Spironemidae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

heterotroph A heterotroph (; ) is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. In the food chain, heterotrophs are primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, but ...

flagellate A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and thei ...

s, in the group

Hemimastigophora Hemimastigophora is a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms with a single family, Spironemidae, first identified in 1988. Over the next 30 years, different authors proposed placing these organisms in various branches of the eukaryotes ...

. They vary in size and shape from the

ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a surface that may be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface; that is, a surface that may be defined as th ...

'' Hemimastix amphikineta'' (14 × 7 μm) to the vermiform '' Spironema terricola'' (43 × 3 μm), and are united by the possession of two rows of

cilia The cilium, plural cilia (), is a membrane-bound organelle found on most types of eukaryotic cell, and certain microorganisms known as ciliates. Cilia are absent in bacteria and archaea. The cilium has the shape of a slender threadlike proje ...

, called kineties. Phylogenomic analysis shows that Hemimastigophora are a distinct and ancient lineage of

eukaryotic Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacte ...

organisms, forming a possible sister

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English ter ...

to the supergroup

Diaphoretickes Diaphoretickes () is a major group of eukaryotic organisms, with over 400,000 species. The majority of the earth's biomass that carries out photosynthesis belongs to Diaphoretickes. Diaphoretickes includes: * Archaeplastida (comprising red alg ...

Taxonomy

* Order Hemimastigida Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 [Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1993; Hemimastigea Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988; Hemimastigidea] ** Family Spironematellidae *** Genus ''

Hemimastix Spironemidae is a family of heterotrophic flagellates, in the group Hemimastigophora. They vary in size and shape from the ellipsoid '' Hemimastix amphikineta'' (14 × 7 μm) to the vermiform '' Spironema terricola'' (43 × 3 μm), and ...

'' Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 **** Species '' H. amphikineta'' Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner, 1988 **** Species '' H. kukwesjijk'' Eglit & Simpson, 2018 *** Genus ''

Stereonema Spironemidae is a family of heterotrophic flagellates, in the group Hemimastigophora. They vary in size and shape from the ellipsoid ''Hemimastix amphikineta'' (14 × 7 μm) to the vermiform '' Spironema terricola'' (43 × 3 μm), ...

'' Foissner& Foissner, 1993 non Kützing 1836 **** Species '' S. geiseri'' Foissner & Foissner, 1993 *** Genus '' Spironema'' Klebs, 1893 non

Vuillemin Vuillemin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Alexandre Vuillemin (1812–1880), French cartographer * David Vuillemin (born 1977), French motorcycle racer *Jean Vuillemin, French computer scientist * Jean-Claude Vuillemin (bor ...

1905 non Léger &

Hesse Hesse (, , ) or Hessia (, ; german: Hessen ), officially the State of Hessen (german: links=no, Land Hessen), is a state in Germany. Its capital city is Wiesbaden, and the largest urban area is Frankfurt. Two other major historic cities are ...

1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst. 1842 non Lindley 1840 non

Meek Meekness is an attribute of human nature and behavior that has been defined as an amalgam of righteousness, inner humility, and patience. Meekness has been contrasted with humility alone insomuch as humility simply refers to an attitude towards o ...

1864; '' Spironematella'' Silva 1970] **** Species '' Spironema multiciliatum, S. multiciliatum'' Klebs, 1893 [''Spironematella multiciliata'' ( Klebs 1893) Silva 1970] **** Species ''Spironema terricola, S. terricola'' Foissner & Foissner, 1993 [''Spironematella goodeyi'' ( Foissner & Foissner 1993)] **** Species ''Spironema goodeyi, S. goodeyi'' Foissner & Foissner, 1993 [''Spironematella terricola'' ( Foissner & Foissner 1993)] *** Genus ''Paramastix'' Skuja 1948 **** Species ''Paramastix lata, P. lata'' Skuja 1956 **** Species '' P. minuta'' Skuja 1964 **** Species '' P. conifera'' Skuja 1948 **** Species '' P. truncata'' Skuja 1948

References

Thecofilosea Cercozoa families Hemimastigophora {{Cercozoa-stub