks a 50th anniversary. It variously is applied to people, events, and nations. Bangladesh In Bangladesh, golden jubilee refers the 50th anniversary year of the separation from Pakistan and is called in Bengali ''"সু ...

. The tower has since been an icon of the Stanford campus.

Expansion and later history

In 1956, former President Hoover, under the auspices of the Institution and Library, launched a major fundraising campaign that transitioned the organization to its current form as a think tank and archive. In 1957, the Hoover Institution and Library was renamed the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace—the name it holds today. In 1959 Stanford's Board of Trustees officially established the Hoover Institution as "an independent institution within the frame of Stanford University." In 1960, W. Glenn Campbell was appointed director and substantial budget increases soon led to corresponding increases in acquisitions and related research projects. In particular, the Chinese and Russian collections grew considerably. Despite student unrest in the 1960s, the institution continued to develop closer relations with Stanford.

Reagan governorship (1967–1975) and presidency (1981–1989)

In 1975, Ronald Reagan, who was

Governor of California The governor of California is the head of government of the U.S. state of California. The governor is the commander-in-chief of the California National Guard and the California State Guard. Established in the Constitution of California, t ...

at that time, was designated as Hoover’s first honorary fellow. He donated his gubernatorial papers to the Hoover library. During that time the Hoover Institution held a general budget of $3.5 million a year. In 1976, one third of Stanford University's book holdings were housed at the Hoover library. At that time, it was the largest private archive collection in the United States. For his presidential campaign in 1980, Reagan engaged at least thirteen Hoover scholars to support the campaign in multiple capacities. After Reagan won the election campaign, more than thirty current or former Hoover Institution fellows worked for the Reagan administration in 1981. In 1989, Campbell retired as director of Hoover and replaced by John Raisian, a change that was seen as the end of an era. Raisan served as director until 2015, and was succeeded by Thomas W. Gilligan. George W. Bush administration (2001–2009) President George W. Bush awarded the National Humanities Medal to the Hoover Institution in 2006. 160919-D-SK590-091 (29170239914)

Trump administration (2017–2021)

The

Trump administration Donald Trump's tenure as the List of presidents of the United States, 45th president of the United States began with Inauguration of Donald Trump, his inauguration on January 20, 2017, and ended on January 20, 2021. Trump, a Republican Party ...

maintained close ties with the institution and multiple Hoover affiliates were assigned top positions in government.

Scott Atlas Scott William Atlas (born July 5, 1955) is an American radiologist, political commentator, and health care policy advisor. He is the Robert Wesson Senior Fellow in health care policy at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, a conservative t ...

, one Hoover fellow, was known for pushing against public health measures as a top Trump advisor in the

COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identified ...

, and was condemned in a Stanford faculty vote. In August 2017 the David and Joan Traitel Building was inaugurated. The ground floor is a conference center with a 400-seat auditorium and the top floor houses the Hoover Institution's headquarters. In 2020, Condoleezza Rice succeeded Thomas W. Gilligan as director.

Present

At any given time the Hoover Institution has up to 200 resident scholars known as Fellows. They are an interdisciplinary group studying political science, education, economics, foreign policy, energy, history, law, national security, health and politics. Some hold joint appointments as lecturers on the Stanford faculty. During Stanford University faculty senate discussions on closer collaboration between the university and the Institution in 2021, Rice "addressed campus criticism that the Hoover Institution is a partisan think tank that primarily supports conservative administrations and policy positions" by sharing "statistics that show Hoover fellows contribute financially to both political parties on an equal basis", according to the university's newsletter.

Campus

The Institution has libraries which include materials from both the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fig ...

and

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

, including the collection of documents of President Hoover, which he began to collect at the

Paris Peace Conference Agreements and declarations resulting from meetings in Paris include: Listed by name Paris Accords may refer to: * Paris Accords, the agreements reached at the end of the London and Paris Conferences in 1954 concerning the post-war status of Germ ...

of 1919. Thousands of Persian books, official documents, letters, multimedia pieces and other materials on

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkm ...

's history, politics and culture can also be found at the Stanford University library and the Hoover Institution library.

Publications

The Hoover Institution's in-house publisher, Hoover Institution Press, produces publications on public policy topics, including the quarterly periodicals ''Hoover Digest'', ''Education Next'', ''China Leadership Monitor'', and ''Defining Ideas''. The Hoover Institution Press previously published the bimonthly periodical '' Policy Review'', which it acquired from

The Heritage Foundation The Heritage Foundation (abbreviated to Heritage) is an American conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. that is primarily geared toward public policy. The foundation took a leading role in the conservative movement during the preside ...

in 2001. ''Policy Review'' ceased publication with its February–March 2013 issue. The Hoover Institution Press also publishes books and essays by Hoover Institution fellows and other Hoover-affiliated scholars.

Funding

The Hoover Institution receives nearly half of its funding from private gifts, primarily from individual contributions, and the other half from its endowment. Funders of the organization include the Taube Family Foundation, the Koret Foundation, the Howard Charitable Foundation, the Sarah Scaife Foundation, the Walton Foundation, the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, and the William E. Simon Foundation.

Details

Funding sources and expenditures, FY 2018:

Members

In May 2018, the Hoover Institution's website listed 198 fellows. Below is a list of directors and some of the more prominent fellows, former and current.

Directors

* Ephraim D. Adams, 1920–25 * Ralph H. Lutz, 1925–44 *

Harold H. Fisher Harold Hafer Fisher (28 October 1901 – 2005) was an American church architect. He has been described as "a genius who designed over 500 churches with order, unity and beauty reflecting the majesty and transcendence of God". Biography Early ...

, 1944–52 * C. Easton Rothwell, 1952–59
W. Glenn Campbell
1960–89
John Raisian
1989–2015 * Thomas W. Gilligan, 2015–September 2020 * Condoleezza Rice, September 2020–Present

Honorary Fellows

Margaret Thatcher Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (; 13 October 19258 April 2013) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the first female British prime ...

, former

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As moder ...

(deceased) * Ronald Reagan, former

President of the United States The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the Federal government of the United States#Executive branch, executive branch of the Federal gove ...

(deceased) * Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,

Soviet dissident Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features of Soviet ideology or with its entirety and who were willing to speak out against them. The term ''dissident'' was used in the Soviet Union in the period from the mid-1960s until t ...

and Nobel laureate in literature (deceased) *

Friedrich Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek ( , ; 8 May 189923 March 1992), often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian–British economist, legal theorist and philosopher who is best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek ...

, philosopher and Nobel laureate in economics (deceased)

Distinguished Fellows

George P. Shultz George Pratt Shultz (; December 13, 1920February 6, 2021) was an American economist, businessman, diplomat and statesman. He served in various positions under two different Republican presidents and is one of the only two persons to have held fou ...

, former U.S. Secretary of State (deceased)

Senior Fellows

* Fouad Ajami, political scientist, former director of the Middle East Studies Program at

Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins, Hopkins, or JHU) is a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, Johns Hopkins is the oldest research university in the United States and in the western hemisphere. It consiste ...

(deceased) *

, health care policy scholar and physician, former professor and former Chief of Neuroradiology at Stanford University School of Medicine * Richard V. Allen, former

U.S. National Security Advisor The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA), commonly referred to as the National Security Advisor (NSA),The National Security Advisor and Staff: p. 1. is a senior aide in the Executive Office of the President, based at t ...

* Martin Anderson, former advisor to Richard Nixon and author of ''The Federal Bulldozer'' (deceased) * Robert Barro, economist * Lee Ohanion, economist * Gary S. Becker, 1992

Nobel Nobel often refers to: *Nobel Prize, awarded annually since 1901, from the bequest of Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel Nobel may also refer to: Companies *AkzoNobel, the result of the merger between Akzo and Nobel Industries in 1994 *Branobel, or ...

laureate in economics (deceased) * Joseph Berger, theoretical sociologist * Peter Berkowitz, political scientist * Russell Berman, professor of German Studies and Comparative Literature * Michael Boskin, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President George H. W. Bush *

David W. Brady David Brady is the Bowen H. and Janice Arthur McCoy (chaired) Professor of Political Science and Leadership Values at Stanford University. While at Stanford, he has received the Dinkelspiel Award for service to undergraduates, the Richard Lyman Pr ...

, political scientist * Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, political scientist, professor at

New York University New York University (NYU) is a private research university in New York City. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded by a group of New Yorkers led by then- Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin. In 1832, ...

* Elizabeth Cobbs, historian, novelist, and documentary filmmaker *

John H. Cochrane John Howland Cochrane ( ; born 26 November 1957) is an American economist specializing in financial economics and macroeconomics. Formerly a professor of economics and finance at the University of Chicago, Cochrane serves full-time as the Rose-Ma ...

, economist * William Damon, professor of education * Larry Diamond, political scientist, professor at Stanford University * Frank Dikötter, chair professor of humanities at the

University of Hong Kong The University of Hong Kong (HKU) (Chinese: 香港大學) is a public university, public research university in Hong Kong. Founded in 1887 as the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, it is the oldest Higher education in Hong Kong, tertia ...

Sidney Drell Sidney David Drell (September 13, 1926 – December 21, 2016) was an American theoretical physicist and arms control expert. At the time of his death, he was professor emeritus at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and senior fello ...

, theoretical physicist and arms control expert (deceased) *

Darrell Duffie James Darrell Duffie (born May 23, 1954) is a Canadian financial economist and is Dean Witter Distinguished Professor of Finance at Stanford Graduate School of Business. He is the author of numerous research articles, and several books, inc ...

, Dean Witter Distinguished Professor of Finance at Stanford University's Graduate School of Business * John B. Dunlop, expert on Soviet and Russian politics * Richard A. Epstein, legal scholar * Martin Feldstein, senior fellow at the George F. Baker Professor of Economics at

Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...

* Niall Ferguson, historian, professor at

* Chester E. Finn, Jr., professor of education *

Morris P. Fiorina Morris P. Fiorina (born 1946) is an American political scientist and co-author of the book '' Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America'' with Jeremy C. Pope (Brigham Young University). Biography Fiorina received his B.A. from Allegheny Coll ...

, political scientist *

, 1976

laureate in economics (deceased) * Timothy Garton Ash, historian, columnist for ''

The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide ...

'' * Jack Goldsmith, legal scholar * Stephen Haber, economic historian and political scientist * Robert Hall, economist * Victor Davis Hanson, classicist, military historian, columnist * Eric Hanushek, economist * David R. Henderson, economist * Caroline Hoxby, economist * Bobby Ray Inman, retired admiral *

Shanto Iyengar Shanto Iyengar is an American political scientist and professor of political science at Stanford University. He is also the Harry & Norman Chandler Professor of Communication at Stanford, the director of Stanford's Political Communication Lab, a ...

, professor of political science, and director of the Political Communication Laboratory at Stanford University *

Ken Jowitt Kenneth Jowitt (born 1940) is an American political scientist. He was the President and Maurine Hotchkis Senior Fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution and the Robson Professor, emeritus, of Political Science at the University of Califo ...

, historian *

Kenneth L. Judd Kenneth Lewis Judd (born March 24, 1953) is a computational economist at Stanford University, where he is the Paul H. Bauer Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He received his PhD in economics from the University of Wisconsin in 1980. ...

, economist * Daniel P. Kessler, scholar of health policy and health care finance * Stephen D. Krasner, international relations professor * Edward Lazear, economist * Gary D. Libecap, Bren Professor of Corporate Environmental Policy and of Donald R. Bren School of Environmental Science *

Seymour Martin Lipset Seymour Martin Lipset ( ; March 18, 1922 – December 31, 2006) was an American sociologist and political scientist (President of the American Political Science Association). His major work was in the fields of political sociology, trade union ...

, political sociologist (deceased) *

Harvey Mansfield Harvey Claflin Mansfield Jr. (born March 21, 1932) is an American political philosopher. He is the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Government at Harvard University, where he has taught since 1962. He has held Guggenheim and NEH Fellowships ...

, political scientist * Michael W. McConnell, legal scholar, former judge, professor at Stanford University * Michael McFaul, political scientist, United States Ambassador to Russia *

H.R. McMaster Herbert Raymond McMaster (born July 24, 1962) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who served as the 25th United States National Security Advisor from 2017 to 2018. He is also known for his roles in the Gulf War, Operation Endurin ...

, former

National Security Advisor A national security advisor serves as the chief advisor to a national government on matters of security. The advisor is not usually a member of the government's cabinet but is usually a member of various military or security councils. National secu ...

* Thomas Metzger, sinologist *

James C. Miller III James Clifford Miller III (born June 25, 1942, in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American economist and former government official who served as chairman of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) between 1981 and 1985 and as Budget Director for President ...

, economist * Terry M. Moe, professor of political science at Stanford University *

Kevin M. Murphy Kevin Miles Murphy (born 1958) is the George J. Stigler Distinguished Service Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. In 1997 Murphy was awarded the prestigio ...

, economist *

Norman Naimark Norman M. Naimark (; born 1944, New York City) is an American historian. He is the Robert and Florence McDonnell Professor of Eastern European Studies at Stanford University, and a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution. He writes on modern Easte ...

, historian * Douglass North, 1993

laureate in economics (deceased) * William J. Perry, former U.S. Secretary of Defense * Paul E. Peterson, scholar on education reform *

Alvin Rabushka Alvin Rabushka (born May 15, 1940) is an American political scientist. He is a David and Joan Traitel Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and member of the Mont Pelerin Society. He is best known for his work on taxation ...

, political scientist * Raghuram Rajan, Katherine Dusak Miller Distinguished Service Professor of Finance at the

University of Chicago The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chic ...

's Booth School * Condoleezza Rice, former U.S. Secretary of State *

Henry Rowen Henry Stanislaus Rowen (October 11, 1925 – November 12, 2015) was an American national security expert, economist, and academician. Early years Rowen was born in Boston in 1925. He attended M.I.T. and graduated with a bachelor's in industrial ...

, economist (deceased) * Thomas J. Sargent, 2011

laureate in economics, professor at New York University * Robert Service, historian * John Shoven, economist * Abraham David Sofaer, scholar, former legal advisor to the U.S. Secretary of State *

, economist, author, columnist *

Michael Spence Andrew Michael Spence (born November 7, 1943) is a Canadian-American economist and Nobel laureate. Spence is the William R. Berkley Professor in Economics and Business at the Stern School of Business at New York University, and the Philip H. Kn ...

, 2001

laureate in economics * Richard F. Staar, political scientist, historian * Shelby Steele, author, columnist * John B. Taylor, former U.S. Undersecretary of the Treasury for international affairs *

Barry R. Weingast Barry Robert Weingast (born September 1, 1952) is an American political scientist and economist, who is currently the Ward C. Krebs Family Professor at Stanford University and a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. Weingast's research concentr ...

, political scientist * Bertram Wolfe, author, scholar, former communist, (deceased; 1896–1977) * Amy Zegart, political scientist

Research Fellows

* Ayaan Hirsi Ali, author, scholar and former politician * Clint Bolick, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Arizona * Lanhee Chen, political scientist, health policy expert, former policy director for

Mitt Romney Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American politician, businessman, and lawyer serving as the junior United States senator from Utah since January 2019, succeeding Orrin Hatch. He served as the 70th governor of Massachusett ...

Robert Conquest George Robert Acworth Conquest (15 July 1917 – 3 August 2015) was a British historian and poet. A long-time research fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, Conquest was most notable for his work on the Soviet Union. His book ...

, historian (deceased) * David Davenport, former president of

Pepperdine University Pepperdine University () is a private research university affiliated with the Churches of Christ with its main campus in Los Angeles County, California. Pepperdine's main campus consists of 830 acres (340 ha) overlooking the Pacific Ocean and ...

* Williamson Evers, education researcher *

Paul R. Gregory Paul Raymond Gregory (born 12 July 1949) is an English artist, best known for his J. R. R. Tolkien-inspired fantasy paintings and rock album covers. He has also created book covers and is a co-founder of Bloodstock Open Air Heavy ...

, Cullen Professor Emeritus in the Department of Economics at the

University of Houston The University of Houston (UH) is a Public university, public research university in Houston, Texas. Founded in 1927, UH is a member of the University of Houston System and the List of universities in Texas by enrollment, university in Texas ...

* Alice Hill, former federal prosecutor, judge, special assistant to the president, and senior director for the

National Security Council A national security council (NSC) is usually an executive branch governmental body responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising chief executives on matters related to national security. An NSC is often headed by a n ...

* Charles Hill, lecturer in International Studies * Tim Kane, economist * Herbert S. Klein, historian *

Tod Lindberg Tod Lindberg is an American political expert and a current Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute, having previously been at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. His research focuses on political theory, international relations, national secur ...

, foreign policy expert * Alice L. Miller, political scientist * Shavit Matias, former deputy attorney general of Israel * Abbas Milani, political scientist * Henry I. Miller, physician * Elena Pastorino, economist * Russell Roberts, economist, author * Kori Schake, foreign policy expert, author * Kiron Skinner, associate professor of international relations and political science, author * Peter Schweizer, author (former fellow) * Antony C. Sutton, author of ''Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development'' (3 vol), fellow from 1968 to 1973 * Bruce Thornton, American classicist * Tunku Varadarajan, writer and journalist

Distinguished Visiting Fellows

* John Abizaid, former commander of the U.S. Central Command (former fellow) * Spencer Abraham, former

U.S. Senator The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States. The composition and powe ...

and Secretary of Energy (former fellow) * Pedro Aspe, Mexican economist, former secretary of finance * Michael R. Auslin, American writer, policy analyst, historian, and Asia expert * Michael D. Bordo, Canadian economist, professor of economics at

Rutgers University Rutgers University (; RU), officially Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, is a public land-grant research university consisting of four campuses in New Jersey. Chartered in 1766, Rutgers was originally called Queen's College, and wa ...

* Charles Calomiris, financial policy expert, author, and professor at

Columbia Business School Columbia Business School (CBS) is the business school of Columbia University, a private research university in New York City. Established in 1916, Columbia Business School is one of six Ivy League business schools and is one of the oldest busin ...

* Arye Carmon, Founding President and senior fellow at the Israel Democracy Institute (IDI) * Elizabeth Economy, C. V. Starr senior fellow and director for Asia studies at the

Council on Foreign Relations The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an American think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international relations. Founded in 1921, it is a nonprofit organization that is independent and nonpartisan. CFR is based in New York Ci ...

James O. Ellis Admiral James Oren Ellis Jr. (born July 20, 1947) is a retired 4-star admiral and former Commander, United States Strategic Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. He was President and Chief Executive Officer, Institute of Nuclear Power Operatio ...

, former commander,

United States Strategic Command United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) is one of the eleven unified combatant commands in the United States Department of Defense. Headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, USSTRATCOM is responsible for strategic nuclear deter ...

* James Goodby, author and former American diplomat *

Jim Hoagland Jimmie Lee Hoagland (born January 22, 1940) is a Pulitzer prize-winning American journalist. He is a contributing editor to '' The Washington Post,'' since 2010, previously serving as an associate editor, senior foreign correspondent, and columni ...

, American journalist and two-time recipient of the Pulitzer Prize * Toomas Hendrik Ilves, former President of Estonia * Raymond Jeanloz, professor of

earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surf ...

and

planetary science Planetary science (or more rarely, planetology) is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), celestial bodies (such as moons, asteroids, comets) and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes of the ...

and of

astronomy Astronomy () is a natural science that studies astronomical object, celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and chronology of the Universe, evolution. Objects of interest ...

* Josef Joffe, publisher-editor of the German newspaper ''

Die Zeit ''Die Zeit'' (, "The Time") is a German national weekly newspaper published in Hamburg in Germany. The newspaper is generally considered to be among the German newspapers of record and is known for its long and extensive articles. History Th ...

'' *

, former

United States Secretary of State The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's ...

in the administrations of presidents

Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was t ...

and

Gerald Ford Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. ( ; born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. He was the only president never to have been elected ...

James Mattis James Norman Mattis (born September 8, 1950) is a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general who served as the 26th US secretary of defense from 2017 to 2019. During his 44 years in the Marine Corps, he commanded forces in the Per ...

, former commander, U.S. Central Command and former Secretary of Defense * Allan H. Meltzer, American economist * Edwin Meese, former U.S. Attorney General * David C. Mulford, former United States Ambassador to India, former Vice-Chairman International of Credit Suisse * Joseph Nye, American political scientist, co-founder of the

international relations International relations (IR), sometimes referred to as international studies and international affairs, is the Scientific method, scientific study of interactions between sovereign states. In a broader sense, it concerns all activities betwe ...

theory of

neoliberalism Neoliberalism (also neo-liberalism) is a term used to signify the late 20th century political reappearance of 19th-century ideas associated with free-market capitalism after it fell into decline following the Second World War. A prominent ...

Sam Nunn Samuel Augustus Nunn Jr. (born September 8, 1938) is an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Georgia (1972–1997) as a member of the Democratic Party. After leaving Congress, Nunn co-founded the Nuclear Threat Initiat ...

, former

United States Senator The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States. The composition and p ...

from

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to t ...

George Osborne George Gideon Oliver Osborne (born Gideon Oliver Osborne; 23 May 1971) is a former British politician and newspaper editor who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2010 to 2016 and as First Secretary of State from 2015 to 2016 in the ...

, British Conservative Party politician, former Chancellor of the Exchequer and former

Member of Parliament A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with Bicameralism, bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house ...

(MP) for Tatton * Andrew Roberts, British historian and journalist, Visiting Professor at the Department of War Studies, King's College London * Peter M. Robinson, American author,

research fellow A research fellow is an academic research position at a university or a similar research institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a p ...

television host, former speechwriter for then-Vice President George H. W. Bush and President Ronald Reagan * Gary Roughead, former Chief of Naval Operations *

Donald Rumsfeld Donald Henry Rumsfeld (July 9, 1932 – June 29, 2021) was an American politician, government official and businessman who served as United States Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under president Gerald Ford, and a ...

, former Secretary of Defense (deceased) * Christopher Stubbs, an experimental physicist *

William Suter William Kent Suter (born August 24, 1937) is an American jurist who served as the 19th Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States, a position he held for twenty-two years. Prior to this, he was a major general in the United States Army; at ...

, former Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States * Kevin Warsh, former governor of the

Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System (often shortened to the Federal Reserve, or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States of America. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a ...

Pete Wilson Peter Barton Wilson (born August 23, 1933) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 36th governor of California from 1991 to 1999. A member of the Republican Party, he also served as a United States senator from California betw ...

, former

Visiting Fellows

* Alexander Benard, American businessman, lawyer, and commentator on U.S. public policy * Charles Blahous, U.S. public trustee for the Social Security and Medicare programs * Robert J. Hodrick, U.S. economist specialized in International Finance * Markos Kounalakis, Greek-American journalist, author, scholar, and the Second Gentleman of

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the ...

* Bjorn Lomborg, Danish author, president of Copenhagen Consensus Center * Ellen R. McGrattan, professor of economics at the

University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota, formally the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, (UMN Twin Cities, the U of M, or Minnesota) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Tw ...

* Afshin Molavi,

Iranian-American Iranian Americans are United States citizens or nationals who are of Iranian ancestry or who hold Iranian citizenship. Iranian Americans are among the most highly educated people in the United States. They have historically excelled in bus ...

author and expert on global geo-political risk and

geo-economics Geoeconomics (sometimes geo-economics) is the study of the spatial, temporal, and political aspects of economies and resources. Although there is no widely accepted singular definition, the distinction of geoeconomics separately from geopolitics ...

* Charles I. Plosser, former president of the

Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia — also known as the Philadelphia Fed or the Philly Fed — headquartered at 10 Independence Mall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is responsible for the Third District of the Federal Reserve, which covers ...

Raj Shah Raj Shah (born c. 1985) is an American political aide who served as the White House Deputy Press Secretary and Deputy Assistant to the President from 2017 to 2019. Prior to joining the Trump Administration, Shah was in charge of opposition resear ...

, former

White House Deputy Press Secretary The White House Office of the Press Secretary, or the Press Office, is responsible for gathering and disseminating information to three principal groups: the President, the White House staff, and the media. The Office is headed by the White House ...

, former Deputy Assistant to the President * Alex Stamos, computer scientist, former chief security officer at

Facebook Facebook is an online social media and social networking service owned by American company Meta Platforms. Founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin ...

John Yoo John Choon Yoo (; born July 10, 1967) is a Korean-born American legal scholar and former government official who serves as the Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley. Yoo became known for his legal opinions ...

Korean-American Korean Americans are Americans of Korean ancestry (mostly from South Korea). In 2015, the Korean-American community constituted about 0.56% of the United States population, or about 1.82 million people, and was the fifth-largest Asian America ...

attorney, law professor, former government official, author * Glennys Young, American international relations scholar

Media Fellows

* Tom Bethell, journalist * Sam Dealey, journalist, former editor-in-chief of ''

Washington Times ''The Washington Times'' is an American conservative daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., that covers general interest topics with a particular emphasis on national politics. Its broadsheet daily edition is distributed throughout ...

'' *

Christopher Hitchens Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was a British-American author and journalist who wrote or edited over 30 books (including five essay collections) on culture, politics, and literature. Born and educated in England, ...

, journalist (deceased) * Deroy Murdock, journalist * Mike Pride, editor emeritus of the ''

Concord Monitor The ''Concord Monitor'' is the daily newspaper for Concord, the state capital of New Hampshire. It also covers surrounding towns in Merrimack County, most of Belknap County, as well as portions of Grafton, Rockingham and Hillsborough counties. ...

'' and former administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes * Christopher Ruddy, CEO of Newsmax Media

National Fellows

Mark Bils Mark Bils (December 1, 1958) is a macroeconomist at the University of Rochester. Bils obtained his PhD in economics from MIT in 1985 and BA in economics from Ohio State University in 1979. He has taught at the University of Chicago GSB and is c ...

, macroeconomist, National Fellow 1989–90 * Stephen Kotkin, historian, National Fellow 2010–11

Senior Research Fellows

* John H. Bunzel, expert in the field of civil rights, race relations, higher education, US politics, and elections (deceased) * Robert Hessen, historian * James Stockdale, Navy Vice Admiral, Medal of Honor recipient, 1992 US vice presidential candidate (deceased) * Charles Wolf, Jr, economist (deceased) * Edward Teller, physicist (deceased)

Footnotes

References

External links

* *
hoover.org/hila
the Hoover Institution Library and Archives official website
hooverpress.org
the Hoover Institution Press's official website
definingideas.org
a Hoover Institution online journal

(provided by RePEc) *
advancingafreesociety.org
the Hoover Institution's blog of research and opinion on current policy matters
Video of Hoover Institution events and ''Uncommon Knowledge''
at YouTube
Video of Hoover Institution events
at FORA.tv
Hoover Institution FBI files
hosted at the

Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music ...

{{Coord, 37.4271, -122.1664, display=title Organizations established in 1919 Political and economic think tanks in the United States Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States Non-profit organizations based in California National Humanities Medal recipients Conservative organisations in the United Kingdom 1919 establishments in California Conservative organizations in the United States Conservatism in the United Kingdom

History

Early history

Expansion and later history

Reagan governorship (1967–1975) and presidency (1981–1989)

Trump administration (2017–2021)

Present

Campus

Publications

Funding

Details

Members

Directors

Honorary Fellows

Distinguished Fellows

Senior Fellows

Research Fellows

Distinguished Visiting Fellows

Visiting Fellows

Media Fellows

National Fellows

Senior Research Fellows

Footnotes

See also

References

Further reading

External links