Joseph-Napoléon-Henri Bourassa (; September 1, 1868 – August 31, 1952) was a

French Canadian French Canadians (referred to as Canadiens mainly before the twentieth century; french: Canadiens français, ; feminine form: , ), or Franco-Canadians (french: Franco-Canadiens), refers to either an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to Fre ...

political leader and publisher. In 1899, Bourassa was outspoken against the

British government ga, Rialtas a Shoilse gd, Riaghaltas a Mhòrachd , image = HM Government logo.svg , image_size = 220px , image2 = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg , image_size2 = 180px , caption = Royal Arms , date_est ...

's request for Canada to send a militia to fight for Britain in the

Second Boer War The Second Boer War ( af, Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, the Anglo–Boer War, or the South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer Republics (the So ...

. Prime Minister Sir

Wilfrid Laurier Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier, ( ; ; November 20, 1841 – February 17, 1919) was a Canadian lawyer, statesman, and politician who served as the seventh prime minister of Canada from 1896 to 1911. The first French Canadian prime mini ...

's compromise was to send a volunteer force, but the seeds were sown for future conscription protests during the World Wars of the next half-century. Bourassa unsuccessfully challenged the proposal to build warships to help protect the empire. He led the opposition to conscription during World War I and argued that Canada's interests were not at stake. He opposed Catholic bishops who defended military support of Britain and its allies. Bourassa was an ideological father of French-Canadian nationalism. Bourassa was also a defining force in forging French Canada's attitude to the

Canadian Confederation Canadian Confederation (french: Confédération canadienne, link=no) was the process by which three British North American provinces, the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, were united into one federation called the Dominio ...

of 1867.

Early life

Born in

Montreal Montreal ( ; officially Montréal, ) is the second-most populous city in Canada and most populous city in the Canadian province of Quebec. Founded in 1642 as '' Ville-Marie'', or "City of Mary", it is named after Mount Royal, the triple- ...

Quebec Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirte ...

, to Napoléon Bourassa and Azélie Papineau (Bourassa), Henri Bourassa was a grandson of the pro-democracy reformist politician Louis-Joseph Papineau. He was educated at

École Polytechnique de Montréal École may refer to: * an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée) * École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France * École, ...

and at Holy Cross College in

Worcester, Massachusetts Worcester ( , ) is a city and county seat of Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. Named after Worcester, England, the city's population was 206,518 at the 2020 census, making it the second- most populous city in New England after ...

. In 1890, he became mayor of the town of Montebello, Quebec, at the age of 22.

Political career

In 1896, he was elected to the

House of Commons The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the nominally upper house of parliament. T ...

as an independent Liberal for Labelle but resigned in 1899 to protest the sending of Canadian troops to the

. He was re-elected soon after his resignation. He argued that

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is ...

was ''un vendu'' ("a sell-out") to

British Empire The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts e ...

and its supporters in Canada. To counter what he perceived to be the evils of

imperialism Imperialism is the state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas, often through employing hard power (economic powe ...

, he created in 1903 the '' Ligue nationaliste canadienne'' (Canadian Nationalist League) to instill a pan-Canadian nationalist spirit in the

francophone French became an international language in the Middle Ages, when the power of the Kingdom of France made it the second international language, alongside Latin. This status continued to grow into the 18th century, by which time French was the l ...

population. It opposed political dependence on either Britain or the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., ...

and supported instead Canadian

autonomy In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one' ...

within the

. Bourassa left the federal parliament on May 11, 1907, but he remained active in Quebec politics by being elected to the

Legislative Assembly of Quebec The Legislative Assembly of Quebec (French: ''Assemblée législative du Québec'') was the name of the lower house of Quebec's legislature from 1867 to December 31, 1968, when it was renamed the National Assembly of Quebec. At the same time, t ...

in the 1908 provincial election in Montréal division no. 2. He led the Ligue until he retired from the assembly on September 5, 1912. He continued to criticize Laurier, whose compromises mostly helped the British Empire. Bourassa opposed Laurier's attempts to build a Canadian Navy in 1910, which he believed would draw Canada into future wars between Britain and

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

. He supported the eventual creation of an independent navy but did not want it to be under British command, as Laurier had planned. Bourassa's attacks depleted Laurier's strength in Quebec and contributed to the Liberal Party's loss in the 1911 election. Bourassa's moves ironically aided the election of the

Conservative Party The Conservative Party is a name used by many political parties around the world. These political parties are generally right-wing though their exact ideologies can range from center-right to far-right. Political parties called The Conservative P ...

, which held more staunchly pro-imperialist policies than the Liberals. In 1910, while he was serving in the Provincial Assembly as the member for Saint-Hyacinthe, he founded the newspaper '' Le Devoir'' to promote the Nationalist League and served as its editor until 1932. Bourassa's main objective was to position ''Le Devoir'' outside the control of the established parties in Quebec and in Ottawa, which had authority over press organs devoted to their electoral interests and attempted to control public opinion by their partisan actions. Bourassa chose the name ''Le Devoir'' for his newspaper because of its emphasis of his commitment to integrity and justice and his desire to serve the public good. In 1913, Bourassa denounced the government of

Ontario Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central Ca ...

as "more Prussian than

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an e ...

" during the Ontario Schools Question crisis (see Regulation 17) after Ontario had almost banned the use of

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

in its schools and made

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ...

its official language of instruction. He charged his compatriots to see their enemies inside Canada, in 1915:

"The enemies of the French language, of French civilization in Canada, are not the Boches on the shores of the Spree; but the English-Canadian anglicizers, the Orange intriguers, or Irish priests. Above all they are French Canadians weakened and degraded by the conquest and three centuries of colonial servitude. Let no mistake be made: if we let the Ontario minority be crushed, it will soon be the turn of other French groups in English Canada."
n Wade, v 2 p. 671 N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''. History ...

World Wars

Bourassa led French-Canadian opposition to the participation in

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...

, especially

Robert Borden Sir Robert Laird Borden (June 26, 1854 – June 10, 1937) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the eighth prime minister of Canada from 1911 to 1920. He is best known for his leadership of Canada during World War I. Borde ...

's plans to implement

conscription Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to Ancient history, antiquity and it continues in some countries to th ...

in 1917. He agreed that the war was necessary for the survival of

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

and Britain but felt that only Canadians who volunteered for service should be sent to the battlefields of

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

. His opposition to conscription brought him the anglophone public's disfavour, as was expressed by the hostile crowd amassed in Ottawa that threw vegetables and eggs during his oration.''Henri Bourassa, Fiery Politician, Dies'', A1. ''

The Globe and Mail ''The Globe and Mail'' is a Canadian newspaper printed in five cities in western and central Canada. With a weekly readership of approximately 2 million in 2015, it is Canada's most widely read newspaper on weekdays and Saturdays, although it ...

'', September 1, 1952. Three months after stating that he had nothing more to do with politics, he returned to the House of Commons in the 1925 election with his election as an Independent MP, and he remained until his defeat in the 1935 election. In the 1930s, Bourassa demanded that Canada keep its gates shut to

Jewish Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...

immigrants, like other politicians of the time. Bourassa also opposed the draft during the conscription crisis of 1944 in

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

though less effectively, and he was a member of the '' Bloc populaire''. His influence on Quebec's politics can still be seen in all major provincial parties.

Death and legacy

Upon his death in

Outremont, Quebec Outremont is an affluent residential borough (''arrondissement'') of the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It consists entirely of the former city on the Island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec. The neighbourhood is inhabited largely by fran ...

in 1952 (one day shy of his 84th birthday), Henri Bourassa was interred in Montreal's Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges. Henri Bourassa Boulevard, Henri-Bourassa

metro station A metro station or subway station is a station for a rapid transit system, which as a whole is usually called a "metro" or "subway". A station provides a means for passengers to purchase tickets, board trains, and evacuate the system in t ...

, and the federal riding of Bourassa, all in Montreal, are named for him. It is also the case for Henri-Bourassa Street, Henri-Bourassa park and the Regional County Municipality (RCM) of Papineau building, all of which are located in Papineauville, Québec. He is not related to

Robert Bourassa Robert Bourassa (; July 14, 1933 – October 2, 1996) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd premier of Quebec from 1970 to 1976 and from 1985 to 1994. A member of the Liberal Party of Quebec, he served a total of just un ...

, the former premier of Quebec. Bourassa's political thought, according to Michael C. Macmillan, was largely a combination of Whig liberalism, Catholic social thought, and traditional Quebec political thought. He was distinctly liberal in his

anti-imperialism Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is a term used in a variety of contexts, usually by nationalist movements who want to secede from a larger polity (usually in the form of an empire, but also in a multi-ethnic ...

and general support for civil liberties for

French Canadians French Canadians (referred to as Canadiens mainly before the twentieth century; french: Canadiens français, ; feminine form: , ), or Franco-Canadians (french: Franco-Canadiens), refers to either an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to Fren ...

, and his approach to economic questions was essentially Catholic. While Bourassa embraced the ultramontane idea that the Church was responsible for faith, morals, discipline, and administration, he resisted Church involvement in the political sphere and rejected the corporatism espoused by the Church. Bourassa opposed state intervention wherever possible and increasingly throughout his career emphasized the need for moral reform. According Levitt has shown, attitudes of historians, both Anglophone and Francophone, toward Bourassa consistently have been coloured by the position of each historian on the major issues Bourassa addressed.

Goldwin Smith Goldwin Smith (13 August 1823 – 7 June 1910) was a British historian and journalist, active in the United Kingdom and Canada. In the 1860s he also taught at Cornell University in the United States. Life and career Early life and education S ...

, a fellow anti-imperialist, introduced him into historical literature in 1902. The isolationism of the 1930s and the biculturalism of the 1960s (Bourassa, while a champion of Francophone rights, always opposed separatism) occasioned favourable treatment among Anglophones, while Lionel Groulx, his onetime foe, described him as "l'incomparable Éveilleur". Bourassa's position on social issues (Catholic, moderately reformist, emphasizing the family and agricultural values) likewise has called forth praise and blame.

Works

(This list is incomplete) * Le projet de Loi Navale. Sa nature ses conséquences. (Speech given at the Monument National on January 20, 1910). * Pour la justice. La législation scolaire au Nord Ouest. Les discours de MM. Monk et Pelletier. Quelques objections. L'esprit de la Confédération. * L'Emprunt de la Victoire la surenchère du bluff. * Que Devons-Nous À L'Angleterre? La Défense Nationale. La Révolution Impérialiste. Le Tribut À L'Empire. * L'intervention américaine ses motifs son objet ses conséquences. * Le pape arbitre de la paix (1918) * La Langue Gardienne de la Foi. * La Propriété, Ses Bornes, Ses Abus. (Conference at the Semaine Sociale De Sherbrooke, August 11, 1924) * Henri Bourassa; Biographie, Index Des Écrits, Index de la Correspondance Publique 1895–1924.

Bibliography

* Samuel Leduc-Frenette, ''Les pèlerinages du'' Devoir ''en Acadie (1924 et 1927): un voyage intéressé et curieux pour les Canadiens français'', Thesis, Concordia University, 2016, 78 p. * Réal Bélanger, ''Henri Bourassa. Le fascinant destin d'un homme libre. (1868–1914)'', Québec, Presses de l'Université Laval, 2013, 570 p. * Mario Cardinal, ''Pourquoi j'ai fondé'' Le Devoir''. Henri Bourassa et son temps'', Libre Expression, Montréal, 2010, 396 p. () * Pierre Anctil, ''Fais ce que dois. 60 éditoriaux pour comprendre Le Devoir sous Henri Bourassa (1910-1932)'', Québec, Éditions du Septentrion, 2010, 383 p. () * Yvan Lamonde, ''Histoire sociale des idées au Québec'' (1896-1929), Montréal, Éditions Fides, 2000, 895p. * Yvan Lamonde, ''Histoire sociale des idées au Québec'', vol. II (1896-1929), Montréal, Éditions Fides, 2004, 328 p. * Robert Comeau et Luc Desrochers (dir.), ''Le Devoir. Un journal indépendant (1910-1995)'', Sainte-Foy, Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1996, 368 p. * Robert Lahaise (dir.), ''Le Devoir. Reflet du Québec au 20^e siècle'', Montréal, Hurtubise, 1994, 504 p. * Pierre Anctil, ''Le Devoir, les Juifs et l'immigration. De Bourassa à Laurendeau'', Québec, Institut québécois de recherche sur la culture, 1988, 172 p. * David Rome, ''The Jewish Biography of Henri Bourassa'', Montréal, National Archives, Canadian Jewish Congress, 1988, 2 volumes. * François-Albert Angers et Aurélien Boisvert, ''L’égarement du «Devoir»'', Montréal, Éditions du Franc-Canada, 1986, 105 p. * Auldham Roy Petrie, ''Henri Bourassa'', Don Mills, Ont., Fitzhenry & Whiteside, cop., 1980, 63 p. * Joseph Levitt, ''Henri Bourassa, Catholic Critic'', Ottawa, anadian Historical Association 1976, 24 p. * Joseph Levitt (ed.), ''Henri Bourassa on Imperialism and Biculturalism, 1900–1918'', Toronto, Copp. Clark Pub Co., 1970, 183 p. * Joseph Levitt, ''Henri Bourassa and the Golden Calf. The Social Program of the Nationalists of Quebec, 1900–1914'', Ottawa, Éditions de l'Université d'Ottawa, 1969, 178 p. * Casey Murrow, ''Henri Bourassa and French-Canadian Nationalism. Opposition to Empire'', Montréal, Harvest House, 1968, 143 p. * André Bergevin, Cameron Nish, Anne Bourassa, ''Henri Bourassa. Biographie, index des écrits, index de la correspondance publique, 1895–1924'', Montréal, Éditions de l'Action nationale, 1966, 150 p. * Martin Patrick O'Connell, ''Henri Bourassa and Canadian Nationalism'', thesis, University of Toronto, 1954, 304 p. * Rumilly, Robert. ''Henri Bourassa – La Vie Publique D'un Grand Canadien'' (1944), also published as ''Histoire De La Province De Quebec: XIII: Henri Bourassa.'' * ''Hommage à Henri Bourassa. Reproduit du numéro souvenir paru dans'' Le Devoir ''du 25 octobre 1952'', Montréal, Le Devoir, 1952, 216 p.; 2nd edition, 1953, 305 p.

Articles and chapters

* Lucien Bouchard: ''Henri Bourassa'', en ''Bâtisseurs d'Amérique: Des canadiens français qui ont faite de l'histoire.'' Dir. André Pratte, Jonathan Kay. La Presse, Montréal 2016 * ''Legacy. How french Canadians shaped North America.'' McClelland & Stewart, Toronto 2016; 2019 () * Geoff Keelan, « Catholic Neutrality: The Peace of Henri Bourassa », ''Journal of the Canadian Historical Association'', vol. 22, no. 1, 2011, p. 99-132 * Réal Bélanger, « BOURASSA, HENRI », in ''Dictionnaire biographique du Canada'', vol. 18, Université Laval/University of Toronto, 2009. * Rolando Gomes, « Henri Bourassa et l’impérialisme britannique (1899–1918), in ''Bulletin d’histoire politique'', volume 16, numéro 3, printemps 2008, p. 161-182. * Joseph Levitt, « Henri Bourassa », in ''L'Encyclopédie canadienne'', 2008. * Béatrice Richard, « Henri Bourassa et la conscription : traitre ou sauveur ? », in ''Revue militaire canadienne/Canadian Military Journal'', volume 7, no. 4 (hiver), 2006–2007, p. 75-83. * Gilles Gallichan, « La carrière parlementaire d'Henri Bourassa à Québec », in ''Revue parlementaire canadienne'', automne 1996. * « Bourassa, Henri », in ''Dictionnaire des auteurs de langue française en Amérique du Nord'', 1989. * René Durocher, « Henri Bourassa, les évêques et la guerre de 1914–1918 », ''Historical Papers / Communications historiques'', vol. 6, n^o 1, 1971, p. 248-275. * Susan Mann Robertson, « Variations on a Nationalist Theme: Henri Bourassa and Abbé Groulx in the 1920’s », ''Historical Papers / Communications historiques'', vol. 5, n^o 1, 1970, p. 109-119. * Joseph Levitt, « La perspective nationaliste d'Henri Bourassa, 1896–1914 », ''Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française'', vol. 22, n^o 4, 1969, p. 567-582. * Richard Jones « La perspective nationaliste d'Henri Bourassa, 1896–1914 : commentaire », ''Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française'', vol. 22, n^o 4, 1969, p. 582-586. * Pierre-R. Desrosiers, «Le Castor rouge. La genèse et le développement de la pensée politique et sociale d'Henri Bourassa», in ''Parti pris'', vol. 4, nos. 9–12 (mai-août), 1967, p. 146-164. * James I. W. Corcoran, « Henri Bourassa et la guerre sud-africaine (part 4) », ''Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française'', vol. 19, n^o 3, 1965, p. 414-442. * James I. W. Corcoran, « Henri Bourassa et la guerre sud-africaine (part 3) », ''Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française'', vol. 19, n^o 2, 1965, p. 229-237 * James I. W. Corcoran, « Henri Bourassa et la guerre sud-africaine (part 2) », ''Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française'', vol. 19, n^o 1, 1965, p. 84-105. * James I. W. Corcoran, « Henri Bourassa et la guerre sud-africaine (part 1) », ''Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française'', vol. 18, n^o 3, 1964, p. 343-356. * « Un document historique: toute la pensée de Bourassa sur le séparatisme », in ''L'Action nationale'', vol. 53, no. 9, mai 1964. * André Laurendeau (dir.), «Henri Bourassa», in ''L'Action nationale'', vol. 43, no.1, janvier 1954 * Marine Leland, « Quelques observations sur le nationalisme de Henri Bourassa », ''Report of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Historical Association / Rapports annuels de la Société historique du Canada'', vol. 30, n^o 1, 1951, p. 60-63. * « Henri Bourassa » in ''Biographies canadiennes-françaises. 3^e édition'', Ottawa, 1923, p. 140. * « Henri Bourassa » in ''Biographies canadiennes-françaises. 2^e édition'', Ottawa, 1922, p. 227.

Other works

* « Avant le combat, Henri Bourassa », ''Résonances'', Savoir média * Christian Blais and al., ''Le Devoir, témoin de la vie politique québécoise. Une exposition sur les 100 ans du Devoir à découvrir à la Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale, du 17 février au 1^er octobre 2010'', Québec, Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale, 2010, 36 p. * « La conscription, Henri Bourassa », ''Résonances'', Savoir média * Paul Racine, ''Henri Bourassa à Notre-Dame'', Montréal, Éditions de l'Entr'aide, 1941?, 52 p. * « Le péril de l'immigration, Henri Bourassa », ''Résonances'', Savoir média * Pierre Colmet, ''M. Bourassa et la Judéo-Maçonnerie'', Paris, Revue internationale des Sociétés secrètes, 1924, p. 909-915. * E. Roux, ''M. Henri Bourassa au service de l'Allemagne'', Montréal, Imprimerie Perrault, 1917?, 58 p. * Joseph-Arthur D'Amours, ''Où allons-nous? Le nationalisme canadien. Lettres de «Un Patriote» publiées dans le journal La Presse, augmentées d'une introduction, d'additions et d'appendices documentaires'', Montréal, Société d'éditions patriotiques, 1916, 73 p. * ''Canadian Nationalism and the War'', Montréal, .n. 1916, 31 p. * LaChapelle, Guy and Comeau, Robert, ed. ''Robert Bourasa: Un Bâtisseur Tranquille'' Pr. de l'U. Laval, 2003. 406 p. * Levitt, Joseph. "Images of Bourassa" ''Journal of Canadian Studies'' 1978 13(1): 100–113. * MacMillan, C. Michael. "Henri Bourassa on the Defence of Language Rights" ''Dalhousie Review'' 1982a 62(3): 413–430. * MacMillan, C. Michael. "The Character of Henri Bourassa's Political Philosophy" ''American Review of Canadian Studies'' 1982b 12(1): 10–29. * Mason Wade, ''The French Canadians, 1760–1945'' (1955). * Alfred George Gardiner, ''Henri Bourassa and the Future of Canada'', Montréal, ''Le Devoir'' Printing, 1914, 7 p. * The character of Henri Bourassa played by Christian Martel appears in the 5th episode of season 13 of Murdoch Mysteries.

References

Primary sources

* Henri Bourassa fonds at

Library and Archives Canada Library and Archives Canada (LAC; french: Bibliothèque et Archives Canada) is the federal institution, tasked with acquiring, preserving, and providing accessibility to the documentary heritage of Canada. The national archive and library is t ...

. Archival reference number is R8069. * Patrick Allen et al., eds. ''La pensée de Henri Bourassa'' (1954) * Levitt, Joseph, ed. ''Henri Bourassa on Imperialism and Biculturalism, 1900–1918'' (1970)

External links

* *
"Henri Bourassa’s Career in the Quebec National Assembly"
''Canadian Parliamentary Review'' * Link to

Dictionary of Canadian Biography The ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' (''DCB''; french: Dictionnaire biographique du Canada) is a dictionary of biographical entries for individuals who have contributed to the history of Canada. The ''DCB'', which was initiated in 1959, is ...

— DCB Initiative {{DEFAULTSORT:Bourassa, Henri 1868 births 1952 deaths Activists from Montreal Canadian anti–World War I activists Canadian Roman Catholics Independent MPs in the Canadian House of Commons Liberal Party of Canada MPs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Politicians from Montreal Members of the National Assembly of Quebec Canadian nationalists Le Devoir people Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery