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Heo Mok (
Hangul The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul, . Hangul may also be written as following South Korea's standard Romanization. ( ) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The l ...
: 허목,
Hanja Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom. (, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, ...
: 許穆; 10 January 1596 – 2 June 1682) was a
Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic ...
n
calligrapher Calligraphy (from el, link=y, καλλιγραφία) is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a pen, ink brush, or other writing instrument. Contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "t ...
, painter, philosopher, poet, and politician during the
Joseon Dynasty Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and r ...
, who came from the
Yangcheon Heo clan Yangcheon Heo clan () was one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Gangseo District, Seoul. According to the 2015 Korean census, the number of Yangcheon Heo clan is 149,505. Their founder was . He was the descendant of Heo Hwang-ok, the quu ...
. He was most commonly known by the
pen name A pen name, also called a ''nom de plume'' or a literary double, is a pseudonym (or, in some cases, a variant form of a real name) adopted by an author and printed on the title page or by-line of their works in place of their real name. A pen na ...
Misu. Heo was known as the best
Chinese calligrapher Chinese calligraphy is the writing of Chinese characters as an art form, combining purely visual art and interpretation of the literary meaning. This type of expression has been widely practiced in China and has been generally held in high es ...
of his time due to his unique style of calligraphy. He became a governor at the age of 81, and was the first person in Korean history to hold such a high-ranking position without taking the ''
Gwageo The ''gwageo'' or ''kwago'' were the national civil service examinations under the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties of Korea. Typically quite demanding, these tests measured candidates' ability of writing composition and knowledge of the Chinese clas ...
'' civil service exam.


Life


Early life

Heo Mok was born at Changseonbang (창선방), in
Hanseong Seoul (; ; ), officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.Before 1972, Seoul was the ''de jure'' capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) as stated iArticle 103 ...
. His father, Heo Kyo, was a member of the lower bureaucracy, while his great-grandfather, Heo Ja, once served as the
Vice Prime Minister A deputy prime minister or vice prime minister is, in some countries, a government minister who can take the position of acting prime minister when the prime minister is temporarily absent. The position is often likened to that of a vice president, ...
of Joseon. Heo Mok's maternal grandfather, Im Je, was a student of Seo Gyeong-deok. His father, Heo Kyo, was a student of Park Ji-hwa. Seo Gyeong-deok and Park Ji-hwa's more academic and ideologically-successful pupils were to join the political faction called
Easterners The Easterners () were a political faction of the Joseon dynasty. This faction appeared during the reign of Seonjo of Joseon in sixteenth-century Korea. Originating from friends of Gim Hyowon, they soon encompassed most of the disciples of Jo ...
(or ''Dongin''; 동인, 東人) at the Joseon Court. However, a schism divided court politics into two newly-formed factions: Southerners (or ''Namin''; 남인, 南人) and Northerners (or ''Bukin''; 북인, 北人), with the Easterners being assimilated into the Northerners. Heo's family were thus members of the Northerners faction. Heo Mok's early years were spent as a disciple to Yi San-hae and at Yi Won-ik's distinct private scholarly institutions. In 1613, he married Lady Yi of the
Jeonju Yi clan The Jeonju Yi clan () is a Korean clan with the surname Yi. Their Bon-gwan is in Jeonju, North Jeolla Province. The clan includes the former House of Yi which ruled the Joseon dynasty and the Korean Empire. Their founder was Yi Han (). His de ...
, a granddaughter of Yi Won-ik (
art name An art name (pseudonym or pen name), also known by its native names ''hào'' (in Mandarin), ''gō'' (in Japanese), ''ho'' (in Korean), and ''tên hiệu'' (in Vietnamese), is a professional name used by East Asian artists, poets and writers. The ...
''Ohri'').Heo Mok:Nate Korea
The marriage was initially met with opposition from his wife's family, but Yi Won-ik's support made it successful.


Early career

In 1615, Heo Mok and his cousin, Heo Hu, went to study at
Jeong Gu Jeong Gu (1543–1620), also spelled as Jung Goo, was a Korean historian, philosopher, poet, and politician of the Joseon Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon ...
's private educational institute, where they remained until 1620. In 1626, Heo Mok, as the head of management of the dormitory of educational institutions, imposed personal sanctions on scholar Park Ji-gye accusing him of joining
King Injo Injo of Joseon (7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), born Yi Jong, was the sixteenth ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He was the grandson of King Seonjo and son of Prince Jeongwon. He was the king during the Later Jin invasion of Joseon, in ...
's attempt to destroy the '' Li''. As a result, he was banned from applying for ''
Gwageo The ''gwageo'' or ''kwago'' were the national civil service examinations under the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties of Korea. Typically quite demanding, these tests measured candidates' ability of writing composition and knowledge of the Chinese clas ...
'' for a period of time.


Political movements

In 1651, he was commended for his philosophical learning skills, and appointed to the position of ''Naesikyokwan'' (내시교관, 內侍敎官), but a few years later, he resigned. In 1656, after serving as ''Jojiseobyuljwa'', and as ''Gongjojwarang'' (공조좌랑, 工曺佐郞), he was appointed ''Yonggunghyungam'' (용궁현감, 龍宮縣監), but resigned shortly after.Heo Mok
In 1657, he was reappointed to ''Gongjojwarang'', then appointed to ''Saheonbu Jupyung'' (사헌부장령, 司憲府掌令), and then to ''Saboksi Jubu'' (사복시주부, 司僕侍主簿). In 1658, he was reappointed to ''Saheonbu Jupyung''. In 1659, King Hyojong appointed Heo Mok to ''Buhogun'' (부호군, 副護軍), and later that September, he became head of ''Jangakwon'' (장악원정, 掌樂院正). In December, he was appointed as leader of ''Sanguiwon'' (상의원정, 尙衣院正). During King Hyojong's funeral, he was in conflict with Song Si-yeol and Song Jun-kil regarding the appropriate length of time for which
Queen Jangryeol Queen Jangryeol (장렬왕후 조씨; 16 December 1624 – 20 September 1688), of the Yangju Jo clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and second queen consort of Yi Jong, King Injo, the 16th Joseon monarch. She was queen consort of Jo ...
(자의대비; at the time called "Grand Royal Queen Dowager Jaui"), the second wife of
King Injo Injo of Joseon (7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), born Yi Jong, was the sixteenth ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He was the grandson of King Seonjo and son of Prince Jeongwon. He was the king during the Later Jin invasion of Joseon, in ...
, should mourn her step-son, based on Confucian rules.


Yesong arguments


First Yesong argument

In early 1660, Jung Tae-hwa initially set the mourning period for Grand Royal Queen Dowager Jaui to one year, based on the rules of Gyeongguk daejeon, but the Southerners disagreed, and this led to the start of an ideological dispute, also known as the ''First of Yesong Ronjaeng'' (제1차 예송 논쟁, 第一次禮訟論爭).https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0037964#self On one hand, Song Si-yeol and Song Jun-kil, two leaders of the Westerners faction (or ''Seoin''; 서인, 西人), argued that the Queen should mourn for Hyojong for just a year, since he was only Injo's second son (despite being the legitimate heir to the throne), and thus was not fit to be mourned for three years, which was the normal period of mourning for eldest sons. On the other hand, Heo Mok and
Yun Hyu Yun Hyu (Hangul: 윤휴, Hanja: 尹鑴; 1617 – 1680) was a Korean Neo-Confucian scholar and official, who lived during the Joseon Dynasty. Yun was the political leader of the Southern (''Namin'') faction of the Joseon Dynasty. His pen name ...
argued that Hyojong, as
King Injo Injo of Joseon (7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), born Yi Jong, was the sixteenth ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He was the grandson of King Seonjo and son of Prince Jeongwon. He was the king during the Later Jin invasion of Joseon, in ...
's successor, should be practically treated as if he was Injo's eldest son, and based on this interpretation Queen Jaui should mourn for three years for her husband's son. While Song Si-yeol asserted the status of
Joseon Dynasty Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and r ...
as "small China" to justify his arguments based on Chinese
Neo-Confucian Neo-Confucianism (, often shortened to ''lǐxué'' 理學, literally "School of Principle") is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu (768–824) and Li Ao (772–841) in t ...
rule books, Heo Mok asserted the status of the Kingdom of Joseon as a "different country that is beyond the rule of China" (방외별국, 方外別國), thus different rules should be applied.


Second Yesong argument

During that period, he wrote ''Kieun'' (기언, 記言) and ''Dongsa'' (or "Eastern History"; 동사, 東史). The "Eastern History" was a
Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic ...
n history book that considered the national ancestor as
Dangun Dangun (; ) or Dangun Wanggeom (; ) was the legendary founder and god-king of Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom, around present-day Liaoning province in Northeast China and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. He is said to be the "gran ...
, which was against the general idea of the national ancestor being Gija. In 1674, King Hyojong's wife, Queen Inseon, died. This revived the dispute over the length of the period for which Queen Jangnyeol should mourn. Song Si-yeol argued that Queen Inseon, as the wife of Injo's second son, should be mourned for 9 months. But Heo Mok and
Yun Hyu Yun Hyu (Hangul: 윤휴, Hanja: 尹鑴; 1617 – 1680) was a Korean Neo-Confucian scholar and official, who lived during the Joseon Dynasty. Yun was the political leader of the Southern (''Namin'') faction of the Joseon Dynasty. His pen name ...
maintained that Hyojong was the successor of
King Injo Injo of Joseon (7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), born Yi Jong, was the sixteenth ruler of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He was the grandson of King Seonjo and son of Prince Jeongwon. He was the king during the Later Jin invasion of Joseon, in ...
, which practically made Queen Inseon the first daughter-in-law and required one year of mourning. King Hyeonjong was unpleasant by "King Hyojong's Second" title and wanted a cabinet reshuffle, in order to give the power to the Southerners (at that time, the ''
westerners The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to the various nations and states in the regions of Europe, North America, and Oceania.
'' was the ruling party, headed to Song Si-yeol). This meant a victory for Heo Mok and
Yun Hyu Yun Hyu (Hangul: 윤휴, Hanja: 尹鑴; 1617 – 1680) was a Korean Neo-Confucian scholar and official, who lived during the Joseon Dynasty. Yun was the political leader of the Southern (''Namin'') faction of the Joseon Dynasty. His pen name ...
, but the Hyeonjong died soon after.


Acquisition of power

Despite Hyeonjong's death, Heo Mok was still trusted. In November 1674, he was appointed to ''Yijochamui'' (이조참의, 吏曺參議) and continuously served as ''Saheonbu Daesaheon'' (사헌부대사헌, 司憲府大司憲). In 1675 he was successively appointed for posts such as ''Yijochampan'' (이조참판, 吏曺參判), ''Bibyungukdangsang'' (비변국당상, 備邊局堂上), ''Jwachamchan'' (좌참찬, 左參讚), ''Yijopanseo'' (이조판서, 吏曺判書) and ''Wuchamchan'' (우참찬, 右參讚). In 1676, Heo Mok was promoted to Right State Councillor of Joseon. In 1679, Heo Gyeon, a party member and
Chief State Councillor Chief may refer to: Title or rank Military and law enforcement * Chief master sergeant, the ninth, and highest, enlisted rank in the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force * Chief of police, the head of a police department * Chief of the boa ...
Heo Juk's illegitimate son, abused his power and Heo Mok attacked Heo Juk for it, but King Sukjong and the Southerners took Heo Gyeon's side.


Death

On June 2, 1682, he died in Gyeonggi Province, at the age of 86. The
Westerners The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to the various nations and states in the regions of Europe, North America, and Oceania.
continued to attack Heo Mok and
Yun Hyu Yun Hyu (Hangul: 윤휴, Hanja: 尹鑴; 1617 – 1680) was a Korean Neo-Confucian scholar and official, who lived during the Joseon Dynasty. Yun was the political leader of the Southern (''Namin'') faction of the Joseon Dynasty. His pen name ...
, calling them ''Samunanjeok'' (사문난적, 斯文亂賊). In 1689, he was rehabilitated. In 1692, he was posthumously conferred the honours of a
Chief State Councillor Chief may refer to: Title or rank Military and law enforcement * Chief master sergeant, the ninth, and highest, enlisted rank in the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force * Chief of police, the head of a police department * Chief of the boa ...
. Heo Mok was also awarded the posthumous title Munjeong (문정, 文正).


Books

* Gyeongnye Yuchan (경례유찬, 經禮類纂) (1647) * Dongsa astern History(동사, 東史) (1667) * Cheongsa Yeoljeon lue Gentlemen List(청사열전 淸士列傳) (1667) * Gyeongseol (경설 經說) (1677) * Misu Cheonjamun (미수 천자문 眉叟天字文) * Dangun Sega [
Dangun Dangun (; ) or Dangun Wanggeom (; ) was the legendary founder and god-king of Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom, around present-day Liaoning province in Northeast China and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. He is said to be the "gran ...
's Family] (단군세가 檀君世家) * Misu Kieun (미수기언, 眉叟記言) * Sim Hakdo (심학도, 心學圖) * Bangguk Wangjorye (방국왕조례, 邦國王朝禮) * Jeongche Jeonjungseol (정체전중설, 正體傳重說) * Yosun Ujeon Susimbeopdo (요순우전수심법도, 堯舜禹傳授心法圖) * Heo Mok Sugobon (허목수고본, 許穆手稿本) * Duta Sangi (두타산기, 頭陀山記)


Gallery

File:Heo Mok 03.gif, File:Heo Mok 1.jpg, File:Korea-Portrait of Heo Mok-Joseon 02.jpg, File:Heo Mok's love of the people and patriotism's.jpg, File:Heo Mok-draft of the Cheukju East Sea's epitaphs.jpg, File:Heo Mok signboard of Hamchuidang.png, File:Letter of Heo Mok.png,


Family

*Great-Great-Grandfather ** Heo Won (허원) *Great-Grandfather ** Heo Ja (허자, 許磁; 1496 – 1551) * Great-Grandmother ** Lady Yi of the
Jeonju Yi clan The Jeonju Yi clan () is a Korean clan with the surname Yi. Their Bon-gwan is in Jeonju, North Jeolla Province. The clan includes the former House of Yi which ruled the Joseon dynasty and the Korean Empire. Their founder was Yi Han (). His de ...
(전주 이씨); Heo Ja’s second wife *** Step-Great-Grandmother: Lady Kim of the Gwangsan Kim clan (광산 김씨); Heo Ja’s first wife * Grandfather ** Heo Gang (허강, 許橿) * Grandmother ** Lady Kang of the Jinju Kang clan (진주 강씨) * Father: Heo Gyo (허교, 許喬; 1567 – 1632) ** Uncle: Heo Yang (허양, 許亮) *** Cousin: Heo Hu (허후, 許厚) * Mother: Lady Im of the Naju Im clan (나주 임씨; 1575 – 1647) ** Grandfather: Im Je (임제, 林悌) * Siblings ** Younger brother: Heo Ui (허의, 許懿) *** Nephew: Heo Heub (허흡) ** Younger brother: Heo Seo (허서, 許舒) *** Nephew: Heo Gong (허공) *** Nephew: Heo Chung (허충) *** Nephew: Heo Ho (허호) *** Nephew: Heo Suk (허숙) * Wife and issue ** Lady Yi of the
Jeonju Yi clan The Jeonju Yi clan () is a Korean clan with the surname Yi. Their Bon-gwan is in Jeonju, North Jeolla Province. The clan includes the former House of Yi which ruled the Joseon dynasty and the Korean Empire. Their founder was Yi Han (). His de ...
(전주 이씨; 1597 – 1653) *** Son: Heo Hwon (허훤, 許翧; 1615 – ?) **** Daughter-in-law: Lady Choe of the Jeonju Choe clan (전주 최씨) ***** Grandson: Heo Sang (허상, 許恦)Or "Heo Hyang" (허향). ****** Great-grandson: Heo Bu (허부, 許溥) ***** Grandson: Heo Don (허돈) ***** Grandson: Heo Won (허원) ***** Granddaughter: Lady Heo of the Yangcheon Heo clan (허씨) ****** Grandson-in-law: Yi Jin-ha (이진하) *** Son: Heo Ham (허함) *** Son: Heo Do (허도; 1536 – 1676) **** Grandson: Heo Yeom (허염) **** Grandson: Heo Byeon (허변) **** Grandson: Heo Yu (허유) **** Grandson: Heo Yi (허이) *** Daughter: Lady Heo of the Yangcheon Heo clan (허씨) **** Son-in-law: Yun Seung-ri (윤승리) *** Daughter: Lady Heo of the Yangcheon Heo clan (허씨) **** Son-in-law: Jeong Gi-yun (정기윤)


See also

* List of Korean philosophers * Korean philosophy * Song Si-yeol *
Yun Hyu Yun Hyu (Hangul: 윤휴, Hanja: 尹鑴; 1617 – 1680) was a Korean Neo-Confucian scholar and official, who lived during the Joseon Dynasty. Yun was the political leader of the Southern (''Namin'') faction of the Joseon Dynasty. His pen name ...
* Yun Seon-do * Bojihwayangdong buralsongseonsaeng


References


External links


Heo Mok

Heo Mok:Daum



Heo Mok:Naver

Heo Mok

Heo Mok

Heo Mok


* ttp://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=200701051506091&code=900308 허목- 은거당의 옛터를 찾아서 (上) {{DEFAULTSORT:Heo, Mok 1596 births 1682 deaths 17th-century Korean calligraphers 17th-century Korean painters 17th-century Korean philosophers 17th-century Korean poets 17th-century politicians Heo clan of Yangcheon Joseon politicians Korean Confucianists Korean male poets Korean scholars