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Hogan's Alley was the local, unofficial name for Park Lane, an alley that ran through the southwestern corner of Strathcona in
Vancouver Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the city, up from 631,486 in 2016. ...
, British Columbia, Canada. The alley was located between Union and Prior (north–south) and ran from approximately Main Street to Jackson Avenue (west–east). The area was ethnically diverse, populated by
Black Black is a color which results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without hue, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. Black and white ha ...
,
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, Chinese,
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,
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, and
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residents during the first six decades of the twentieth century. Home to a number of
Black Black is a color which results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without hue, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. Black and white ha ...
families, Black businesses, and the city's only Black church (the
African Methodist Episcopal The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the AME Church or AME, is a predominantly African American Methodist denomination. It adheres to Wesleyan-Arminian theology and has a connexional polity. The African Methodist Episcopal ...
Fountain Chapel), Hogan's Alley has been referred to as the "first and last neighbourhood in Vancouver with a substantial concentrated black population". Hogan's Alley had a vibrant night life, with eateries and nightclubs that hosted local residents, railway porters, and touring musicians alike. Most of Hogan's Alley was destroyed circa 1970 by the
Non-Partisan Association The Non-Partisan Association (NPA) is a municipal political party in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was established by the city's business leaders in 1937 to challenge the democratic socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) ...
civic government's construction of the Georgia Viaduct, the first phase of a planned interurban freeway originally set to run through Hogan's Alley and much of
Chinatown A Chinatown () is an ethnic enclave of Chinese people located outside Greater China, most often in an urban setting. Areas known as "Chinatown" exist throughout the world, including Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Africa and Aust ...
and
Gastown Gastown is the original settlement that became the core of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and a national historic site and a neighbourhood in the northwest section of the Downtown Eastside, adjacent to Downtown Vancouver. Its hi ...
. The subsequent freeway construction was stopped by the Strathcona Property Owners and Tenants Association, and Strathcona, Chinatown and Gastown were spared from razing, but not before Hogan's Alley was mostly demolished and the
viaducts A viaduct is a specific type of bridge that consists of a series of arches, piers or columns supporting a long elevated railway or road. Typically a viaduct connects two points of roughly equal elevation, allowing direct overpass across a wide v ...
were built. The area where Hogan's Alley once was currently bears little mark of the Black community's historical presence. Since its destruction, Hogan's Alley has been referenced in several community-based cultural works and city projects. Groups such as Hogan's Alley Memorial Project, the Hogan's Alley Working Group, and the Hogan's Alley Society have worked to memorialize the area and advocate for Vancouver's Black community. In 2015, the City of Vancouver announced its plans to remove the viaducts and establish a cultural centre in the Hogan's Alley area.


History

In 1858, a large number of Black
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ns travelled to
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, leaving behind the increasingly hostile racial climate of
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. Their emigration was partially prompted by sailor Jeremiah Nagle, who came from Vancouver Island to a meeting at San Francisco's Zion Church with news of gold and a letter from James Douglas inviting the Black community to
British Columbia British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, for ...
. Following the 1858 Rush, several of the Black migrants needed a place to live with the little money they had and moved to
Salt Spring Island Salt Spring Island or Saltspring Island is one of the Gulf Islands in the Strait of Georgia between mainland British Columbia, Canada, and Vancouver Island. The island was initially inhabited by various Salishan peoples before being settled ...
. Many of Victoria's and Salt Spring's Black residents began to relocate to Vancouver around the start of the twentieth century because of the city's promising economic landscape. At the same time, Vancouver's Black population was growing as Black
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ns (initially from
Oklahoma Oklahoma (; Choctaw: ; chr, ᎣᎧᎳᎰᎹ, ''Okalahoma'' ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the north, Missouri on the northeast, Arkansas on the east, New ...
) came to Strathcona and other areas around Vancouver. Many Black railroad
porters Porters may refer to: * Porters, Virginia, an unincorporated community in Virginia, United States * Porters, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in Wisconsin, United States * Porters Ski Area, a ski resort in New Zealand * ''Porters'' (TV seri ...
, members of the
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Founded in 1925, The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) was the first labor organization led by African Americans to receive a charter in the American Federation of Labor (AFL). The BSCP gathered a membership of 18,000 passenger railway ...
, also settled in Strathcona's Black community due to its proximity to the nearby Great Northern Railway, whose route ended in Vancouver. By 1914, Strathcona's Black community, centred around Hogan's Alley, likely had a population of approximately 300. A 1957 study published by the City of Vancouver Planning Department described the Black population in Hogan's Alley as "probably a large proportion of the total Negro population in Vancouver", and attributed the Black community's settlement in the East End to three main reasons: "partly its proximity to the railroads where many of them are employed, partly its cheapness and partly the fact that it is traditionally the home of many non-white groups".


Culture

Hogan's Alley was a lively area filled with a number of popular Black cultural institutions. As a result of Mayor L. D. Taylor's governing approach in the 20s and 30s - to focus police resources on major crimes while simply regulating and managing vice crimes - many clubhouses, illegal drinking establishment ( Blind Pigs),
brothel A brothel, bordello, ranch, or whorehouse is a place where people engage in sexual activity with prostitutes. However, for legal or cultural reasons, establishments often describe themselves as massage parlors, bars, strip clubs, body rub p ...
s, and
gambling den Gambling (also known as betting or gaming) is the wagering of something of value ("the stakes") on a random event with the intent of winning something else of value, where instances of strategy are discounted. Gambling thus requires three elem ...
s operated in the area, as they did in many other areas around Vancouver. Hogan's Alley also housed a
red light district A red-light district or pleasure district is a part of an urban area where a concentration of prostitution and sex-oriented businesses, such as sex shops, strip clubs, and adult theaters, are found. In most cases, red-light districts are partic ...
prior to Mayor
Gerry McGeer Gerald Grattan McGeer (6 January 1888 – 11 August 1947) was a lawyer, populist politician, and monetary reform advocate in the Canadian province of British Columbia. He served as the 22nd Mayor of Vancouver, a Member of the Legislative Assem ...
's appointment in 1935.


The Fountain Chapel

Located at 823 Jackson Avenue, the
African Methodist Episcopal The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the AME Church or AME, is a predominantly African American Methodist denomination. It adheres to Wesleyan-Arminian theology and has a connexional polity. The African Methodist Episcopal ...
(AME) Fountain Chapel was established by several of Hogan's Alley's community members between 1918-1923. In order to buy the building from the previous owners, the Norwegian Lutheran Church, Hogan's Alley residents raised money which was matched by the AME head office in the United States.
Jimi Hendrix James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. Although his mainstream career spanned only four years, he is widely regarded as one of the most ...
's grandmother Nora Hendrix was a prominent Hogan's Alley resident and one of the founders of the Fountain Chapel. She remembers holding "entertainments and bazaars and suppers and everything we could have" in order to fundraise. Once established, the church served as the "cultural hub of the community". The first reverend for the church was an American named Ulysses S. Robinson, and in 1952 the church appointed its first Canadian reverend: J Ivan Moore. According to Hendrix, the Fountain Chapel would host turkey dinners to celebrate American Thanksgiving, in addition to holding popular chitlin dinners. Hendrix also recalls one Hogan's Alley resident starting a church choir in the twenties. The choir performed in a variety of different locations, including the
Avenue Theatre The Playhouse Theatre is a West End theatre in the City of Westminster, located in Northumberland Avenue, near Trafalgar Square, central London. The Theatre was built by F. H. Fowler and Hill with a seating capacity of 1,200. It was rebuilt in ...
. The church was sold in the 1980s to the Basel Hakka Lutheran Church. During
Black History Month Black History Month is an annual observance originating in the United States, where it is also known as African-American History Month. It has received official recognition from governments in the United States and Canada, and more recently ...
in 2019, a walking tour of the area was held to commemorate the church and celebrate 100 years since its establishment.


Local establishments

Hogan's Alley and the surrounding area had a number of restaurants and "chicken houses" (often operating as
speakeasies A speakeasy, also called a blind pig or blind tiger, is an illicit establishment that sells alcoholic beverages, or a retro style bar that replicates aspects of historical speakeasies. Speakeasy bars came into prominence in the United States ...
). On Union Street was Mother's Tamale and Chilli Parlour, owned by "Mother" Alexander, and Vie's Chicken and Steak House, owned by Viva (Vie) Moore. Vie, whose family was a part of the Black migration in 1858, was born on Salt Spring Island and opened her restaurant at 209 Union Street with her husband Robert in 1948. Vie's Chicken and Steak House stayed in operation (though not by Vie) until 1980. Over the years, Vie's was visited by a number of famous musicians including
Louis Armstrong Louis Daniel Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed "Satchmo", "Satch", and "Pops", was an American trumpeter and Singing, vocalist. He was among the most influential figures in jazz. His career spanned five decades and se ...
, Sammy Davis Jr.,
Cab Calloway Cabell Calloway III (December 25, 1907 – November 18, 1994) was an American singer, songwriter, bandleader, conductor and dancer. He was associated with the Cotton Club in Harlem, where he was a regular performer and became a popular vocalis ...
,
Count Basie William James "Count" Basie (; August 21, 1904 – April 26, 1984) was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. In 1935, he formed the Count Basie Orchestra, and in 1936 took them to Chicago for a long engagement and the ...
,
Mitzi Gaynor Mitzi Gaynor (born Francesca Marlene de Czanyi von Gerber; September 4, 1931) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. Her notable films include '' We're Not Married!'' (1952), '' There's No Business Like Show Business'' (1954), '' The Birds ...
, and
Nat King Cole Nathaniel Adams Coles (March 17, 1919 – February 15, 1965), known professionally as Nat King Cole, was an American singer, jazz pianist, and actor. Cole's music career began after he dropped out of school at the age of 15, and continued f ...
. Many Hogan's Alley residents worked at Vie's, including Nora Hendrix. Though not directly in Hogan's Alley, Rosa Pryor's Chicken Inn on Keefer Street was the first chicken restaurant, as well as the first restaurant to be owned by a Black woman, in Vancouver. Strathcona resident and day cook Dorothy Nealy recalls that "practically every Black woman in Vancouver" had worked at the Chicken Inn. The Hogan's Alley area housed many entertainment venues. Resident Buddy White operated a gambling place and " blind pig" in residences on Union and Prior, and the Pullman Porters' Club on Main Street hosted many Black porters working for the nearby railroads. At 247 E. Georgia St. was Leona Risby's Country Club, a restaurant known for its floorshows and jazz musician patrons. Nearby, trombonist Ernie King owned the Harlem Nocturne, the only Black-owned nightclub in Vancouver. The Nocturne was located just outside Hogan's Alley at 343 E. Hastings St.


Urban renewal

In 1950, Vancouver social scientist
Leonard Marsh Leonard Charles Marsh (September 24, 1906 – May 10, 1983) was a Canadian social scientist and professor. Early life and education Marsh was born in England and graduated from the London School of Economics in 1928. After graduation, he studie ...
published a proposal entitled ''Rebuilding A Neighbourhood'', which described the Strathcona area as a "slum" in need of urban renewal. The Housing Research Committee's 1957 ''Vancouver Redevelopment Study'' targeted the Eastside as an area of "urban decay" and proposed major rehabilitation. Subsequently, in the name of "urban renewal" and "slum clearance", much of Hogan's Alley was razed at the end of the 1960s to make way for the Georgia and Dunsmuir Viaducts. Viaduct construction lasted from 1967-1971, and the structures opened for use in 1972. The creation of the viaducts was part of a larger freeway project motivated by
Marsh A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species.Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p Marshes can often be found ...
's publication and prepared by the
University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a public research university with campuses near Vancouver and in Kelowna, British Columbia. Established in 1908, it is British Columbia's oldest university. The university ranks among the top thr ...
and the
Non-Partisan Association The Non-Partisan Association (NPA) is a municipal political party in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was established by the city's business leaders in 1937 to challenge the democratic socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) ...
. The plans for the eight-lane freeway and viaduct development were detailed in the ''Vancouver Transportation Study'' of 1967, which reached the Vancouver City Council at a public hearing in late 1967. The urban renewal project, which called for "complete demolition of the ast Endarea", had been developed largely in secret, and its announcement in 1967 was met with major backlash from Strathcona residents. Community members and civic activists such as Bessie Lee and
Mary Lee Chan Mary Lee Chan (Lee Wo Soon) (1915–2002) was a civic activist in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, who is noted for leading the opposition to the bulldozing of the Strathcona neighbourhood in the late 1960s. With her husband, Walter, and her ...
formed SPOTA (the Strathcona Property Owners and Tenants Association) in response to the proposal, gathering signatures, sharing information, and advocating for their neighbourhood. SPOTA was successful in halting the City's planned demolition - but not before much of Hogan's Alley houses had been levelled and viaduct construction had begun. SPOTA later joined with government members to form the Strathcona Rehabilitation Committee. The Maclean Park housing developments and the Raymur housing project (now Stamps Place) were built for displaced residents between 1966-1970, however
Wayde Compton Wayde Compton (born 1972) is a Canadian writer. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. Compton has published books of poetry, essays, and fiction, and he edited the first comprehensive anthology of black writing from British Columbia. He co ...
suggests that many Black community members chose to move out of Strathcona and instead integrate into the larger Vancouver area. In fact, the Hogan's Alley community had already started to leave the area prior to the 1967 proposal and the viaduct construction. This can be attributed to a number of factors, including the City of Vancouver's decision to freeze property values and prevent any home improvement or redevelopment permits from being granted, as well as the lack of "public works maintenance" (such as road paving and sidewalk upkeep).


Remembering Hogan's Alley


Cultural Centre

In 2015, The City of
Vancouver Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the city, up from 631,486 in 2016. ...
announced their plans to remove the Georgia Viaducts as part of a process of reconciliation. The proposal includes the addition of a 27,000 square foot Cultural Centre to be located in Hogan's Alley. The goal of the Cultural Centre and its programming is to focus on
Black Canadian Black Canadians (also known as Caribbean-Canadians or Afro-Canadians) are people of full or partial sub-Saharan African descent who are citizens or permanent residents of Canada. The majority of Black Canadians are of Caribbean origin, though ...
history and community engagement, and its surrounding area will be used for local, culturally-specific businesses. The City also intends to increase walkways to make the area more pedestrian-friendly. Within the proposal, the City of
Vancouver Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the city, up from 631,486 in 2016. ...
outlined their intentions to establish an ongoing relationship with the Hogan's Alley Working Group, an organization made up of 25 members of Vancouver's Black community who are invested in social justice and cultural representation. Further City plans include collaborating with the Working Group to create "long term leases" and a "land trust" with the Black community.


Jimi Hendrix Shrine

Though
Jimi Hendrix James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. Although his mainstream career spanned only four years, he is widely regarded as one of the most ...
lived in
Seattle Seattle ( ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States. It is the seat of King County, Washington. With a 2020 population of 737,015, it is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region o ...
, he came to
Vancouver Vancouver ( ) is a major city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the city, up from 631,486 in 2016. ...
frequently to visit his grandmother Nora Hendrix, a Hogan's Alley resident. The
Jimi Hendrix James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. Although his mainstream career spanned only four years, he is widely regarded as one of the most ...
Shrine was established in the 90s on the corner of Union and Main, in part of the building that once was Vie's Chicken and Steak House. The shrine celebrated the connection between the Hendrixes and Vancouver, featuring pieces of family history and memorabilia. It closed in 2015 when the building was bought for development purposes.


Nora Hendrix namesakes

The City of Vancouver announced in 2019 that they would name a new set of temporary modular housing units after Nora Hendrix. Nora Hendrix Place is located on Union Street and provides a number of different support services for people experiencing
homelessness Homelessness or houselessness – also known as a state of being unhoused or unsheltered – is the condition of lacking stable, safe, and adequate housing. People can be categorized as homeless if they are: * living on the streets, also kn ...
In 2021, the proposed naming of the "Nora Hendrix Way" was approved by the City of Vancouver as a tribute to the influential Hogan's Alley resident. The street, to be located between National and Atlantic avenues, is close to the Hogan's Alley church that Hendrix helped establish. Although Rosemary Brown does have a laneway named after her, this will be the first official Vancouver street to be named after a Black woman. The City's naming decision received some criticism from the Hogan's Alley Society for its lack of inclusion of and consultation with Vancouver's Black community during the naming process.


Notable residents

* Barbara Howard: athlete and teacher. Barbara lived in the wider Strathcona area. Her participation in the 1938
British Empire Games The Commonwealth Games, often referred to as the Friendly Games or simply the Comm Games, are a quadrennial international multi-sport event among athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exc ...
marked her as the first Black woman to compete for Canada in an international sporting event. She was later hired by the
Vancouver School Board The Vancouver School Board (VSB; officially School District 39 Vancouver) is a school district based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. A board of nine trustees normally manages this district that serves the city of Vancouver and the Uni ...
as a teacher, becoming the first visible minority educator to work for the
VSB VSB may refer to: * Vancouver School Board, common name for School District 39 Vancouver, British Columbia * Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 ( sv, links=no, Vänskaps-, samarbets- och biståndsavtalet), the basis for Finno–Soviet relations from 1948 ...
. * Ernie King: actor, musician (trombonist), and business-owner. Ernie ran the Hastings Street-based Harlem Nocturne, the only Black-owned nightclub in Vancouver. *Leonard Gibson, Thelma Gibson-Towns, Chic Gibson, and Sy Gibson: artists, dancers, and performers. Leonard was an accomplished dancer/choreographer known for founding the Negro Workshop Dance Group. Leonard was an instrumental part of CBC Television's first musical variety TV show ''Bamboula'', in which his sister Thelma and his brother Chic also performed. Thelma, a successful artist, performer and teacher, toured internationally and taught
Afro-Cuban Afro-Cubans or Black Cubans are Cubans of West African ancestry. The term ''Afro-Cuban'' can also refer to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community and the combining of native African and other cultural el ...
dance. The Black Historical Society of BC awarded her a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005. Chic was a performer who eventually went on to be the first Black person to work for
BC Hydro The British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority, operating as BC Hydro, is a Canadian electric utility in the province of British Columbia. It is the main electricity distributor, serving more than 4 million customers in most areas, with the exce ...
. Youngest brother Sy was a singer and member of the band Night Train Revue. The four siblings' mother was Leona Risby, owner of the Country Club Inn. * Leonard Lane: Fountain Chapel member and community activist. Leonard joined the staff of the British Columbia Association for the Advancement of Coloured People in 1958 and later worked as a treasurer for the Unity Credit Union. * Nora Hendrix: Nora, grandmother of guitarist and performer
Jimi Hendrix James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. Although his mainstream career spanned only four years, he is widely regarded as one of the most ...
, immigrated to Vancouver in 1911 from
Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville is a city in and the county seat of Knox County in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 United States census, Knoxville's population was 190,740, making it the largest city in the East Tennessee Grand Division and the stat ...
and lived in and around Hogan's Alley.Daphne Marlatt and Carole Itter, "Opening Doors: Vancouver's East End" (Victoria: Sound Heritage, 1979) 59-63. She was an active community member, co-founding the Fountain Chapel and working as a cook at Vie's Chicken and Steak House. Though he lived in Seattle, Jimi regularly visited his grandmother and family in Vancouver. *The Crump Twins: performance duo. Ronnie and Robert Crump were prominent Vancouver entertainers, performing at many local clubs and theatres during the mid 1900s. The brothers were inducted into the
BC Entertainment Hall of Fame The BC Entertainment Hall of Fame in Vancouver was founded on 24 July 1992 to honour British Columbians that have made outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Star Walk inductees are featured with a plaque on the Walk of Fame on ...
in 2019.


Cultural references

* The history of the area and Vancouver's Black community was explored in
Cornelia Wyngaarden Cornelia Wyngaarden (born 1942) is a Canadian media artist based in Vancouver, British Columbia. She creates works in video, sculpture, and installation, and has played a significant role in the development and institutionalization of new media in ...
's and Andrea Fatona's 1994 documentary "Hogan's Alley" * Writer
Wayde Compton Wayde Compton (born 1972) is a Canadian writer. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. Compton has published books of poetry, essays, and fiction, and he edited the first comprehensive anthology of black writing from British Columbia. He co ...
paid tribute to Hogan's Alley in his poem ''Rune''. * In 2007, flowers spelling out "Hogan's Alley Welcomes You" were placed in the remaining Hogan's Alley area by The Vancouver Flower Brigade and Laura Marsden * 2011's Spirit Rising Festival and ''East End Blues and All That Jazz'' event honoured the history of Vancouver's Black community through music and residents' stories. * The alley was recreated in virtual form by
Stan Douglas Stan Douglas (born October 11, 1960) is an artist based in Vancouver, British Columbia. Douglas' film and video installations, photography and work in television frequently touch on the history of literature, cinema and music, while examining ...
in the 2014 interactive work '' Circa 1948''. * The alley was mentioned in the 2014 poem "A Love Letter or Considering Reconciliation in Canada" by Juliane Okot Bitek. * Black Strathcona released a number of historical videos in 2014 highlighting several Hogan's Alley residents. * In 2014,
Canada Post Canada Post Corporation (french: Société canadienne des postes), trading as Canada Post (french: Postes Canada), is a Crown corporation that functions as the primary postal operator in Canada. Originally known as Royal Mail Canada (the operat ...
printed several thousand stamps featuring Hogan's Alley residents Nora Hendrix and Fielding William Spotts for Black History Month. The 63 cent stamp was released in tandem with a stamp paying tribute to
Africville Africville was a small community of predominantly African Nova Scotians located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It developed on the southern shore of Bedford Basin and existed from the early 1800s to the 1960s. From 1970 to the present, a pro ...
in Halifax. * A number of prominent Hogan's Alley residents were honoured in a mural painted by Anthony Joseph on the Georgia Viaduct as part of the 2020 Vancouver Mural Festival.


See also

*
History of Vancouver The history of Vancouver is one that extends back thousands of years, with its first inhabitants arriving in the area following the Last Glacial Period. Vancouver is situated in British Columbia, Canada; with its location near the mouth of the Fr ...
*
Militant Mothers of Raymur The Militant Mothers of Raymur were a group of largely single mothers who coordinated a series of blockades on the railway tracks near their homes, the Ray-Mur Housing Project, starting on January 6, 1971.Larsen, Karin. “50 Years Later, Militan ...
*
Strathcona, Vancouver Strathcona is the oldest residential neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Officially a part of the East Side, it is bordered by Downtown Vancouver's Chinatown neighbourhood and the False Creek inlet (across Main Street) to th ...


References


External links


Black Strathcona

Hogan's Alley Memorial Project

Hogan's Alley Society
*
Hogan's Alley Before the Demolition
': Images of buildings and streetscapes around Hogan's Alley in the late 1960s, from the City of Vancouver Archives {{coord , 49.2772, N, 123.0973, W, display=title Neighbourhoods in Vancouver Black Canadian settlements History of Black people in British Columbia