Turkic history is the history of Turkic peoples. The Göktürks were the first state established under the name of Turk.

Origins

Turks were an important political identity of Eurasia. They first appeared at Inner Eurasian steppes and migrated to many various regions (such as Central Asia, West Asia, Siberia, and Eastern Europe.) and participated in many local civilizations there. It is not yet known when, where, and how the Turks formed as a population identity. However, its predicted that Proto-Turkic populations have inhabited regions that they could have the lifestyle of

Eurasian Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipela ...

equestrian The word equestrian is a reference to equestrianism, or horseback riding, derived from Latin ' and ', "horse". Horseback riding (or Riding in British English) Examples of this are: *Equestrian sports *Equestrian order, one of the upper classes in ...

pastoral A pastoral lifestyle is that of shepherds herding livestock around open areas of land according to seasons and the changing availability of water and pasture. It lends its name to a genre of literature, art, and music ( pastorale) that depic ...

nomadic culture. ''Türk'' was first used as a political identity in history during the

Göktürk Khaganate The First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire, the Turkic Khaganate or the Göktürk Khaganate, was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of Bumi ...

period. The

old Turkic script The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script, Turkic runes) was the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates from the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old ...

was invented by Göktürks as well. The ruling Ashina clan origins are disputed. Shoroon Bumbagar tomb mural, 7th century CE, Mongolia

Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of

world history World history may refer to: * Human history, the history of human beings * History of Earth, the history of planet Earth * World history (field), a field of historical study that takes a global perspective * ''World History'' (album), a 1998 a ...

. The history of all people that emerged in Eurasia and North Africa has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing Eastern cultures to the West and

Western cultures Leonardo da Vinci's ''Vitruvian Man''. Based on the correlations of ideal Body proportions">human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise ''De architectura''. image:Plato Pio-Cle ...

to the East. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after

Tengrism Tengrism (also known as Tengriism, Tengerism, or Tengrianism) is an ethnic and old state Turko- Mongolic religion originating in the Eurasian steppes, based on folk shamanism, animism and generally centered around the titular sky god Tengri. T ...

, and they helped their spread and development ( Manichaeism, Judaism,

Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...

Orthodox Orthodox, Orthodoxy, or Orthodoxism may refer to: Religion * Orthodoxy, adherence to accepted norms, more specifically adherence to creeds, especially within Christianity and Judaism, but also less commonly in non-Abrahamic religions like Neo-pa ...

Nestorian Christianity The Church of the East ( syc, ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ, ''ʿĒḏtā d-Maḏenḥā'') or the East Syriac Church, also called the Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the Persian Church, the Assyrian Church, the Babylonian Church or the Nestorian C ...

and Islam).

The beginning of Turkic history

3rd century BC In the Mediterranean Basin, the first few decades of this century were characterized by a balance of power between the Greek Hellenistic kingdoms in the east, and the great mercantile power of Carthage in the west. This balance was shattered ...

* 240 BC: Great Wall of China built to protect the nation against Inner Asian nomads. * c. 202 BC:

Xiongnu The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209& ...

chanyu Chanyu () or Shanyu (), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (), was the title used by the supreme rulers of Inner Asian nomads for eight centuries until superseded by the title "''Khagan''" in 402 CE. The title was most famously used by the ruling ...

Modu Modu was an Israeli mobile phone company founded in 2007 by Dov Moran. The company invented the Modu, a modular cellular device which could be used in various other devices. Modu held the record for the world's lightest mobile phone, and it was ...

conquered the Hunyu (渾庾), Qushe (屈射),

Dingling The Dingling ( (174 BCE); (200 BCE); Eastern Han Chinese: *''teŋ-leŋ'' <

Old Chinese

: *''têŋ-rêŋ'') were ancient people ...

(丁零), Gekun (鬲昆), and Xinli (薪犁); The Gekun and Xinli would later appear among the Turkic-speaking

Tiele people The Tiele (, Mongolian ''*Tegreg'' " eople of theCarts"), also transliterated as Dili (), Chile (), Zhile (), Tele (), also named Gaoche or Gaoju (, "High Carts"), were a tribal confederation of Turkic ethnic origins living to the north of Chin ...

, respectively, as Hegu and

Xue Xue () is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname 薛 (Xuē). It is romanized as Hsüeh in Wade-Giles. In Hong Kong and Macau it is usually romanized through its Cantonese pronunciation Sit. In Korean, it corresponds to Seol (설), in Ja ...

. The

Dingling The Dingling ( (174 BCE); (200 BCE); Eastern Han Chinese: *''teŋ-leŋ'' <

Old Chinese

: *''têŋ-rêŋ'') were ancient people ...

were also proposed to be early Proto- Turkic people or ancestors of Tungusic speakers among the Shiwei. or related to

Na-Dené Na-Dene (; also Nadene, Na-Dené, Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit, Tlina–Dene) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages. Haida was formerly included, but is now considered ...

and

Yeniseian The Yeniseian languages (sometimes known as Yeniseic or Yenisei-Ostyak;" Ostyak" is a concept of areal rather than genetic linguistics. In addition to the Yeniseian languages it also includes the Uralic languages Khanty and Selkup. occasionall ...

speakers,

2nd century BC The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, although depending on the region being studied, other terms may be more suitable. It is also considered to be ...

1st century BC The 1st century BC, also known as the last century BC and the last century BCE, started on the first day of 100 BC and ended on the last day of 1 BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero; however, astronomical year numbe ...

1st century The 1st century was the century spanning AD 1 ( I) through AD 100 ( C) according to the Julian calendar. It is often written as the or to distinguish it from the 1st century BC (or BCE) which preceded it. The 1st century is considered part of ...

2nd century The 2nd century is the period from 101 ( CI) through 200 ( CC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. Early in the century, the Roman Empire attained its greatest exp ...

3rd century The 3rd century was the period from 201 ( CCI) to 300 ( CCC) Anno Domini (AD) or Common Era (CE) in the Julian calendar.. In this century, the Roman Empire saw a crisis, starting with the assassination of the Roman Emperor Severus Alexander ...

4th century The 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini/Common era) was the time period which lasted from 301 ( CCCI) through 400 ( CD). In the West, the early part of the century was shaped by Constantine the Great, who became the first Roma ...

* 395: Migration Period

5th century The 5th century is the time period from 401 ( CDI) through 500 ( D) ''Anno Domini'' (AD) or Common Era (CE) in the Julian calendar. The 5th century is noted for being a period of migration and political instability throughout Eurasia. It saw the ...

* 480: Pre-Bulgarians between the

Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central Asi ...

and the Danube

Middle Ages/Turks

6th century The 6th century is the period from 501 through 600 in line with the Julian calendar. In the West, the century marks the end of Classical Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. The collapse of the Western Roman Empire late in the previous ...

* 540: The re-emergence of the lost

Central Asian Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the former ...

Turks mentioned in the Ergenekon epic *551: Establishment of the First Turkic Khaganate. * 552: Göktürks revolt against

Rouran The Rouran Khaganate, also Juan-Juan Khaganate (), was a tribal confederation and later state founded by a people of Proto-Mongolic Donghu origin.*Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000)"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organizati ...

domination. * 565: Defeat of the Hephthalites on their war with Göktürks. * 582: Separation of the First Turkic Khaganate. Asia 600ad

7th century The 7th century is the period from 601 ( DCI) through 700 ( DCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era. The spread of Islam and the Muslim conquests began with the unification of Arabia by Muhammad starting in 622. After Mu ...

Central Asia

* 630: Eastern Turkic Khanate came under Chinese domination, Western Turkic Khanate came under Chinese influence. * 639: Turkic prince Kürşat's attempt on a Turkic revolt in the Chinese emperor's palace. * 659: Western Turkic Khaganate came under Chinese rule. * 674: The appearance of Turkic mercenaries ( Mamluks) in

Arab The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, No ...

armies. * 681: Second Turkic Khaganate established. * 699: The establishment of the Turgesh Khanate (in present-day Kyrgyzstan)

Eastern Europe

* 626-627: Eastern Roman Emperor

Heraclius Heraclius ( grc-gre, Ἡράκλειος, Hērákleios; c. 575 – 11 February 641), was Eastern Roman emperor from 610 to 641. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, led a revolt ...

' request for help from the Khazars, the Khazars' invasion of the Caucasus by defeating the

Sassanids The Sasanian () or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians (, ) and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the History of Iran, last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th cen ...

* 630: Khazars' settlement in the

Don Don, don or DON and variants may refer to: Places *County Donegal, Ireland, Chapman code DON *Don (river), a river in European Russia * Don River (disambiguation), several other rivers with the name * Don, Benin, a town in Benin * Don, Dang, a v ...

- Volga basin, which was affiliated to the Western Turkic Khaganate, and the establishment of the Great Bulgarian Khanate in the north of the Black Sea. * 651-652: War of the

Arab Empire A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to th ...

and the Khazars, who overthrew the

and captured all of Iran * 678: The division of the Great Bulgarian Khanate by the westward pressure of the Khazars

8th century The 8th century is the period from 701 ( DCCI) through 800 ( DCCC) in accordance with the Julian Calendar. The coast of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula quickly came under Islamic Arab domination. The westward expansion of the Umayyad Emp ...

Central Asia

Gok turk Epigraph Copy in Gazi University Ankara

* 705-715: Arabs take

Transoxiana Transoxiana or Transoxania (Land beyond the Oxus) is the Latin name for a region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Tu ...

* 720-735:

Orkhon Monuments The Orkhon inscriptions (also known as the Orhon inscriptions, Orhun inscriptions, Khöshöö Tsaidam monuments (also spelled ''Khoshoo Tsaidam'', ''Koshu-Tsaidam'' or ''Höshöö Caidam''), or Kul Tigin steles ( zh, t=闕特勤碑, s=阙特勤� ...

Ötüken Ötüken ( otk, 𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰖𐰃𐱁, Ötüken yïš, "Ötüken forest", 𐰵𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰼, ''Ötüken jer'', "Land of Ötüken", Old Uyghur: 𐰵𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁 ''Ötüken yïš''; ) was the capital of the First Turkic K ...

* 721-737: Turgesh attack against Arabs * 744: The destruction of the Second Turkic Khanate by the rebellious Uyghurs, Karluks and Basmyls * 745: Establishment of the Uyghur Khaganate, independent khanate of Kimeks in what is today Kazakhstan * 750: The strengthening of

- Turkish relations after the

Abbasids The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib ...

came to the head of the Arab Empire * 751: The entry of the

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of v ...

into Central Asia, the defeat of the Chinese by the Arabs with the help of the Karluks in the

Battle of Talas The Battle of Talas or Battle of Artlakh (; ar, معركة نهر طلاس, translit=Maʿrakat nahr Ṭalās, Persian: Nabard-i Tarāz) was a military encounter and engagement between the Abbasid Caliphate along with its ally, the Tibetan Empir ...

, the conversion of the Karluks to Islam * 762: Uyghur Khaganate aided Tang dynasty in China in suppressing the An-Lu-Shan uprising * 765: Adoption of the Mani religion by the Uyghur Khan Bögü * 766: The dissolution of the Türgesh Khanate by the Karluks of the Uyghur Khanate, the establishment of the autonomous Karluk Khanate, the laying of the foundations of the Oghuz Yabgu State by the Oghuzes who escaped from the Karluks and migrated to the vicinity of the Caspian and Aral lakes. * 789-795: Fight for the throne and decline in the Uyghur Khaganate

Eastern Europe

* 713-737: Khazar-Arab War, Khazar loss of Caucasus * 716: The first written agreement of the Danube Bulgarian Khanate with the

Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...

and the start of taxation * 717-718: Aid of the

Bulgarians Bulgarians ( bg, българи, Bǎlgari, ) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and the rest of Southeast Europe. Etymology Bulgarians derive their ethnonym from the Bulgars. Their name is not completely understo ...

Byzantium Byzantium () or Byzantion ( grc, Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and Istanbul today. The Greek name ''Byzantion'' and its Latinization ''Byzantium'' con ...

against the Arab Siege of Constantinople * 740: Adoption of Judaism as the official religion of the Khazars * 745-775: Bulgarian-Byzantine relations tense * 764: Invasion of the Caucasus and western Iran by the Khazars, defeating the

* 780: Founding of Volga Bulgaria * 792: After the Battle of Markeli,

began to pay taxes to the

again.

9th century The 9th century was a period from 801 ( DCCCI) through 900 ( CM) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The Carolingian Renaissance and the Viking raids occurred within this period. In the Middle East, the House of Wisdom was founded in Abbas ...

Lamellar helmet from Niederstotzingen (reconstruction)

Central Asia

* 821:

Uighurs The Uyghurs; ; ; ; zh, s=, t=, p=Wéiwú'ěr, IPA: ( ), alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central and East Asia. The Uyghu ...

repulse Tibetans * 832: The Uighur Khaganate plunged into turmoil * 840: The collapse of the Uyghur Khanate as a result of the attack of the

Kyrgyz people The Kyrgyz people (also spelled Kyrghyz, Kirgiz, and Kirghiz; ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is the nation state of the Kyrgyz people and significant diaspora can be found in China, Russia, and Uzbekistan. T ...

, the establishment of the Kyrgyz Khaganate, the escape of the Uyghurs to the southwest, the Karluks, who did not recognize the

Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Kirghiz or Kyrgyzstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kyrgyzstan *Kyrgyz people *Kyrgyz national games *Kyrgyz language *Kyrgyz culture *Kyrgyz cuisine *Yenisei Kirghiz *The Fuyü Gïrgïs language in Northeastern China ...

sovereignty, declared their independence and laid the foundation of the Karakhanid State. * 848: The establishment of the Kansu Uyghur Kingdom of the Uyghurs who migrated to the South West * 856: The establishment of the Karahoca Uyghur Kingdom by another Uyghur branch that migrated to the southwest.

Eastern Europe

* 860: The Russians, who expanded to the south, reached Kiev in the

Khazar Khaganate The Khazars ; he, כּוּזָרִים, Kūzārīm; la, Gazari, or ; zh, 突厥曷薩 ; 突厥可薩 ''Tūjué Kěsà'', () were a semi-nomadic Turkic people that in the late 6th-century CE established a major commercial empire coverin ...

. * 861: Migration of

Pechenegs The Pechenegs () or Patzinaks tr, Peçenek(ler), Middle Turkic: , ro, Pecenegi, russian: Печенег(и), uk, Печеніг(и), hu, Besenyő(k), gr, Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, ka, პა� ...

around Sri Darya to the north of the Black Sea under the pressure of Oghuzes, Kimeks and Karluks * 880: The formation of the

Kimek–Kipchak confederation The Kimek–Kipchak confederation was a medieval Turkic state formed by seven peoples, including the Yemeks and Kipchaks, in the area between the Ob and Irtysh rivers. From the end of the 9th century to 1050, it existed as a khaganate, and as ...

* 889: The advance of the

in the north of the Black Sea to the west under the pressure of the Khazars and

Kipchaks The Kipchaks or Qipchaks, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were a Turkic nomadic people and confederation that existed in the Middle Ages, inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe. First mentioned in the 8th century as part of the Sec ...

* 892: The

advancing to the west forced the Hungarians from the Dnieper to migrate beyond the

Carpathians The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at and the Scandinavian Mountains at . The range stretches ...

, forming an agreement with the

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
and
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

* 833-842: The increasing influence of Turkish slave soldiers in the

Abbasid The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib ...

palace during Caliph Mutasim's reign * 836: The relocation of the

capital from

Baghdad Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon ...

to Samerra, where the Turkish slave garrison was located * 868:

Tulunid The Tulunids (), were a Mamluk dynasty of Turkic origin who were the first independent dynasty to rule Egypt, as well as much of Syria, since the Ptolemaic dynasty. They were independent from 868, when they broke away from the central authority ...

sovereignty over Egypt, Syria,

Palestine __NOTOC__ Palestine may refer to: * State of Palestine, a state in Western Asia * Palestine (region), a geographic region in Western Asia * Palestinian territories, territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East J ...

and the north of Iraq but still remain within the

Abbasid caliphate The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib ...

10th century The 10th century was the period from 901 ( CMI) through 1000 ( M) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the last century of the 1st millennium. In China the Song dynasty was established. The Muslim World experienced a cultural zenith, e ...

Central Asia

* 923: The establishment of the

Later Tang dynasty Tang, known in historiography as the Later Tang, was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China and the second of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history. The first three of the Later Tang's four e ...

by the Shatuo Turks, descended from the Göktürks, in the north of China * 924: The destruction of the Kyrgyz State by the Mongol Khtai, the end of the Turkic rule in

, the migration of the

to their present homeland. * 934: With Satuk Buğra Khan's acceptance of Islam, the Karakhanid State adopt the religion of Islam * 979: The Shatuo Turks came under the domination of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Turkic presence in the north of China melted. * 990-999: The Karakhanid State destroyed the

Samanid Empire The Samanid Empire ( fa, سامانیان, Sāmāniyān) also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid amirate, or simply as the Samanids) was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, of Iranian dehqan origin. The empire was centred in K ...

came under Turkic rule after 300 years.

Eastern Europe

* 920: Russo-Pecheneg War * 922: Visit of

Ibn Fadlan Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān ibn al-ʿAbbās ibn Rāšid ibn Ḥammād, ( ar, أحمد بن فضلان بن العباس بن راشد بن حماد; ) commonly known as Ahmad ibn Fadlan, was a 10th-century Muslim traveler, famous for his account of his ...

ambassador An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or sov ...

to the Bulgarian Khanate of İdil, which converted to Islam * 940: Russian-Byzantine alliance against Khazars, Khazars lose

Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a po ...

* 943:

allied with the Russians against the

* 965: Oghuz Yabgu State's alliance with the Russians against the Khazars * 968-972:

' attacks on the Russians * 969: The capture of the Khazar capital by the

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries * Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and p ...

king

Svyatoslav I ; (943 – 26 March 972), also spelled Svyatoslav, was Grand Prince of Kiev famous for his persistent campaigns in the east and south, which precipitated the collapse of two great powers of Eastern Europe, Khazaria and the First Bulgarian Empire. He ...

, the withdrawal of the Khazars to the north of the Caucasus * 985: Oghuz Yabgu State's alliance with the Russians against the Volga Bulgarian State * 986: Settlements of the Seljuks in the south of Kazakhstan by breaking away from the Oghuz Yabgu State

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
and
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

* 905: The end of the

dynasty in Egypt by the

* 935: Another Turkic dynasty, the

Ikhshidid dynasty The Ikhshidid dynasty (, ) was a Turkic mamluk dynasty who ruled Egypt and the Levant from 935 to 969. Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, a Turkic mamluk soldier, was appointed governor by the Abbasid Caliph al-Radi. The dynasty carried the Arabic t ...

, seized power in Egypt and dominated Syria,

, Hejaz and northern Sudan. * 977: Sabuktigin establishs

Ghaznavid dynasty The Ghaznavid dynasty ( fa, غزنویان ''Ġaznaviyān'') was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic ''mamluk'' origin, ruling, at its greatest extent, large parts of Persia, Khorasan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest ...

in Khorasan(modern-day

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordere ...

* 969: Termination of the rule of the

by the Fatimid State

11th century The 11th century is the period from 1001 ( MI) through 1100 ( MC) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium. In the history of Europe, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. T ...

Central Asia

* 1030: Ghaznavid Empire reaches to its greatest extent under Mahmud of Ghazni. * 1036: The Kansu Uyghur Kingdom came under the rule of the Mongolian Tankut Kingdom. * 1042: The division of the Karakhanid State into East and West * 1050: The destruction of the Kimek Khanate by the invasion of the

* 1089: Samarkand-centered Western Karakhanid State entered the Seljuk nationality * 1091: The Eastern Karakhanid State, based in Kashgar, became subject to the Seljuks. * 1092: As a result of the Great Seljuk State being dragged into internal turmoil, the two Karakhanid states became independent again.

Eastern Europe

* 1016: The destruction of the

by the Russians and the

* 1037: Settlement of

defeated by the Russians in Romania * 1061-1068: The

, who defeated the Russians, captured the north of the Black Sea and Ukraine * 1091: After the

Battle of Manzikert The Battle of Manzikert or Malazgirt was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire on 26 August 1071 near Manzikert, theme of Iberia (modern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey). The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army and t ...

, the

, who attacked the

, which was in turmoil, were destroyed by the Byzantine-Kipchak alliance around Enez. * 1093:

Cuman–Kipchak Confederation The name Cumania originated as the Latin exonym for the Cuman–Kipchak confederation, which was a tribal confederation in the western part of the Eurasian Steppe, between the 10th and 13th centuries. The confederation was dominated by two ...

decisive defeat of the Kievan Rus' at the

Battle of the Stuhna River The Battle of the Stuhna River (sometimes written as Stugna River; 26 May 1093) was fought between the princes of Kievan Rus', Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Vladimir II Monomakh of Chernigov, and Rostislav Vsevolodovich of Pereyaslavl against the nomadic ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

* 1038: Establishment of the Seljuk State in

Khorasan Khorasan may refer to: * Greater Khorasan, a historical region which lies mostly in modern-day northern/northwestern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan * Khorasan Province, a pre-2004 province of Ira ...

. * 1040: In the

Battle of Dandanaqan The Battle of Dandanaqan ( fa, نبرد دندانقان) was fought in 1040 between the Seljuq Turkmens and the Ghaznavid Empire near the city of Merv (now in Turkmenistan). The battle ended with a decisive Seljuq victory, which subsequently bro ...

, the Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids and spread towards Persia. * 1048: The Seljuks, who defeated the Byzantine-Georgian alliance at the

Battle of Kapetron The Battle of Kapetron or Kapetrou was fought between a Byzantine- Georgian army and the Seljuq Turks at the plain of Kapetron (modern Hasankale/Pasinler in northeastern Turkey) in 1048. The event was the culmination of a major raid led by th ...

, entered Eastern Anatolia. * 1055: Seljuks conquer

and seize the

Abbasid Caliphate The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib ...

. * 1064: Seljuks conquer

Ani Ani ( hy, Անի; grc-gre, Ἄνιον, ''Ánion''; la, Abnicum; tr, Ani) is a ruined medieval Armenian city now situated in Turkey's province of Kars, next to the closed border with Armenia. Between 961 and 1045, it was the capital of the ...

Castle and break the Armenian-Georgian resistance * 1071: The Oghuz

Turcomans Turkoman (Middle Turkic: تُركْمانْ, ota, تركمن, Türkmen and ''Türkmân''; az, Türkman and ', tr, Türkmen, tk, Türkmen, Persian: ترکمن sing. ''Turkamān'', pl. ''Tarākimah''), also called Turcoman and Turkman, is a term ...

who have defeated the

at the

, started settlements at Anatolia. * 1072: Establishment of Danishmend Principality in Sivas as subordinate to Great Seljuks * 1077: Establishment of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm whose capital is Iznik as subordinate to the Great Seljuks. * 1081: The construction of the navy on the Aegean coast of the Çaka Principality and the establishment of the

Turkish Naval Forces The Turkish Naval Forces ( tr, ), or Turkish Navy ( tr, ) is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The modern naval traditions and customs of the Turkish Navy can be traced back to 10 July 1920, when it was establis ...

* 1085: Establishment of the Syrian Seljuk State. * 1092: As a result of the murder of Sultan Melikşah by the Order of Assassins, the Great Seljuk State was dragged into internal turmoil * 1096: The destruction of the pioneers of the First Crusade by the Anatolian Seljuk State in Iznik * 1096-1099: As a result of the First Crusade, Iznik and

Western Anatolia Western may refer to: Places *Western, Nebraska, a village in the US *Western, New York, a town in the US * Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western world, countries that i ...

were taken back by

, and Crusader statelets were formed on the Syrian and

Palestinian Palestinians ( ar, الفلسطينيون, ; he, פָלַסְטִינִים, ) or Palestinian people ( ar, الشعب الفلسطيني, label=none, ), also referred to as Palestinian Arabs ( ar, الفلسطينيين العرب, label=non ...

coasts.

South Asia

* 1001-1027: The expeditions of Mahmud of Ghazni, the

Khan Khan may refer to: *Khan (inn), from Persian, a caravanserai or resting-place for a travelling caravan *Khan (surname), including a list of people with the name *Khan (title), a royal title for a ruler in Mongol and Turkic languages and used by ...

of the Ghazni State, to India, resulted in the spread of Turkish sovereignty and Islam to the north of India and

Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...

* 1037-1059: The struggle of the Ghazni State with the Great Seljuk State,

and Iran being dominated by the Seljuks * 1059: Peace treaty between Ghaznavids and Great Seljuks * 1079-1080: Ghazni State's defeat of the

Ghurid dynasty The Ghurid dynasty (also spelled Ghorids; fa, دودمان غوریان, translit=Dudmân-e Ğurīyân; self-designation: , ''Šansabānī'') was a Persianate dynasty and a clan of presumably eastern Iranian Tajik origin, which ruled from the ...

, who gained power in

12th century

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

* 1100: The

Danishmends The Danishmendids or Danishmends ( fa, دودمان دانشمند; tr, Dânişmendliler) was a Turkish beylik that ruled in north-central and eastern Anatolia from 1071/1075 to 1178. The dynasty centered originally around Sivas, Tokat, and N ...

defeated the Principality of Antakya in Malatya and definitively stopped the

Crusaders The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ...

' advance to

Southeastern Anatolia The Southeastern Anatolia Region ( tr, Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi) is a geographical region of Turkey. The most populous city in the region is Gaziantep. Other examples of big cities are Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır, Mardin and Adıyaman. It is b ...

. * 1101: The defeat of the Anatolian Seljuk State and the

by the Crusaders in Kastamonu and Merzifon * 1104: The Great Seljuk State defeated the Crusaders in Harran and blocked their advance to the Euphrates. * 1104: Establishment of Börüoğulları Atabey in Damascus * 1105-1128: Seljuks struggle against the Crusaders in Syria, the resistance of Damascus and

Aleppo )), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_caption = , image_map1 = ...

to the Crusader sieges * 1127: Establishment of Zengi Atabeylik in Mosul * 1127-1174: The struggle of the

Zengid The Zengid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turkic origin, which ruled parts of the Levant and Upper Mesopotamia on behalf of the Seljuk Empire and eventually seized control of Egypt in 1169. In 1174 the Zengid state extended from Tripoli to ...

's with the Crusaders * 1144: The conquest of Urfa by the

's * 1144: Establishment of Beytegin Atabeylik in

Erbil Erbil, also called Hawler (, ar, أربيل, Arbīl; syr, ܐܲܪܒܹܝܠ, Arbel), is the capital and most populated city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It lies in the Erbil Governorate. It has an estimated population of around 1,600,000. Hu ...

* 1147-1149: Organized after the fall of Urfa, in the Second Crusade, the Anatolian Seljuk State defeated the Crusaders' German army in Eskişehir and Ladik, the

's repelled the Crusaders' Siege of Damascus * 1150: The elimination of the Urfa County, one of the four Crusader states, by the

Zengids The Zengid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turkic origin, which ruled parts of the Levant and Upper Mesopotamia on behalf of the Seljuk Empire and eventually seized control of Egypt in 1169. In 1174 the Zengid state extended from Tripoli to ...

* 1154: Elimination of the Börioğulları Atabey by the

* 1173-1178: The Anatolian Seljuk State became the only power in Anatolia by capturing all the lands of the

. * 1174-1183: Salahaddin Ayyubi's Ending

sovereignty in Syria * 1176: The defeat of the Byzantines by the Anatolian Seljuk State in the

Battle of Myriokephalon The Battle of Myriokephalon (also known as the Battle of Myriocephalum, gr, Μάχη του Μυριοκέφαλου, tr, Miryokefalon Savaşı or ''Düzbel Muharebesi'') was a battle between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks in Phryg ...

, the finalization of the Seljuk sovereignty in Anatolia * 1190: The invasion of Konya by the German arm of the Crusaders in the Third Crusade, the disintegration of the German army after the drowning of the German Emperor

Frederick Barbarossa Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (german: link=no, Friedrich I, it, Federico I), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later. He was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on ...

Silifke Silifke ( grc-gre, Σελεύκεια, ''Seleukeia'', la, Seleucia ad Calycadnum) is a town and district in south-central Mersin Province, Turkey, west of the city of Mersin, on the west end of Çukurova. Silifke is near the Mediterranean coast ...

Iran and Central Asia

* 1092-1118: Internal turmoil and emergence of semi-independent atabeyliks within the Great Seljuk State * 1132: The Mongolian Karahitays started to move towards Turkic lands by eliminating the Qocho. * 1134: Karahitays overthrow the Eastern Karakhanids * 1137: Karahitays overthrow the Western Karakhanids and demolish their dominance in Central Asia * 1141: The collapse of the Great Seljuk State, which was defeated by the Karahitays in the

Battle of Qatwan The Battle of Qatwan () was fought in September 1141 between the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty) and the Seljuq Empire and its vassal-state the Kara-Khanid Khanate. The Seljuqs were decisively defeated, which signalled the beginning of the end ...

* 1154-1157: Dissolution of the Great Seljuk State after the rebellion of the Oghuzs, the independence of the Khorezmshahs State * 1182-1194: The Khwarazmshahs conquered

by defeating Iran,

and Karahitays * 1188: The elimination of the Kerman Seljuk State, one of the successors of the Great Seljuk State, by the Oghuzes * 1194: The abolition of the Iraqi Seljuk State, one of the successors of the Great Seljuk State, by the Khwarazmshahs State.

South Asia

* 1117: The entry of the

Great Seljuk The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turko-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It spanned a total area of from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to t ...

army into

Ghazni Ghazni ( prs, غزنی, ps, غزني), historically known as Ghaznain () or Ghazna (), also transliterated as Ghuznee, and anciently known as Alexandria in Opiana ( gr, Αλεξάνδρεια Ωπιανή), is a city in southeastern Afghanistan ...

and the taxation of the Ghazni State * 1119: Consolidation of the Ghazni State's dominance in northern India * 1135: The Great Seljuk army re-entering

and taxing the Ghazni State again * 1148-1151: Great destruction caused by the

Ghurids The Ghurid dynasty (also spelled Ghorids; fa, دودمان غوریان, translit=Dudmân-e Ğurīyân; self-designation: , ''Šansabānī'') was a Persianate dynasty and a clan of presumably eastern Iranian Tajik origin, which ruled from the ...

after capturing

* 1152: Great Seljuks liberation of

from

* 1157-1163: With the disintegration of the Great Seljuk State,

and

fell back into the hands of the

. * 1186: The collapse of the Ghaznavid State, which continued to dominate Punjab, with Lahore as its capital, caused by the

Eastern Europe

* 1111-1116: Kipchak tribes defeated by the Russians * 1123: Georgians supported by

expel Great Seljuks from Tbilisi * 1150: The Kipchaks regain their strength in the Dnieper. * 1154: The Kipchaks, who repulsed the Russians, re-established their dominance around

Kharkiv Kharkiv ( uk, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest city and municipality in Ukraine.

. * 1157-1174: Conflicts between Volga Bulgarian and Russians * 1174-1185: Military successes of the

against the Russians * 1200: The dissolution of the

13th century The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 ( MCCI) through December 31, 1300 ( MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Eur ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
and the Middle East

* 1202: The expansion of the Anatolian Seljuk State to Eastern Anatolia by eliminating the Saltuklu Principality * 1207: The opening of the Anatolian Seljuk State to the Mediterranean with the conquest of

Antalya Antalya () is the fifth-most populous city in Turkey as well as the capital of Antalya Province. Located on Anatolia's southwest coast bordered by the Taurus Mountains, Antalya is the largest Turkish city on the Mediterranean coast outside the A ...

* 1214: The opening of the Anatolian Seljuk State to the Black Sea with the conquest of

Sinop Sinop can refer to: * Sinop, Turkey, a city on the Black Sea ** Sinop Nuclear Power Plant, was planned in 2013, but cancelled in 2018 ** Battle of Sinop, 1853 naval battle in the Sinop port *** Russian ship ''Sinop'', Russian ships named after the ...

* 1228: Elimination of the Mengüçlü Principality by the Anatolian Seljuk State * 1230: The Khorezmshahs, who escaped from the

Mongol invasion The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire (1206-1368), which by 1300 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastati ...

and advanced to Anatolia, were stopped by the Anatolian Seljuk State in the

Battle of Yassıçemen The Battle of Yassıçemen was a battle fought in Anatolia, in what is now Erzincan Province, Turkey in 1230. Background Jalal ad-Din was the last ruler of the Khwarezm Shahs. The territory of the empire had been annexed by the Mongol Empi ...

* 1239: The revolt of Baba İshak weakened the Anatolian Seljuk State. * 1243: The defeat of the Anatolian Seljuk State by the Mongols in the Battle of Kösedağ * 1250: The seizure of power by the Turkish-origin Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt, putting an end to the

Ayyubids The Ayyubid dynasty ( ar, الأيوبيون '; ) was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin ...

* Nureddin Bey laid the foundations of the principality in

Karaman Karaman, historically known as Laranda ( Greek: Λάρανδα), is a city in south central Turkey, located in Central Anatolia, north of the Taurus Mountains, about south of Konya. It is the capital district of the Karaman Province. Accordin ...

* 1299: Founding of the Ottoman State

Central Asia

* 1212: The elimination of the Karakhanids, who ruled in

Fergana Fergana ( uz, Fargʻona/Фарғона, ), or Ferghana, is a district-level city and the capital of Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan. Fergana is about 420 km east of Tashkent, about 75 km west of Andijan, and less than 20 km ...

, by the Khwarazmshahs State.

South Asia

* 1206: Establishment of Delhi Sultanate by Turkish-origin slave commanders * 1236: Delhi Sultanate's domination of all of northern India, Kashmir and

* 1290: Turkish-origin Halacians seized power in the Delhi Sultanate The

Chagatai Khanate The Chagatai Khanate, or Chagatai Ulus ( xng, , translit=Čaɣatay-yin Ulus; mn, Цагаадайн улс, translit=Tsagaadain Uls; chg, , translit=Čağatāy Ulusi; fa, , translit=Xânât-e Joghatây) was a Mongol and later Turkicized kh ...

has been completely

Turkified Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization ( tr, Türkleştirme) describes a shift whereby populations or places received or adopted Turkic attributes such as culture, language, history, or ethnicity. However, often this term is more narrowly ...

since

1350 Year 1350 ( MCCCL) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January 9 – Giovanni II Valente becomes Doge of Genoa. * May 23 (possible date) & ...

14th century As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was a century lasting from 1 January 1301 ( MCCCI), to 31 December 1400 ( MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and na ...

* 1320-1424: Tughluk Dynasty in Delhi established and ruled most of the India. * 1346: The Ottomans entered Europe. * 1361: Conquest of Edirne by the Ottomans occurred. * 1370:

Timur Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Kür ...

's seizure of power, establishment of Timurid Empire. * 1382:

Tokhtamysh Tokhtamysh ( kz, Тоқтамыс, tt-Cyrl, Тухтамыш, translit=Tuqtamış, fa, توقتمش),The spelling of Tokhtamysh varies, but the most common spelling is Tokhtamysh. Tokhtamısh, Toqtamysh, ''Toqtamış'', ''Toqtamıs'', ''Toktamy ...

leads the Golden Horde's Army and sets Moscow on fire. * 1389:

Battle of Kosovo The Battle of Kosovo ( tr, Kosova Savaşı; sr, Косовска битка) took place on 15 June 1389 between an army led by the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan ...

: Ottoman domination in the Balkans * 1389-1403: Reign of Bayezid * 1398:

's military expedition to India

15th century The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian dates from 1 January 1401 ( MCDI) to 31 December 1500 ( MD). In Europe, the 15th century includes parts of the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the early modern period. M ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

* 1402:

Battle of Ankara The Battle of Ankara or Angora was fought on 20 July 1402 at the Çubuk plain near Ankara, between the forces of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and the Emir of the Timurid Empire, Timur. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to the ...

between

and

Bayezid I Bayezid I ( ota, بايزيد اول, tr, I. Bayezid), also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt ( ota, link=no, یلدیرم بايزيد, tr, Yıldırım Bayezid, link=no; – 8 March 1403) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1389 to 1402. He adopted t ...

* 1406: Re-emergence of Akkoyunlu and

Karakoyunlu Karakoyunlu ( ku, Têşberûn) is a town and district of Iğdır Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Part of the district forms the international border between Turkey and Armenia. Statues with ram heads Gravestones with ram heads ...

people on the stage of history * 1453: Conquest of Istanbul by Mehmed the Conqueror * 1453-1504: The golden age of the Akkoyunlu state.

Central Asia

* 1405:

's death * 1405-1447: Arrival of Shahruh in

Herat Herāt (; Persian: ) is an oasis city and the third-largest city of Afghanistan. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 574,276, and serves as the capital of Herat Province, situated south of the Paropamisus Mountains (''Selseleh-ye Safē ...

* 1447-1449: Ulugh Beg * 1456: Establishment of the Kazakh Khanate

South Asia

* 1414-1517: Delhi Sultanate's Turkic dynasty Iranianized

Eastern Europe

* 1430: Crimean Khanate formed * 1445: Establishment of the Khanate of Kazan * 1462-1505:

Astrakhan Khanate The Khanate of Astrakhan, also referred to as the Xacitarxan Khanate, was a Tatar state that arose during the break-up of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, a ...

created * 1473:

Sultan Husayn Bayqara Sultan Husayn Bayqara Mirza ( fa, حسین بایقرا / ''Husayn Bāyqarā''; June/July 1438 – 4 May 1506) was the Timurid ruler of Herat from 1469 until May 4, 1506, with a brief interruption in 1470. A skilled statesman, Sultan Husayn ...

: Timurid Renaissance

Modern era (1500 CE - )

16th century The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 ( MDI) and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 ( MDC) (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). The 16th centur ...

Eastern Europe

* 1502: The Crimean Khanate's destruction of the Golden Horde State * 1552:

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eight ...

's annexation of the

Kazan Khanate The Khanate of Kazan ( tt, Казан ханлыгы, Kazan xanlıgı; russian: Казанское ханство, Kazanskoye khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 155 ...

* 1556: The annexation of the

* 1557:

's annexation of the

Nogai Khanate The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century. The Mongol tribe called the Manghuds cons ...

* 1571: Crimean Khanate burns Moscow * 1580-1598: Russia's elimination of the Siberian Khanate

Central Asia

* 1500: Muhammed Shaybani and

Uzbeks The Uzbeks ( uz, , , , ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Kazakh and Karakalpak mino ...

* 1510: The defeat of Muhammed Shaybani by

Shah Ismail Ismail I ( fa, اسماعیل, Esmāʿīl, ; July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), also known as Shah Ismail (), was the founder of the Safavid dynasty of Iran, ruling as its King of Kings ('' Shahanshah'') from 1501 to 1524. His reign is often ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

* 1502:

Ismail Ishmael ''Ismaḗl''; Classical/Qur'anic Arabic: إِسْمَٰعِيْل; Modern Standard Arabic: إِسْمَاعِيْل ''ʾIsmāʿīl''; la, Ismael was the first son of Abraham, the common patriarch of the Abrahamic religions; and is cons ...

's establishment of the Safavid Dynasty in Iran * 1514: The Battle of Çaldıran, the settlement of the Ottomans in Eastern Anatolia * 1516: Battle of Ridaniye, Ottomans taking Syria and

from the Mamluk State * 1517: Ottoman domination in

Hijaz The Hejaz (, also ; ar, ٱلْحِجَاز, al-Ḥijāz, lit=the Barrier, ) is a region in the west of Saudi Arabia. It includes the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif, and Baljurashi. It is also known as the "Western Provinc ...

* 1534: Ottomans taking Iraq from Safavids * 1538: Ottoman domination in Yemen * 1551: Ottoman rule reaching Qatar and

Oman Oman ( ; ar, عُمَان ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman ( ar, سلْطنةُ عُمان ), is an Arabian country located in southwestern Asia. It is situated on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and spans the mouth of t ...

* 1578: Ottomans reaching the

* 1590: Ottoman conquest of the entire Caucasus and Western Iran

South Asia

* 1526: Establishment of the Mughal Empire

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

* 1516: Establishment of Ottoman administration in

Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...

* 1516-1517: The Ottomans' destruction of the Mamluk State, Ottoman domination in Egypt * 1551: Beginning of Ottoman rule in Libya * 1557: Establishment of the Abyssinian Province by the Ottomans * 1574: Beginning of Ottoman rule in Tunisia * 1577: The spread of Ottoman rule in Fezzan * 1576-1580: Ottoman influence in Morocco

17th century The 17th century lasted from January 1, 1601 ( MDCI), to December 31, 1700 ( MDCC). It falls into the early modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movemen ...

Eastern Europe

* 1600: The defeat of the Siberian Khanate. * 1606: The Treaty of Zitvatorok, which symbolized the Ottoman Empire's peak * 1683: Siege of Vienna by the Ottomans. * 1699:

Treaty of Karlowitz The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed in Karlowitz, Military Frontier of Archduchy of Austria (present-day Sremski Karlovci, Serbia), on 26 January 1699, concluding the Great Turkish War of 1683–1697 in which the Ottoman Empire was defeated by ...

. The decline of the Ottomans.

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

Central Asia

* 1605:

invasion of Yenisey * 1615-1650: The struggle of the

Yenisei Kyrgyz The Yenisei Kyrgyz ( otk, 𐰶𐰃𐰺𐰴𐰕:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣, Qyrqyz bodun), were an ancient Turkic people who dwelled along the upper Yenisei River in the southern portion of the Minusinsk Depression from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th ...

people against the Russians * 1620: Russia's annexation of Yakut lands * 1628: Dolgan's domination by

* 1628-1630: Another Mongolian tribe, the

Kalmyks The Kalmyks ( Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, ''Xaľmgud'', Mongolian: Халимагууд, ''Halimaguud''; russian: Калмыки, translit=Kalmyki, archaically anglicised as ''Calmucks'') are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia, ...

, who were defeated by the Eastern Mongols, trampled on Kazakhstan and settled in the Volga region. * 1634-1642:

's suppression of the Yakut revolts * 1639:

's Reaching the Pacific Ocean * 1680: Mongol capture

East Turkestan East Turkestan ( ug, شەرقىي تۈركىستان, Sherqiy Türkistan, bold=no; zh, s=东突厥斯坦; also spelled East Turkistan), is a loosely-defined geographical and historical region in the western provinces of the People's Republic of ...

, end of

South Asia

* 1628-1658:

Shah Jahan Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan I (; ), was the fifth emperor of the Mughal Empire, reigning from January 1628 until July 1658. Under his emperorship, the Mugha ...

emperor An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother (emp ...

of India. * 1658-1707:

Aurangzeb Muhi al-Din Muhammad (; – 3 March 1707), commonly known as ( fa, , lit=Ornament of the Throne) and by his regnal title Alamgir ( fa, , translit=ʿĀlamgīr, lit=Conqueror of the World), was the sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire, ruling ...

of India.

18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 ( MDCCI) to December 31, 1800 ( MDCCC). During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions. During the century, slave tradi ...

Painting, portrait of Nader Shah seated on a carpet, oil on canvas, probably Tehran, 1780s or 1790s (cropped)

Eastern Europe

* 1742-1775: Pugachev War in

(Tatar uprising) * 1783: Annexation of

by the Russians.

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

* 1717-1730: Tulip Era of the Ottomans. * 1736-1747: Nader Shah of Turkoman origin established

Afsharid Empire Afsharid Iran ( fa, ایران افشاری), also referred as the Afsharid Empire was an Iranian empire established by the Turkoman Afshar tribe in Iran's north-eastern province of Khorasan, ruling Iran (Persia). The state was ruled by the ...

, owning the identity of Turkic Afshar tribes. * 1794: Qajar Dynasty founded in Iran by a

Turk Turk or Turks may refer to: Communities and ethnic groups * Turkic peoples, a collection of ethnic groups who speak Turkic languages * Turkish people, or the Turks, a Turkic ethnic group and nation * Turkish citizen, a citizen of the Republic o ...

Central Asia

* 1709: Establishment of Kokand Khanate * 1709-1718: The

Dzungarian Dzungaria (; from the Mongolian words , meaning 'left hand') is a geographical subregion in Northwest China that corresponds to the northern half of Xinjiang. It is thus also known as Beijiang, which means "Northern Xinjiang". Bounded by the Al ...

- Kazakh Khanate Conflict * 1718: The division of the Kazakh Khanate into three kingdoms. * 1721:

's annexation of Khakassia * 1731: The minor part of the Kazakh Khanate came under

protection. * 1740-1747:

Iranian Iranian may refer to: * Iran, a sovereign state * Iranian peoples, the speakers of the Iranian languages. The term Iranic peoples is also used for this term to distinguish the pan ethnic term from Iranian, used for the people of Iran * Iranian lan ...

domination in the Khiva Khanate * 1755-1759: The

Manchu Dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...

, which took over the administration in China, seized

which was in the hands of the Dzungarians * 1755:

Tuva Tuva (; russian: Тува́) or Tyva ( tyv, Тыва), officially the Republic of Tuva (russian: Респу́блика Тыва́, r=Respublika Tyva, p=rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva; tyv, Тыва Республика, translit=Tyva Respublika ...

under the rule of the

, which seized power in China * 1756:

's capture of the Altai region * 1785: Manghud's takeover of the

Bukhara Khanate The Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro) ( fa, , Khānāt-e Bokhārā; ) was an Uzbek state in Central Asia from 1500 to 1785, founded by the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, a branch of the Shaybanids. From 1533 to 1540, Bukhara briefly became its ...

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

* 1705: The Huseyni Dynasty appointed in Tunisia, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire * 1798-1799: Egypt expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte. Turkish-French conflicts.

19th century The 19th (nineteenth) century began on 1 January 1801 ( MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 ( MCM). The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium. The 19th century was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was abolish ...

Eastern Europe

* 1829: Greece's independence * 1878: Treaty of Berlin, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania gaining their independence,

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Maced ...

gaining autonomy * 1881: Greek annexation of Thessaly * 1881: Atatürk's birth * 1885:

's annexation of

Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia ( bg, Източна Румелия, Iztochna Rumeliya; ota, , Rumeli-i Şarkî; el, Ανατολική Ρωμυλία, Anatoliki Romylia) was an autonomous province (''oblast'' in Bulgarian, ''vilayet'' in Turkish) in the Otto ...

* 1813:

's annexation of Dagestan and

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of t ...

* 1827:

domination of the

Balkars The Balkars ( krc, Малкъарлыла, Malqarlıla or Таулула, , 'Mountaineers') are a Turkic people of the Caucasus region, one of the titular populations of Kabardino-Balkaria. Their Karachay-Balkar language is of the Ponto-Cas ...

* 1828: Karachays' entry into

domination * 1828:

's annexation of Yerevan and Nakhchivan * 1829: Russia's annexation of

Akhaltsikhe Akhaltsikhe ( ka, ახალციხე ), formerly known as Lomsia ( ka, ლომსია), is a small city in Georgia's southwestern region ('' mkhare'') of Samtskhe–Javakheti. It is situated on both banks of a small river Potskhovi (a le ...

* 1839: Tanzimat Edict in the Ottoman Empire * 1876: The first constitution of the Ottoman Empire legislated.

Central Asia

* 1820: The Great Juz of the Kazakh Khanate came under the rule of the Kokand Khanate * 1847: The lands of the Kazakh Khanate completely passed into the hands of

* 1851-1854: The defeat of the Khiva Khanate to the Russians * 1864: The start of

expeditions to West Turkestan * 1865: Establishment of Kashgar Khanate in

* 1866: The

Emirate of Bukhara The Emirate of Bukhara ( fa, , Amārat-e Bokhārā, chg, , Bukhārā Amirligi) was a Muslim polity in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land ...

came under

rule * 1868: The Kokand Khanate came under

rule * 1871:

occupation of Lake Balkhash * 1873: The Khiva Khanate came under

rule * 1876: Russia's annexation of the Khanate of Kokand * 1877-1878: China's elimination of the Khanate of Kashgar * 1881-1884:

's annexation of Turkmenistan

South Asia

* 1805: The Mughal State came under the auspices of the

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

who defeated the Maratha Confederation * 1857: The

overthrow the Mughal State, the end of nine centuries of Turkish rule/existence in India

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

* 1807:

abolish slave trade,

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against ...

patrol around

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

to intercept slave ships * 1822: Sudan's entry into Ottoman rule * 1830-1842:

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

invasion of

Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...

* 1831-1840: Ottoman-Egyptian struggle, Egypt gaining autonomy * 1869: Opening of the Suez Canal * 1881: Second French invasion of Algeria * 1882:

invasion of Egypt * 1885:

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional It ...

invasion of

Habesh , common_name = Habesh Eyalet , subdivision = Eyalet , nation = the Ottoman Empire , year_start = 1554 , year_end = 1872 , life_span = , date_start = ...

* 1885: End of Turkish rule in Sudan * 1888:

invasion of Somalia, end of Turkish presence in Horn of Africa

20th century The 20th (twentieth) century began on January 1, 1901 ( MCMI), and ended on December 31, 2000 ( MM). The 20th century was dominated by significant events that defined the modern era: Spanish flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nucle ...

* 1905: Beginning of Jadidism movements. * 1910-1920: Alash Horda Government of Kazakhs and

* 1911-1912: Invasion of Tripoli by Italy * 1912: Balkan wars * 1915-1916: Gallipoli Campaign * 1917:

Turkistan Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan ( fa, ترکستان, Torkestân, lit=Land of the Turks), is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and Xinjiang. Overview Known as Turan to the Persians, western Turk ...

's declaration of autonomy * 1918: The

Armistice of Mudros Concluded on 30 October 1918 and taking effect at noon the next day, the Armistice of Mudros ( tr, Mondros Mütarekesi) ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. It was signed by ...

was signed between Turkey and the Allied Powers. * 1919-1922: The

Turkish War of Independence The Turkish War of Independence "War of Liberation", also known figuratively as ''İstiklâl Harbi'' "Independence War" or ''Millî Mücadele'' "National Struggle" (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by th ...

took place. * 1919-1928: Basmachi Uprising against the Soviet Union * 1921-1944: Tuvan People's Republic * 1922: Turkish victory over Greeks * 1923: Turkey proclaimed to be a Republic * 1932-1934: East Turkestan Islamic Republic of Uyghurs in China * 1938: Ataturk's death * 1944: Short-lived East Turkestan Republic established with the help of the

army * 1955:

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest ...

: Declaring Xinjiang ( East Turkistan) an autonomous region * 1971:

European European, or Europeans, or Europeneans, may refer to: In general * ''European'', an adjective referring to something of, from, or related to Europe ** Ethnic groups in Europe ** Demographics of Europe ** European cuisine, the cuisines of Europe ...

withdrawal from Central Asia * 1974: Turkish invasion of Cyprus * 1983: The declaration of independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus * 1988: The beginning of the Azeri-Armenian conflict * 1990: Soviet invasion of

Baku Baku (, ; az, Bakı ) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. Baku is located below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world ...

* 1991: The collapse of the USSR and the emergence of the Commonwealth of Independent States * 1992: Admission of the CIS Turkic republics to the UN: ** Kazakhstan ** Uzbekistan **

** Turkmenistan ** Kyrgyzstan * 1992: The first Turkic Speaking Countries Summit was held in

Ankara Ankara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and over 5.7 million in Ankara Province, mak ...

on 30 October 1992. * 1993: The occupation of a region of

by the Armenians. * 1993: In 1993, the Turkish Culture and Arts Joint Administration was established in

Almaty Almaty (; kk, Алматы; ), formerly known as Alma-Ata ( kk, Алма-Ата), is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of about 2 million. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1929 to 1936 as an autonomous republic as part of ...

, which provides cooperation in the fields of culture and arts of Turkic Speaking Countries. * 1993: The first Turkic Congress, which was a cultural, economic and political forum and was attended by all Turkic states and communities and related communities.

21st century The 21st (twenty-first) century is the current century in the ''Anno Domini'' era or Common Era, under the Gregorian calendar. It began on 1 January 2001 ( MMI) and will end on 31 December 2100 ( MMC). Marking the beginning of the 21st centur ...

* 2005:

Tulip revolution The Tulip Revolution or First Kyrgyz Revolution (russian: Тюльпановая революция; ky, Жоогазын революциясы) led to President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev's fall from power. The revolution began after parliame ...

in Kyrgyzstan. * 2005: Kazakh leader

Nursultan Nazarbayev Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev ( kk, Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев, Nūrsūltan Äbişūlı Nazarbaev, ; born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh politician and military officer who served as the first President of Kazakhstan, in off ...

's proposal to establish a common market in Central Asia in his address to the nation. * 2005:

Andijan massacre On 13 May 2005, protests erupted in Andijan, Uzbekistan. At one point, troops from the Uzbek National Security Service (SNB) fired into a crowd of protesters. Estimates of those killed on 13 May range from 187, the official count of the governmen ...

in Uzbekistan * 2006: Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline put into service. * 2007: The first meeting of riparian countries to determine the status of the

. * 2008: Establishment of the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic Speaking Countries between Turkey,

, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on 21 November 2008. * 2009: Establishment of

Organization of Turkic states The Organization of Turkic States (OTS), formerly called the Turkic Council or the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States, is an international organization comprising prominent independent Turkic countries: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgy ...

. * 2013:

Gezi Park Protests A wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Turkey began on 28 May 2013, initially to contest the urban development plan for Istanbul's Taksim Gezi Park. The protests were sparked by outrage at the violent eviction of a sit-in at the park p ...

* 2016: Turkish coup attempt by Fethullah Gülen

Books

Notes

Turkish books

* İbrahim Kafesoğlu, ''Türk Millî Kültürü'', Ankara, 1983. * Zeki. Velidi Togan, ''Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş'', İstanbul, 1970. * Faruk Sümer, ''Oğuzlar'', İstanbul, 1980. * Bahaeddin Ögel, ''İslamiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi'', Ankara, 1962. * Bahaeddin Ögel, ''Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş'', İstanbul, 1978. * Bahaeddin Ögel, ''Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Tarihi'', Ankara, 1981. * Çeçen Anıl, ''Tarihte Türk Devletleri'', İstanbul, 1986. * O. Esad Arseven, ''Türk Sanat Tarihi'', İstanbul, 1955. * Muharrem Ergin, ''Orhun Abideleri'', İstanbul, 1977. * Erol Güngör, ''Tarihte Türkler'', İstanbul, 1989. * Abdülkadir İnan, ''Eski Türk Dini Tarihi'', İstanbul, 1976. * A. Nimet Kurat, ''Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri'', Ankara, 1972. * Hüseyin Namık Orkun, ''Eski Türk Yazıtları'', İstanbul, 1986. * Hüseyin Namık Orkun, ''Türk Tarihi'', Ankara, 1946. * Osman Turan, ''Türk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefrukesi Tarihi'', İstanbul, 1978. * Bahaeddin Ögel, ''Türk Mitolojisi'', Ankara, 1971. * Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, ''Hindistan Tarihi'', Ankara, 1946. * İbrahim Kafesoğlu, ''Selçuklu Tarihi'', İstanbul, 1972. * İbrahim Kafesoğlu, ''Harzemşahlar Devleti Tarihi'', Ankara, 1956. * M. Altay Köymen, ''Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi'', Ankara, 1954. * Çağatay Uluçay, ''İlk Müslüman Türk Devletleri'', İstanbul, 1977. * Faruk Sümer, ''Karakoyunlular'', Ankara, 1984. * A.N. Kurat, ''Peçenek Tarihi'', İstanbul, 1937. * B. Yenilmez, ''Yenilmez'', Rize, 2002.

English and foreign books

* R. Grousset, ''L'Empire des steppes'', Paris, 1960 (Türkçe çevirisi: Reşat Uzmen-Bozkır İmparatorluğu, 1996.) * DE. Guignes, ''Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols'', Paris, 1756. * Jean-Paul Roux, ''Historie des Turcs'', 1984. * Jean-Paul Roux, ''Timur'', 1994. * Fayard Paris, ''Historie des Turcs'', 1984. * D.Sinor, ''Aspects of Altaic Civilization'', 1963. * M. Barthold, ''Turkestan down to the Mongol Invansıon'', Londra, 1968. * E. Berl, ''Historie de l'Europe d'Attila a Tamerlan'', Paris, 1946. * M.A. Czaplıcka, ''The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day'', Oxford, 1918. * W. Eberhard, ''Kultur und Siedlung der Randvölker China'', 1942. * L. Hambis, ''La Haute-Asie'', Paris, 1953. * Hammer-Purgstall, Von, ''Historie de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu!a nos jours'', Paris, 1835. * H.H. Howorth, ''History of the Mongols'', Londra, 1876. * Jean-Paul Roux, Türklerin Tarihi - Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yıl, 2004

References

Sources

* * * * * * (First paperback edition) * * * * * * {{Cite journal , last=Lee , first=Joo-Yup , date=2016 , title=The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia , url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 , journal=Central Asiatic Journal , volume=59 , issue=1-2 , pages=101–132 , doi=10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 , issn=0008-9192 History of Central Asia History of Asia History of Africa History of Europe History of the Middle East Turkic people Turkish people

Origins

The beginning of Turkic history

3rd century BC In the Mediterranean Basin, the first few decades of this century were characterized by a balance of power between the Greek Hellenistic kingdoms in the east, and the great mercantile power of Carthage in the west. This balance was shattered ...

2nd century BC The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, although depending on the region being studied, other terms may be more suitable. It is also considered to be ...

1st century BC The 1st century BC, also known as the last century BC and the last century BCE, started on the first day of 100 BC and ended on the last day of 1 BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero; however, astronomical year numbe ...

1st century The 1st century was the century spanning AD 1 ( I) through AD 100 ( C) according to the Julian calendar. It is often written as the or to distinguish it from the 1st century BC (or BCE) which preceded it. The 1st century is considered part of ...

2nd century The 2nd century is the period from 101 ( CI) through 200 ( CC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. Early in the century, the Roman Empire attained its greatest exp ...

3rd century The 3rd century was the period from 201 ( CCI) to 300 ( CCC) Anno Domini (AD) or Common Era (CE) in the Julian calendar.. In this century, the Roman Empire saw a crisis, starting with the assassination of the Roman Emperor Severus Alexander ...

4th century The 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini/Common era) was the time period which lasted from 301 ( CCCI) through 400 ( CD). In the West, the early part of the century was shaped by Constantine the Great, who became the first Roma ...

5th century The 5th century is the time period from 401 ( CDI) through 500 ( D) ''Anno Domini'' (AD) or Common Era (CE) in the Julian calendar. The 5th century is noted for being a period of migration and political instability throughout Eurasia. It saw the ...

Middle Ages/Turks

6th century The 6th century is the period from 501 through 600 in line with the Julian calendar. In the West, the century marks the end of Classical Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. The collapse of the Western Roman Empire late in the previous ...

7th century The 7th century is the period from 601 ( DCI) through 700 ( DCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era. The spread of Islam and the Muslim conquests began with the unification of Arabia by Muhammad starting in 622. After Mu ...

8th century The 8th century is the period from 701 ( DCCI) through 800 ( DCCC) in accordance with the Julian Calendar. The coast of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula quickly came under Islamic Arab domination. The westward expansion of the Umayyad Emp ...

9th century The 9th century was a period from 801 ( DCCCI) through 900 ( CM) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The Carolingian Renaissance and the Viking raids occurred within this period. In the Middle East, the House of Wisdom was founded in Abbas ...

10th century The 10th century was the period from 901 ( CMI) through 1000 ( M) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the last century of the 1st millennium. In China the Song dynasty was established. The Muslim World experienced a cultural zenith, e ...

11th century The 11th century is the period from 1001 ( MI) through 1100 ( MC) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium. In the history of Europe, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. T ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

Iran and Central Asia

13th century The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 ( MCCI) through December 31, 1300 ( MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Eur ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ... and the Middle East

14th century As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was a century lasting from 1 January 1301 ( MCCCI), to 31 December 1400 ( MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and na ...

15th century The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian dates from 1 January 1401 ( MCDI) to 31 December 1500 ( MD). In Europe, the 15th century includes parts of the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the early modern period. M ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

Modern era (1500 CE - )

16th century The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 ( MDI) and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 ( MDC) (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). The 16th centur ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

17th century The 17th century lasted from January 1, 1601 ( MDCI), to December 31, 1700 ( MDCC). It falls into the early modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movemen ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 ( MDCCI) to December 31, 1800 ( MDCCC). During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions. During the century, slave tradi ...

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

19th century The 19th (nineteenth) century began on 1 January 1801 ( MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 ( MCM). The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium. The 19th century was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was abolish ...

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

20th century The 20th (twentieth) century began on January 1, 1901 ( MCMI), and ended on December 31, 2000 ( MM). The 20th century was dominated by significant events that defined the modern era: Spanish flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nucle ...

21st century The 21st (twenty-first) century is the current century in the ''Anno Domini'' era or Common Era, under the Gregorian calendar. It began on 1 January 2001 ( MMI) and will end on 31 December 2100 ( MMC). Marking the beginning of the 21st centur ...

Books

Notes

Turkish books

English and foreign books

See also

References

Sources

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
and the Middle East