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Higher education in Ontario includes postsecondary education and skills training regulated by the Ministry of Colleges and Universities and provided by universities, colleges of applied arts and technology, and private career colleges.Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2007, March 20). ''Role of the ministry''. Retrieved September 18th 2011, from http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/about/role.html The current minister is
Jill Dunlop Jill Dunlop is a Canadian politician who is the Ontario Minister of Colleges and Universities since June 18, 2021. She represents the riding of Simcoe North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a member of the Progressive Conservative Part ...
who was appointed in June 2021. The ministry administers laws covering 22 public universities,Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2011, September 18). ''Find a university''. Retrieved September 18, 2011, from http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/postsecondary/schoolsprograms/university/index.html 24 public colleges (21 Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) and three Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning (ITALs)),Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2011, September 27). ''Find a college''. Retrieved September 27, 2011, from http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/postsecondary/schoolsprograms/college/ 17 privately funded religious universities,Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2010). ''Private Universities''. Retrieved January 10, 2011, from http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/postsecondary/schoolsprograms/puni/ and over 500 private career colleges.Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2011, September 27). ''Private career colleges''. Retrieved September 27, 2011, from http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/postsecondary/schoolsprograms/pcc/ 18 of the top 50 research universities in Canada are in Ontario. The
Constitution of Canada The Constitution of Canada (french: Constitution du Canada) is the supreme law in Canada. It outlines Canada's system of government and the civil and human rights of those who are citizens of Canada and non-citizens in Canada. Its contents a ...
provides each province with the responsibility for
higher education Higher education is tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after compl ...
; there is no corresponding federal ministry of higher education.Department of Justice Canada (n.d.). ''Distribution of legislative powers''. Retrieved Nov 16, 2011, from http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-5.html#anchorbo-ga:s_91-gb:s_93 Within
Canadian federalism Canadian federalism () involves the current nature and historical development of the federal system in Canada. Canada is a federation with eleven components: the national Government of Canada and ten provincial governments. All eleven ...
the division of responsibilities and taxing powers between the Ontario and Canadian governments creates the need for cooperation to fund and deliver higher education to students. Each higher education system aims to improve participation, access, and mobility for students. There are two central organizations that assist with the process of applying to Ontario universities and colleges: the
Ontario Universities' Application Centre The Ontario Universities' Application Centre (OUAC) (french: Centre de demande d’admission aux universités de l’Ontario) is a non-profit organization based in Guelph that processes online applications for admission to universities in Ontario, ...
and
Ontario College Application Service The Ontario College Application Service (OCAS) is a non-profit corporation created by Yomi O and the Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology and Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning in the province of Ontario, Canada. The Ontario College ...
. While application services are centralized, admission and selection processes vary and are the purview of each institution independently. Admission to many Ontario postsecondary institutions can be highly competitive. Post-secondary students in Ontario are typically represented by
student union A students' union, also known by many other names, is a student organization present in many colleges, universities, and high schools. In higher education, the students' union is often accorded its own building on the campus, dedicated to social ...
s affiliated with one of several provincial or national student associations.


History


Pre-confederation, 1791–1866

The Constitutional Act of 1791 by the
British House of Commons The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. The House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 65 ...
divided the old province of Quebec into two British colonies. The western colony became
Upper Canada The Province of Upper Canada (french: link=no, province du Haut-Canada) was a Province, part of The Canadas, British Canada established in 1791 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, to govern the central third of the lands in British North Americ ...
with
John Graves Simcoe John Graves Simcoe (25 February 1752 – 26 October 1806) was a British Army general and the first lieutenant governor of Upper Canada from 1791 until 1796 in southern Ontario and the watersheds of Georgian Bay and Lake Superior. He founded Yor ...
as its first head of state by fulfilling the role of
Lieutenant Governor A lieutenant governor, lieutenant-governor, or vice governor is a high officer of state, whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction. Often a lieutenant governor is the deputy, or lieutenant, to or ranked under a governor — a "second-in-comm ...
. Governor Simcoe was the first advocate for establishing educational institutions in the new colony to increase citizens' connection to Britain and prevent the incursion of influence from post-revolutionary schools in the United States. In 1797, the
Duke of Portland Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they are ranke ...
agreed, on behalf of the British King, to the request from the Legislative Council and
House of Assembly House of Assembly is a name given to the legislature or lower house of a bicameral parliament. In some countries this may be at a subnational level. Historically, in British Crown colonies A Crown colony or royal colony was a colony adm ...
of Upper Canada for a portion of Crown Land to support the foundation of grammar schools and a college or university. Higher education preceded
Canadian confederation Canadian Confederation (french: Confédération canadienne, link=no) was the process by which three British North American provinces, the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, were united into one federation called the Dominio ...
with the establishment of private and sectarian universities in Ontario during the early 19th century.Fisher, D., Rubenson, K., Bernatchez, J., Clift, R., Jones, G., Lee, J., MacIvor, M., Meredith, J., Shanahan, T., & Trottier, C. (2006). ''Canadian federal policy and postsecondary education''. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Printcrafters, pp. 9-10. Initially, Ontario's first three universities were formed with religious affiliations.Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials (2006, January 5). ''Postsecondary education in Ontario''. Retrieved June 8, 2008, from http://www.cicic.ca/en/page.aspx?sortcode=2.20.24.27.31.32 Established in 1827, King's College was associated with the
Church of England The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Brit ...
through its first president John Strachan, which was later secularized by the government of
Upper Canada The Province of Upper Canada (french: link=no, province du Haut-Canada) was a Province, part of The Canadas, British Canada established in 1791 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, to govern the central third of the lands in British North Americ ...
to become the
University of Toronto The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution ...
. The Presbyterian Church established Queen's College in 1841. In addition, the Roman Catholic
Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI) is a missionary religious congregation in the Catholic Church. It was founded on January 25, 1816, by Eugène de Mazenod, a French priest born in Aix-en-Provence in the south of France on August 1, ...
established the College of Bytown in 1848. In 1866, the College of Bytown completed its conversion to the
University of Ottawa The University of Ottawa (french: Université d'Ottawa), often referred to as uOttawa or U of O, is a bilingual public research university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on directly to the northeast of Downtown Ottaw ...
through incorporation by
Royal charter A royal charter is a formal grant issued by a monarch under royal prerogative as letters patent. Historically, they have been used to promulgate public laws, the most famous example being the English Magna Carta (great charter) of 1215, b ...
from the government in
London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...
,
England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...
.University of Ottawa (2006, December 20). ''Timeline: Major milestones 1866''. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from https://www.uottawa.ca/since1848/ In 1912, Queen's College ended its affiliation with the Presbyterian Church and became Queen's University.


Post-confederation, 1867–1899

In 1867, section 91 of the
Canadian constitution The Constitution of Canada (french: Constitution du Canada) is the supreme law in Canada. It outlines Canada's system of government and the civil and human rights of those who are citizens of Canada and non-citizens in Canada. Its contents ar ...
established that the government of Canada has responsibility for trade and commerce whereas section 93 conferred to each province responsibility for education.
Higher education in Canada Higher education in Canada includes provincial, territorial, indigenous and military higher education systems. Higher education systems in Canada In Canada, the constitutional responsibility for higher education primarily rests with the provi ...
reflects this division of powers in
Canadian federalism Canadian federalism () involves the current nature and historical development of the federal system in Canada. Canada is a federation with eleven components: the national Government of Canada and ten provincial governments. All eleven ...
through the overlapping of interests and responsibilities between the provinces and the federal presence in higher education in Canada. In 1868, the province of Ontario withdrew financial support for religious universities. In 1874, the Canadian government established the first federal institution of higher education in Kingston, Ontario, the
Royal Military College of Canada '') , established = 1876 , type = Military academy , chancellor = Anita Anand ('' la, ex officio, label=none'' as Defence Minister) , principal = Harry Kowal , head_label ...
. In 1876, the Ontario Society of Artists founded the forerunner to the
Ontario College of Art & Design Ontario College of Art & Design University, commonly known as OCAD University or OCAD, is a public art university located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The university's main campus is spread throughout several buildings and facilities withi ...
at the
Toronto Normal School The Toronto Normal School was a teachers college in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Opened in 1847, the Normal School was located at Church and Gould streets in central Toronto (after 1852), and was a predecessor to the current Ontario Institute for ...
. In 1878, Bishop
Isaac Hellmuth Isaac Hellmuth (December 14, 1819 – 28 May 1901), second Anglican Bishop of the Diocese of Huron, was the founder of Huron University College and the University of Western Ontario, one of Canada's leading universities. He was also founder of H ...
founded the "Western University of London" with religious affiliation to the
Anglican Diocese of Huron The Diocese of Huron is a diocese of the Ecclesiastical Province of Ontario of the Anglican Church of Canada. The diocese comprises just over 31,000 square kilometres in southwestern Ontario, sandwiched between Lake Huron and Lake Erie. Its See ...
and later the institution became the non-denominational
University of Western Ontario The University of Western Ontario (UWO), also known as Western University or Western, is a public research university in London, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on of land, surrounded by residential neighbourhoods and the Thames R ...
. In 1887,
William McMaster William McMaster (24 December 1811 – 22 September 1887) was a Canadian wholesaler, senator and banker in the 19th century. A director of the Bank of Montreal from 1864 to 1867, he was a driving force behind the creation of the Canadian Ba ...
founded
McMaster University McMaster University (McMaster or Mac) is a public research university in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The main McMaster campus is on of land near the residential neighbourhoods of Ainslie Wood and Westdale, adjacent to the Royal Botanical Ga ...
by merging Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College. By 1899, there were seven higher education institutions established in Ontario.


Early 20th century, 1900–1945

In 1900, the
Dominican Order The Order of Preachers ( la, Ordo Praedicatorum) abbreviated OP, also known as the Dominicans, is a Catholic mendicant order of Pontifical Right for men founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest, saint and mystic Dominic of ...
established the Dominican College of Philosophy and Theology that later became the
Dominican University College The Dominican University College (DUC; french: Collège universitaire dominicain) is a bilingual university located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Since 2012, Dominican University College has been an affiliated college of Carleton University. F ...
. In 1906, controversy over the role of the Ontario government and the leadership of the
University of Toronto The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution ...
led to the
Flavelle commission The Flavelle commission, officially the royal commission on the University of Toronto, was a royal commission that studied university governance in Ontario. Joseph Flavelle led the commission, which focussed on governance of the University of ...
that articulated a separation of powers, resulting in the widespread adoption of the
bicameral Bicameralism is a type of legislature, one divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature. Bicameralism is distinguished from unicameralism, in which all members deliberate and vote as a single gr ...
model for university
governance Governance is the process of interactions through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society over a social system ( family, tribe, formal or informal organization, a territory or across territories). It is done by the g ...
in Canada.Jones, G. & Skolnik, M. (1997). Governing boards in Canadian universities lectronic version '' The Review of Higher Education'', 20, 3, p. 278. In 1911, the
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC; french: Église évangélique luthérienne au Canada) is Canada's largest Lutheran denomination, with 95,000 baptized members in 519 congregations, with the second largest, the Lutheran Church– ...
founded the Waterloo Lutheran Seminary that was associated with the development of the
University of Waterloo The University of Waterloo (UWaterloo, UW, or Waterloo) is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is on of land adjacent to "Uptown" Waterloo and Waterloo Park. The university also operates ...
and
Wilfrid Laurier University Wilfrid Laurier University (commonly referred to as WLU or simply Laurier) is a public university in Ontario, Canada, with campuses in Waterloo, Brantford and Milton. The newer Brantford and Milton campuses are not considered satellite campuses ...
. Higher education was a low-priority under the provincial government of
Mitchell Hepburn Mitchell Frederick Hepburn (August 12, 1896 – January 5, 1953) was the 11th premier of Ontario, from 1934 to 1942. He was the youngest premier in Ontario history, appointed at age 37. He was the only Ontario Liberal Party leader in the 20th cent ...
due to the effects of the Depression but universities supported the national war effort through funding from the government of Canada. In 1942, the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning established the non-denominational Carleton College that later became
Carleton University Carleton University is an English-language public research university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1942 as Carleton College, the institution originally operated as a private, non-denominational evening college to serve returning Wo ...
. By 1945, there were three publicly supported secular universities, six denominational private colleges, and several vocational institutes.


Late 20th century, 1946–1999

In 1946, the government of Ontario established the Lakehead Technical Institute in Port Arthur (now
Thunder Bay Thunder Bay is a city in and the seat of Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada. It is the most populous municipality in Northwestern Ontario and the second most populous (after Greater Sudbury) municipality in Northern Ontario; its populati ...
) that later became
Lakehead University Lakehead University is a public research university with campuses in Thunder Bay and Orillia, Ontario, Canada. Lakehead University, shortened to 'Lakehead U', is non-denominational and provincially supported. It has undergraduate programs, gradua ...
. In 1948,
Howard Hillen Kerr Howard Hillen Kerr (December 25, 1900 - June 16, 1984) was the first principal of the Ryerson Institute of Technology (now Toronto Metropolitan University). Kerr was born on a farm near Seaforth, Ontario. He graduated from the University of Tor ...
persuaded the government of Ontario to turn the Training and Re-Establishment Institute for veterans into the Ryerson Institute of Technology. Over the following forty-five years, the institute expanded its vocational focus to become Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University). In 1951, the provincial government hired a part-time consultant on higher education policy matters to support the Minister of Education given that no office in the government or agency had ever had full responsibility for the sector.Jones, G. (1997). Higher education in Ontario. In G. Jones (Ed.), ''Higher education in Canada: Different systems, different perspectives''. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, p. 142. In 1956, Premier
Leslie Frost Leslie Miscampbell Frost (September 20, 1895 – May 4, 1973) was a politician in Ontario, Canada, who served as the province's 16th premier from May 4, 1949, to November 8, 1961. Due to his lengthy tenure, he gained the nickname "Old Man O ...
replaced the consultant with a committee of senior government officials who served two years before being replaced by civil servants from the government departments of economics, education and treasury who made up the ''University Committee''. In 1957, Gerry Hagey, Ira Needles, and Rev. Cornelius Siegfried founded the Waterloo College Associate Faculties that later became the
University of Waterloo The University of Waterloo (UWaterloo, UW, or Waterloo) is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is on of land adjacent to "Uptown" Waterloo and Waterloo Park. The university also operates ...
. In 1959, the government of Ontario established
York University York University (french: Université York), also known as YorkU or simply YU, is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is Canada's fourth-largest university, and it has approximately 55,700 students, 7,000 faculty and sta ...
and Murray Ross served as the founding president. By 1960, there were five publicly supported secular universities. In 1960, the government of Ontario established
Laurentian University Laurentian University (french: Université Laurentienne), officially the Laurentian University of Sudbury, is a mid-sized bilingual public university in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, incorporated on March 28, 1960. Laurentian offers a variety ...
as a bilingual federation representing Roman Catholic, United, and Anglican religious affiliations. In 1961, the government expanded and changed the ''University Committee'' into an ''Advisory Committee on University Affairs'' consisting of civil servants and non-government members. In 1962, the government of Ontario formed the
University of Windsor , mottoeng = Goodness, Discipline and Knowledge , established = , academic_affiliations = CARL, COU, Universities Canada , former_names = Assumption College (1857-1956)Assumption University of Windsor (1956-1963) , type = Public universi ...
as part of turning Assumption University into a federated institution. By 1963, Ontario's post-secondary system consisted of 14 universities (with 35,000 full-time undergraduate students), seven institutes of technology (with just over 4,000 students), 11 teachers colleges, almost 60 hospital schools of nursing, and the Ontario College of Art. In 1964, the government introduced a Department of University Affairs within the Ministry of Education under Minister
Bill Davis William Grenville Davis, (July 30, 1929 – August 8, 2021) was a Canadian politician who served as the 18th premier of Ontario from 1971 to 1985. Davis was first elected as the member of provincial Parliament for Peel in the 1959 provincia ...
. In the same year, the provincial government founded
Brock University Brock University is a public research university in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. It is the only university in Canada in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, at the centre of Canada's Niagara Peninsula on the Niagara Escarpment. The university bears t ...
named after
Sir Isaac Brock Major-General Sir Isaac Brock KB (6 October 1769 – 13 October 1812) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator from Guernsey. Brock was assigned to Lower Canada in 1802. Despite facing desertions and near-mutinies, he com ...
, the
University of Guelph , mottoeng = "to learn the reasons of realities" , established = May 8, 1964 ()As constituents: OAC: (1874) Macdonald Institute: (1903) OVC: (1922) , type = Public university , chancellor ...
through integrating three institutions, and
Trent University Trent University is a public liberal arts university in Peterborough, Ontario, with a satellite campus in Oshawa, which serves the Regional Municipality of Durham. Trent is known for its Oxbridge college system and small class sizes.
. In the mid-1960s, the government of Ontario passed legislation to establish a new category of post-secondary institutions called Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATS) with an emphasis on vocational, technological, and general education. In 1966, the provincial government began to establish an applied arts college system with the Centennial College of Applied Arts and Technology as the first college. In 1967, the government of Ontario established twenty-three more CAATs. The universities retained a monopoly over the right to grant degrees and the government defined clear non-degree granting mandates for the CAATs thereby creating a binary system of higher education within Ontario. Also in 1967, the government of Ontario responded to citizens' interest to form Algoma College which became a university in 2008. In addition, the government formed Nipissing College in affiliation with
Laurentian University Laurentian University (french: Université Laurentienne), officially the Laurentian University of Sudbury, is a mid-sized bilingual public university in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, incorporated on March 28, 1960. Laurentian offers a variety ...
. In 1992, the provincial government converted Nipissing College into
Nipissing University , mottoeng = Spirit of Integrity , established = , former_names = Northeastern University (1960-1967), Nipissing College (1967-1992) , type = Public University , academic_affiliation = COU, CVU, Universities Canada , endowment ...
. The
1995 Ontario general election The 1995 Ontario general election was held on June 8, 1995, to elect members of the 36th Legislative Assembly of the province of Ontario, Canada. The writs for the election were dropped on April 28, 1995. The governing New Democratic Party, led ...
provided a large majority for the new
Mike Harris Michael Deane Harris (born January 23, 1945) is a Canadian retired politician who served as the 22nd premier of Ontario from 1995 to 2002 and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (PC Party) from 1990 to 2002. During his time ...
government. After 1995, the provincial government undertook actions that led to increased privatization within higher education, blurred boundaries in the binary structure, institutional differentiation, and the overall system's expansion. In 1996, the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training released the first review of higher education as a system.


Early twenty-first century, 2000–present

By 2000, there were a total of twenty public universities established in Ontario. In 2002, the government of Ontario created the
University of Ontario Institute of Technology Ontario Tech University (OTU), also known as Ontario Tech, is a public research university located in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. The university's main campus is located on approximately of land in northern Oshawa, while its secondary satellite cam ...
to increase supply and address a change in the
Ontario Academic Credit The Ontario Academic Credit (OAC) (which may also be known as 12b) (french: Cours préuniversitaire de l'Ontario or CPO) was a fifth year of secondary school education that previously existed in the province of Ontario, Canada, designed for students ...
system that created a double cohort of students entering post-secondary education. In 2005, the Honourable
Bob Rae Robert Keith Rae (born August 2, 1948) is a Canadian diplomat and former politician who is the current Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations since 2020. He previously served as the 21st premier of Ontario from 1990 to 1995, leader of th ...
released a comprehensive review of postsecondary education entitled ''Ontario: A leader in learning'', more commonly known as the Rae Report or Rae Review. Within four months of its release, the provincial government of Premier Dalton McGuinty implemented an investment plan for postsecondary education called "Reaching Higher" outlining its strategy until 2010.Office of the premier (2005, May 13). ''Reaching higher: The McGuinty government plan for postsecondary education.'' Retrieved Nov 24, 2011, from http://www.premier.gov.on.ca/news/event.php?ItemID=4910&Lang=EN As part of this plan, the provincial government accepted a recommendation of the Rae Report to establish the
Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario The Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario (HEQCO) is a provincial agency funded by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, Ontario Ministry of Colleges and Universities (MCU). The goal of the agency is to provide recommendati ...
as an independent advisory agency. On June 18, 2008, the provincial government converted Algoma University College into
Algoma University Algoma University, commonly shortened to Algoma U or Algoma, is a public university with its main campus located in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. With a particular focus on the needs of Northern Ontario, Algoma U is a teaching-focused and s ...
. In 2000, the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development authorized Ontario's Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) to offer a limited number of applied baccalaureate degrees under the ''Postsecondary Education Choice and Excellence Act, 2000''.


Ontario Provincial Government and Postsecondary education, 1943–present


Governance

The higher education system in Ontario includes the interaction among government, external advisory bodies, educational institutions, and associations. The
Canadian constitution The Constitution of Canada (french: Constitution du Canada) is the supreme law in Canada. It outlines Canada's system of government and the civil and human rights of those who are citizens of Canada and non-citizens in Canada. Its contents ar ...
allocates responsibility for higher education to the provinces. In Ontario, executive responsibility lies with the Minister of Colleges and Universities, who is a member of the
Executive Council of Ontario The Executive Council of Ontario (french: Conseil des ministres de l'Ontario), often informally referred to as the Cabinet of Ontario (french: Cabinet de l'Ontario, links=no), is the cabinet of the Canadian province of Ontario. It comprises minis ...
(or cabinet) headed by the
Premier Premier is a title for the head of government in central governments, state governments and local governments of some countries. A second in command to a premier is designated as a deputy premier. A premier will normally be a head of governm ...
and accountable to the
Legislative Assembly of Ontario The Legislative Assembly of Ontario (OLA, french: Assemblée législative de l'Ontario) is the legislative chamber of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. Its elected members are known as Member of Provincial ...
. The Minister through the Deputy Minister manages the operations of the Ministry that has responsibility for administration of laws relating to postsecondary education and skills training in Ontario.Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2011, Oct 20). ''Organizational chart''. Retrieved Nov 24 2011, from http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/tcu_chart.pdf The Ministry of Colleges and Universities also works with several external advisory bodies to assist the governance of the higher education system in Ontario.Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities Ontario (2007, March 16). ''Agencies, boards, and commissions''. Retrieved Nov 24, 2011, from http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/abcs/ Governance within Ontario universities generally follows a bicameral approach with separation of authority between a board and senate.Jones, G. & Skolnik, M. (1997). Governing boards in Canadian universities lectronic version ''The Review of Higher Education'', 20, 3, p. 290.


Structure

Ontario has a binary public post-secondary education structure consisting of parallel college and university systems. The public college system comprises 21 colleges of applied arts and technology and three institutes of technology and advanced learning. The public university system comprises twenty-two universities. Some universities have federated and/or affiliated colleges which are considered part of the public university system. In addition, there are seventeen private religious universities and over 500 private career colleges that are not classified as universities. Ontario's private career colleges provide specific skills training for employment and must be registered with the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development. A program run by ServiceOntario enables students to search for career colleges providing
vocational A vocation () is an occupation to which a person is especially drawn or for which they are suited, trained or qualified. People can be given information about a new occupation through student orientation. Though now often used in non-religious c ...
training in their field of interest.


Associations and organizations

There are eight associations in Ontario that provide representation for faculty, staff, institutions, and students by interacting within the structure of higher education in Ontario.


Institutional associations

* Established in 1962, the
Council of Ontario Universities The Council of Ontario Universities (COU) provides a forum for Ontario’s universities to collaborate and advocate in support of their shared mission to the benefit and prosperity of students, communities and the province of Ontario. A membershi ...
(COU) represents twenty degree-granting institutions through a committee consisting of one executive and one academic from each member institution.Council of Ontario Universities (n.d.). ''About council''. Retrieved Nov 25, 2011, from http://www.cou.on.ca/about.aspx The COU supports a wide range of activities regarding issues to enhance the role of universities (e.g.
Council & Committees
and collaboration between institutions to increase effectiveness (e.g., sharing information throug
Common University Data Ontario
. * Colleges Ontario is the advocacy and outreach association of Ontario's 24 Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (including three Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning).Colleges Ontario (n.d.). ''What is Colleges Ontario''. Retrieved Nov 16 2011 from http://www.collegesontario.org/


Faculty associations

* Established in 1964, the Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations (OCUFA) represents 15,000 teachers, researchers, and librarians through its interaction with the Ontario government, opposition parties, related agencies, and associations. OCUFA allows its twenty-three member faculty associations to coordinate media relations and research for collective bargaining.Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations (n.d.). ''Who we are''. Retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://www.ocufa.on.ca/ In addition, OCUFA publishes the quarterly journal ''
Academic Matters {{Infobox magazine , title = Academic Matters: OCUFA's Journal of Higher Education , logo = Academic Matters journal cover.JPG , logo_size = , image_size = , image_file = , image_alt = , image_caption = Cover of Spring/Summer 2018 issue o ...
'', the monthly electronic newsletter ''Ontario University Report'', and provides research briefs and reports on its website. For advocacy, OCUFA has a separate website entitled Quality Matters. * Established in 1974, the Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations & Unions (COUSA) represents non-union and union non-academic staff by providing a forum to share information, workshops, a common lobbying voice, and a method for collective action. In addition, COUSA participates in a Coalition for Post-Secondary Education that includes the
Ontario Public Service Employees Union The Ontario Public Service Employees Union (OPSEU; french: Syndicat des employés de la fonction publique de l'Ontario EFPOlink=no) is a trade union representing public sector employees in the province of Ontario, Canada. It claims a membership ...
and related higher education associations.Confederation of Ontario University Staff Associations and Unions (n.d.). ''About COUSA''. Retrieved Nov 25, 2011 from http://www.cousa.on.ca/aboutus.php


Student associations

* Established in 1975, the
College Student Alliance The College Student Alliance (CSA) is a provincial advocacy organization in Ontario that represents students attending community college A community college is a type of educational institution. The term can have different meanings in differ ...
(CSA) represents 109,000 students across twenty student associations at colleges in Ontario. The CSA focuses on developing its members and advocacy on issues for students at college and college-university institutions.College Student Alliance (n.d.). ''Who we are''. Retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://www.collegestudentalliance.ca/aboutus.asp * Established in 1981, the Canadian Federation of Students Ontario represents 300,000 students across thirty-five student unions in Ontario. The federation focuses on advocacy through effective research, lobbying, and student mobilization. * Established in 1992, the
Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance The Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance (OUSA) is an alliance of students' unions in Ontario, Canada. Their common objective is to protect the interests of over 150,000 professional and undergraduate, full-time and part-time university students ...
represents 155,000 students at eight Ontario higher education institutions. The alliance focuses on higher education issues related to accessibility, affordability, accountability and quality. * Established in 1995, the
Canadian Alliance of Student Associations The Canadian Alliance of Student Associations (CASA) is a federally focused student advocacy organization. CASA currently has 24 members, who represent over 275,000 students from across Canada. With a formal partnership with the Quebec Student Un ...
(CASA) represents 275,000 students across Canada and one student association in Ontario. * Established in 2015, the
Undergraduates of Canadian Research Intensive Universities The Undergraduates of Canadian Research Intensive Universities (UCRU) is an alliance of students' unions in Canada. Their common objective is to protect the interests and advocate on behalf of over 240,000 undergraduate university students from Can ...
(UCRU) represents 250,000 students across Canada and five student associations in Ontario. Membership in the UCRU is open to student associations that represent undergraduate students at a university in the
U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities The U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities (french: U15 – Regroupement des universités de recherche du Canada, commonly shortened to U15) is an association of 15 Canadian public research universities. It is headquartered in Ottawa and was ...
.


Centralized organizations

* Founded in 2005 the
Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario The Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario (HEQCO) is a provincial agency funded by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, Ontario Ministry of Colleges and Universities (MCU). The goal of the agency is to provide recommendati ...
(HEQCO) is an independent agency funded by the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development and provides recommendations to enhance access, quality and accountability of Ontario's colleges and universities. * Founded in 1971 the
Ontario Universities' Application Centre The Ontario Universities' Application Centre (OUAC) (french: Centre de demande d’admission aux universités de l’Ontario) is a non-profit organization based in Guelph that processes online applications for admission to universities in Ontario, ...
(OUAC) is an organization acting as a bureau managing applications to universities in Ontario. *
Ontario College Application Service The Ontario College Application Service (OCAS) is a non-profit corporation created by Yomi O and the Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology and Institutes of Technology and Advanced Learning in the province of Ontario, Canada. The Ontario College ...
(OCAS) is a corporation created by the Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology in Ontario. It provides a centralized application system for prospective students. * Ontario Council on Articulation and Transfer (ONCAT) traces its roots to the College University Consortium Council (CUCC) which was established in 1996. ONCAT was founded in 2011. It is a coordinating body to develop and maintain a new transfer portal and transfer guide. The purpose is to assist students to transfer between institutions and research and report on credit transfer activity and results.


Funding

The public funding of higher education in Ontario primarily relies on cooperation between the
government of Canada The government of Canada (french: gouvernement du Canada) is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown is the corporation sole, assuming distinct roles: the executive, as the ''Crown-i ...
and the
government of Ontario The government of Ontario (french: Gouvernement de l'Ontario) is the body responsible for the administration of the Canadian province of Ontario. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown—represented in the province by the lieutenant governor� ...
. Public funding of higher education involves direct public funding of institutions for instruction,
investment Investment is the dedication of money to purchase of an asset to attain an increase in value over a period of time. Investment requires a sacrifice of some present asset, such as time, money, or effort. In finance, the purpose of investing is ...
, and
research Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness ...
combined with funding of students. To fund public higher education institutions, the
government of Ontario The government of Ontario (french: Gouvernement de l'Ontario) is the body responsible for the administration of the Canadian province of Ontario. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown—represented in the province by the lieutenant governor� ...
can use funds from the
Canada Health Transfer The Canada Health Transfer (CHT) (french: Transfert canadien en matière de santé) is the Canadian government's transfer payment program in support of the health systems of the provinces and territories of Canada. The program was originally com ...
, Equalization and Territorial Formula Financing programs for financing instruction and investment. Funding of research is supported by the
Canada Foundation for Innovation The Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI; french: Fondation canadienne pour l'innovation, ''FCI'') is an independent not-for-profit organization that invests in research facilities and equipment in Canada's universities, colleges, research hospital ...
, Canada Research Chairs program, th
Indirect Costs of Research program
and throug
Networks of Centres of Excellence
Both governments of Canada and Ontario provide funding and support for post-secondary students. * Parents receive funding from the government of Canada to save money for the post-secondary education of their children. The Registered Education Savings Plan (RESP) is a financial instrument that acts as a tax shelter. The Canada Education Savings Grant provides funds to eligible parents to deposit into a RESP account. The Canada Learning Bond targets assistance to parents less likely to have funds available to contribute to a RESP account. * Students may receive funding through Canadian student loans from th
Canada-Ontario Integrated Student Loan
program, grants or targeted bursaries available through the Ontario Student Assistance Program, or funds available from the Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation. In addition, students with earnings who have previously contributed to a Canadian retirement tax shelter (i.e., the Registered Retirement Savings Plan) may make tax-free withdrawals under the Canadian tax system using th
Lifelong Learning Plan
as long as the funds are repaid within a ten-year period. Graduate students may also be eligible for funding through the
Ontario Graduate Scholarship The Ontario Graduate Scholarship(s) (OGS) program offers, merit based, annual scholarships to eligible students who will pursue graduate studies in order to complete a master's degree, PhD or doctorate at a university in Ontario, Canada. The s ...
program or by applying for funding through the
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC; french: Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada, CRSH) is a Canadian federal research-funding agency that promotes and supports post-secondary research and traini ...
. * Students with family incomes below $160,000 are eligible for a 30% off university tuition rebate of $1,780 from the province. Tuition fees in Ontario are higher than any other province in Canada. On average, undergraduate students pay 29% more and graduate students pay 41% more compared to the Canadian average. In the last 20 years, Ontario college tuition fees outpaced inflation by 435% and undergraduate tuition fees by 601%. Universities in Ontario educate more students with less provincial funding per student than any other province.


Academic quality

A 2018 study of students in their first and last years at university found that, in the use of written or numerical information to solve problems, 25% of students showed inadequate ability, 45% showed adequate ability, while 30% showed superior ability. A comparison of
critical thinking Critical thinking is the analysis of available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to form a judgement. The subject is complex; several different definitions exist, which generally include the rational, skeptical, and unbiased ana ...
skills showed little improvement over the course of an average student's academic career.


Access and participation

Ontario boasts the highest postsecondary participation and attainment rates among Canadian provinces, ranking high in international comparisons as well. A 2010 report from
Statistics Canada Statistics Canada (StatCan; french: Statistique Canada), formed in 1971, is the agency of the Government of Canada commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and cultu ...
, ''Education Indicators in Canada: An International Perspective'', indicates that 63% of Ontario's population aged 25–34 have educational attainment to at least the tertiary level as compared to the national average of 56% and the average across
OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate ...
countries of 37%. A study commissioned by Colleges Ontario found that, between 2001–02 to 2006–07, 60% of Ontario students enrolled directly in postsecondary programs (34% in university, 20% in college, and 6% in apprenticeships) after five years of secondary school. Despite these comparatively strong participation and attainment rates, under-represented groups in Ontario face access issues that are common around the world. The
Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario The Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario (HEQCO) is a provincial agency funded by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, Ontario Ministry of Colleges and Universities (MCU). The goal of the agency is to provide recommendati ...
(HEQCO) illustrates that issues such as geography and disability have negative impacts on participation that may largely relate back to family income and the cost of postsecondary education, but the two most significant factors affecting postsecondary participation in Ontario are parents' level of education and Aboriginal status, factors that relate more to the perception of higher education rather than the actual costs.Norrie, K. and Zhao, H. (2011). ''An Overview of PSE Accessibility in Ontario''. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario. Retrieved November 18, 2011 from http://www.heqco.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/At-Issue-8-Accessibility-ENG.pdf Ontario's Liberal government and the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development embarked on the ''Reaching Higher'' plan for postsecondary education in the province beginning in 2005. The plan calls for a $6.2 billion investment in postsecondary education to address such issues as capacity, access, financial assistance and more, including a target postsecondary attainment rate of 70%.Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities (2010). ''Postsecondary Education: Reaching Higher''. Retrieved November 18, 2011 from http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/postsec/reachinghigher.html ''Reaching Higher'' follows the 2005 report by the Honourable Bob Rae, ''Ontario: A Leader in Learning (a.k.a. the Rae Report)'', which also sparked the creation of the HEQCO. While current government efforts are intended to address issues of access, the HEQCO warns that a lack of reliable system-wide data will make it difficult to monitor the effects of these efforts and the state of access and participation in the future. One current source of data, Stats Canada's ''Youth in Transitions Survey (YITS)'', will soon end while another Stats Canada source, the ''Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID)'', provides less comprehensive data with respect to higher education transitions specifically. In 2014, Ontario postsecondary enrolment fell for the first time in 15 years, with 2.9% fewer students enrolled at universities and 3.5% fewer at community colleges.


Mobility and transfer

Ontario has a binary postsecondary education system consisting essentially of universities on one hand and colleges on the other (see
Structure A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such a ...
for details). This binary structure has been long-standing and intentional with little mobility between the two sides; a characteristic that has been maintained through formidable resistance from universities to develop a more articulated system. Only in recent years have pathways begun to emerge between these two otherwise distinct types of institutions. In 1996, the provincial government initiated the College and University Consortium Council (CUCC) in order to foster closer collaboration between colleges and universities in Ontario. Three years later, in 1999, the
Council of Ontario Universities The Council of Ontario Universities (COU) provides a forum for Ontario’s universities to collaborate and advocate in support of their shared mission to the benefit and prosperity of students, communities and the province of Ontario. A membershi ...
(COU) and the Association of Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology of Ontario (ACAATO) jointly endorsed a set of principles governing mobility and transfer that has become known as the ''Port Hope Accord''. In the decade following, a collection of laddering and degree-completion agreements had begun to accumulate on the Ontario College University Transfer Guide (OCUTG). The agreements tend to be very specific between one university and one college. This style of transfer agreement differs from articulated systems such as those in British Columbia (see: British Columbia Council on Admissions and Transfer) and Alberta (see:
Alberta Council on Admissions and Transfer The Alberta Council on Admissions and Transfer (ACAT) is an independent body created in 1974 to facilitate transfer agreements between the various post secondary institutions in Alberta Alberta ( ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territo ...
). The Honourable Bob Rae's 2005 report, ''Ontario: A Leader in Learning'', makes the most recent call for improvements to student mobility and institutional cooperation. Following government endorsement of the Rae Report, in 2011 the CUCC evolved into the Ontario Council on Articulation and Transfer (ONCAT), which has assumed jurisdiction over the OCUTG; now known as the Ontario Postsecondary Transfer Guide (OPTG). ONCAT works to create establish and maintain pathways from college to college, college to university, and university to university transfers. They also work to maintain a province-wide transfer credit database. In a recent study of student perspectives of postsecondary mobility in Ontario published in the Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education Professional File, PhD. candidate Christine Arnold writes, "Transfer pathways have progressed significantly in the province over the last five years (College-University Consortium Council, 2007); resources and sources for transfer currently do not match this level of care."


Differentiation

Ontario's current public university and college system was essentially established in the late 1960s; however, both systems have since changed, and the objective of colleges increasingly includes degree-granting powers. This brings into question the design of a college system discrete from universities and has led to Ontario's Ministry of Finance's formal recommendation to increase differentiation through establishing mandate agreements. Since 2012, Ontario is driving its Differentiation Agenda encompassing several initiatives undertaken by the Government of Ontario to transform the postsecondary education system with the following overarching transformation goals: 1) support student success and access to a high quality Ontario postsecondary education; 2) increase the global competitiveness of Ontario's postsecondary education; 3) build on and help focus the well-established strengths of Ontario colleges and universities -while avoiding unnecessary duplication; and 4) maintain an efficient and financially sustainable postsecondary education system. On November 29, 2013, Minister of Training, Colleges, and Universities released the final version o
Differentiation Policy Framework
for Postsecondary Education. The framework contains six components including jobs, innovation & economy, teaching and learning, student population, research and graduate education, program, and institutional collaboration; and two directions, namely strategic enrolment and financial sustainability with an associated set of metrics. Very limited information regarding how the components and metrics are to be used is available as the framework intends to provide a "vocabulary" for institutions to construct Strategic Mandate Agreements (SMAs). Strategic Mandate Agreements are the primary vehicles for implementing Ontario's differentiation goals. Institutions were required to submit SMA proposals in 2012 followed review by a committee appointed by the Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario. In August 2014, Ontario signed SMAs with its all 45 publicly funded colleges and universities. In 2015, Ontario's launching University Funding Formula Consultation with university sector to review and modernize the funding model. Consultations will include students, university leadership and faculty, as well as important partners such as employers, colleges, the elementary and secondary sector, and professional associations.


Indigenous Students

2% of Ontario's population are First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people. Overall, Ontario's Indigenous communities are significantly younger and have a population growth rate four times higher than the non-Indigenous population in Ontario. 30.7% of people in Ontario have a university credential compared with only 11.8% of Indigenous people in Ontario. Today, 1.7% of university students and 3.6% of college students in Ontario overall are Indigenous; in northern Ontario, 9.2% of university students and 13% of college students are Indigenous. Ontario contains nine Indigenous institutions: Anishinabek Education Institute, First Nations Technical Institute, Kenjgewin Teg Educational Institute, Iohahi:io Akwesasne Adult Education Centre, Oshki Pimache-O-Win Education and Training Institute, Ogwehoweh Skills and Trades Training Centre, Seven Generations Education Institute, Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig, and Six Nations Polytechnic. Indigenous institutions in Ontario operate without public funds and grant diplomas or degrees through partnerships with colleges and universities.


Educational Attainment in Ontario


International students

The number of international students studying in Ontario universities has grown each year by an average of 7% since the start of the 21st century, until it grew by more than 8% in 2011–12 and 9% in 2012–13. Between 2000 and 2010, the number of international students at Ontario universities almost tripled. In 2013–14, 10% of all university enrolments in Ontario were international students contributing just under $3 billion annually to Ontario's economy. The top five source countries of international students at Ontario universities are China, India, Saudi Arabia, the United States, and Nigeria. International student enrolment at Ontario colleges is also growing, with a five-fold increase between 2000 and 2010. Although tuition fees for domestic students are regulated by Ontario's provincial government, international student fees have not been regulated since 1996. As recently as the 1970s, there were no differential fees for international students in Ontario; however, as successive governments have divested from postsecondary education, institutions have used differential fees as a way to generate revenue. Today, international students thus pay, on average, 4.5 times more in tuition fees than domestic students. However, heavy reliance on revenue from foreign students can result in prioritizing the success of foreign students above the education and training of local students. In particular, universities must offer degrees that are of interest to foreign students. Also, the acceptance of students who are not sufficiently fluent in English or French requires an erosion of academic standards. In 1994, the Ontario government excluded international students from the Ontario Health Insurance Program (OHIP). International students studying at universities must enroll in a private health insurance program called the University Health Insurance Plan (UHIP), while many international college students are also required to purchase mandatory private health insurance plans. Ontario's Ministry of Citizenship, Immigration, and International Trade recruits international post-secondary students as permanent residents through three Provincial Nominee Programs: the International Student With Job Offer Stream, the International Masters Graduate Stream, and the International PhD Graduate Stream.


Future

According to the Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario's predictions, the future of postsecondary education in Ontario will include increased diversity among students (due to continued immigration, growth in the number of adult learners, and efforts to increase participation by currently underrepresented groups); continued enrolment growth; greater student mobility between institutions; and technology-enabled changes to program delivery. Additional changes include gradual economic constraint, increasing integration with business and industry, and an extensive use of technology. Ontario's Ministry of Finance identified five significant pressures currently faced by the postsecondary sector in Ontario: educating a growing share of the population; helping equalize economic and social outcomes across the population; providing an important component of lifelong learning; functioning as an engine of innovation; and delivering quality education with a constrained provincial fiscal situation. The rapid increase (60% from in the last decade) in student enrollment in Ontario universities has not been met in similar increase of university professors (28% increase in the same time span) resulting in a student-to-faculty ratio of 26:1, which is much higher than the national average. Enrolment is projected to increase by an average of 1.7% through to 2017–18, meaning one of every six adult Ontarians will be enrolled in Ontario public post-secondary institutions. Internationalization of higher education is also on the rise, as the number of domestic students studying abroad and international students studying in Canada is increasing rapidly.Weber, L. (2007). "Internationalization of Canadian Universities: Where Are We Now?" ''Brock Education'', 16, 2, pp. 38–43. The Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Development's ''Reaching Higher'' plan for postsecondary education in the province, initiated in 2005, includes a $6.2 billion commitment to postsecondary education to address such issues as capacity, access, financial assistance and more. The plan calls for, among other deliverables, a target postsecondary attainment rate of 70%. Following the October 2011 provincial election which resulted in a Liberal minority, the government re-affirmed its commitment to the ''reaching higher'' plan by announcing that 3 new undergraduate campuses will be established to serve increasing demand. '' Academic Reform: Policy Options for Improving the Quality and Cost-Effectiveness of Undergraduate Education in Ontario'', written by Ian D. Clark,
David Trick David Trick (born 1955) is a former Ontario civil servant and university administrator. Trick's career in the Ontario Public Service included Assistant Deputy Minister-level positions in Postsecondary Education and Finance. He also worked in the f ...
and Richard J. Van Loon, provides recommendations on the way forward for Ontario higher education.


See also

*
List of universities in Canada Universities in Canada are established and operate under provincial and territorial government charters, except in one case directed by First Nations bands and in another by federal legislation. Most public universities in the country are memb ...
*List of colleges in Canada *List of business schools in Canada *List of law schools in Canada *List of Canadian universities by endowment *
Higher education in Canada Higher education in Canada includes provincial, territorial, indigenous and military higher education systems. Higher education systems in Canada In Canada, the constitutional responsibility for higher education primarily rests with the provi ...
*List of colleges in Ontario *Education in Ontario *Ministry of Education (Ontario) *List of Ontario students' associations *University Colleges, Ontario


References


Further reading

* Arnold, C.H. (2011). Following the Ontario Transfer Student: From College to University Inception. https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231311/http://www.csshe-scees.ca/pf/PF_31_Arnold.pdf * Bissell, C. (1966). Ontario. In R. S. Harris (Ed.), ''Changing patterns of higher education in Canada'' (pp. 87 – 106). Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. * Cameron, D.M & Royce, D.M. (1996) Appendix B: Prologue to Change: An Abbreviated History of Public Policy and Postsecondary Education in Ontario. Report of the Advisory Panel on Future Directions for Postsecondary Education. http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/document/reports/futuree.html#appendixB *Fallis, George (2014). ''Rethinking Higher Education: Participation, Research, and Differentiation''. Kingston, ON: Queen's Policy Studies. * Harris, R. S. (1976). ''A history of higher education in Canada, 1663–1960''. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. * Jones, G. (2005). On complex intersections: Ontario universities and governments. In F. Iacobucci & C. Tuohy (Eds.), ''Taking public universities seriously'' (pp. 174 – 187). Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. * McKillop, A. B. (1994). ''Matters of mind: The university in Ontario, 1791–1951''. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. * Milway, J. (2005). Post-secondary education and Ontario's prosperity. In F. Iacobucci & C. Tuohy (Eds.), ''Taking public universities seriously'' (pp. 341 – 359). Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. * Panacci, A.G. (2014). Baccalaureate Degrees at Ontario Colleges: Issues and Implications. ''College Quarterly''. http://www.collegequarterly.ca/2014-vol17-num01-winter/index.html * Rae, B. (2005). Ontario: A Leader in Learning – Report & Recommendations. Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario. http://www.tcu.gov.on.ca/eng/document/reports/postsec.pdf * Skolnik, M. L. (2005). The Rae Review and the structure of postsecondary education in Ontario. In C. M. Beach (Ed.), ''A challenge for higher education in Ontario'' (pp. 7 – 26). Kingston, ON: John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy. * Snowdon, K. (2005). Assessing the revenue framework and multi-year planning in the Rae Report. In C. M. Beach (Ed.), ''A challenge for higher education in Ontario'' (pp. 27 – 72). Kingston, ON: John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy. {{Post-secondary institutions in Ontario Higher education in Ontario,