Hemerocallidoideae is the a subfamily of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s, part of the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideall ...

Asphodelaceae Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes about 4 ...

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

'' in the

monocot Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of t ...

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...

Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. The order takes its name from the type family Asparagaceae and is placed ...

according to the APG system of

2016 File:2016 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Bombed-out buildings in Ankara following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt; the impeachment trial of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff; Damaged houses during the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh c ...

. Earlier classification systems treated the group as a separate family, the Hemerocallidaceae. The name is derived from the generic name of the type

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomencla ...

, ''

Hemerocallis A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus ''Hemerocallis'' , a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long ...

''. The largest genera in the

group A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together. Groups of people * Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity * Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic ide ...

are '' Dianella'' (with 20 species), ''Hemerocallis'' (15), and '' Caesia'' (11). In the 21st century, the group has had two basic forms, depending on whether '' Johnsonia'' and its relatives are included or not. Each of these forms can vary by the inclusion or exclusion of '' Xeronema''. If defined narrowly, most of the group are

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entertai ...

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

and

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago ...

and Australia. They also occur in

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island country ...

, many

Pacific islands Collectively called the Pacific Islands, the islands in the Pacific Ocean are further categorized into three major island groups: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Depending on the context, the term ''Pacific Islands'' may refer to one of se ...

, western South America, and

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...

, but not in

Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. These include West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa. Geopolitically, in addition to the African c ...

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the C ...

.Ole Seberg. 2007. "Hemerocallidaceae" pages 370-371. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. . If defined broadly, then the group includes the genus '' Caesia'', which is indigenous to

Southern Africa Southern Africa is the southernmost subregion of the African continent, south of the Congo and Tanzania. The physical location is the large part of Africa to the south of the extensive Congo River basin. Southern Africa is home to a number of ...

, as well as Australia.Ole Seberg. 2007. "Johnsoniaceae" page 376. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. . The

APG III system The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a fur ...

of 2009 used the broader definition of the group, treating it as the subfamily Hemerocallidoideae of the family Xanthorrhoeaceae ''sensu lato''. In the

APG IV system The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was published ...

of 2016 the name Asphodelaceae is used in preference to Xanthorrhoeaceae. ''

Hemerocallis fulva ''Hemerocallis fulva'', the orange day-lily, tawny daylily, corn lily, tiger daylily, fulvous daylily, ditch lily or Fourth of July lily (also railroad daylily, roadside daylily, outhouse lily, and wash-house lily), is a species of daylily native ...

'' is a common

ornamental Ornamental may refer to: *Ornamental grass, a type of grass grown as a decoration * Ornamental iron, mild steel that has been formed into decorative shapes, similar to wrought iron work *Ornamental plant, a plant that is grown for its ornamental qu ...

. Other species of ''Hemerocallis'' are cultivated as well. ''

Hemerocallis citrina ''Hemerocallis citrina'', common names citron daylily and long yellow daylily, is a species of herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asphodelaceae. Description ''Hemerocallis citrina'' can reach a height of . It has bright green, linear arch ...

'' has medicinal uses. '' Phormium tenax'' is a source of

fiber Fiber or fibre (from la, fibra, links=no) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate ...

in New Zealand. Hemerocallis-thunbergii1web

Circumscription

Some of the older systems included '' Xeronema'' in Hemerocallidaceae, but with considerable doubt about whether it really belonged there.H. Trevor Clifford, Rodney J.F. Henderson, and John G. Conran. 1998. "Hemerocallidaceae" pages 245-253. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). 1998. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.

Molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

studies Study or studies may refer to: General * Education **Higher education * Clinical trial * Experiment * Observational study * Research * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning Other * Study (art), a drawing or series of drawin ...

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The ...

s have shown that '' Xeronema'' is

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares one or more parents with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to ...

to a clade consisting of

'',

Amaryllidaceae The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus ''Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryllis fam ...

''sensu lato'', and

Asparagaceae Asparagaceae, known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, ''Asparagus officinalis''. Those who live in the temperate c ...

''sensu lato''.J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". ''Aliso'' 22(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):287-304. . ''Xeronema'' is now placed in its own family,

Xeronemataceae ''Xeronema'' is a genus of flowering plants containing two species, '' Xeronema moorei'' from New Caledonia, and '' Xeronema callistemon'' (the Poor Knights lily) from the Poor Knights Islands and Taranga Island in New Zealand. The plants are ...

. In 1985, Dahlgren, Clifford, and

Yeo Yeo is a Chinese, English, and Korean surname. Origins As an English surname, Yeo is a toponymic surname meaning "river", either for people who lived near one of the Rivers Yeo, or any river in general. The word comes from Old English , via sou ...

produced a work on monocot

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. A ...

that remained influential for over two decades.Rolf M.T. Dahlgren, H. Trevor Clifford, and Peter F. Yeo. 1985. ''The Families of the Monocotyledons''. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo. . . They defined Hemerocallidaceae as consisting only of ''Hemerocallis''. They excluded ''

Phormium ''Phormium'' is a genus of two plant species in the family Asphodelaceae. One species is endemic to New Zealand and the other is native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island. The two species are widely known in New Zealand as flax or their Māori ...

'' and its relatives, placing them into a separate family, Phormiaceae. This treatment was followed by

Armen Takhtajan Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian ( hy, Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; russian: Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JA ...

in 2009, in a classification that was based almost entirely on

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines *Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts *Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...

and that recognized

paraphyletic In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

groups. It was not followed in a major work on monocot taxonomy which appeared in 1998. In the 21st century, Hemerocallidaceae has been defined in essentially two different ways in systems based on monophyletic groups. In the narrower of these circumscriptions, Hemerocallidaceae ''

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

'', it consists of 12 genera and 40 to 50 species. It does not include the 8 genera and about 38 species that are placed in a separate family, Johnsoniaceae.H. Trevor Clifford, and John G. Conran. 1998. "Johnsoniaceae" pages 336-340. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). 1998. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. The broader version of the family, Hemerocallidaceae

, includes those species that would otherwise be assigned to Johnsoniaceae. Johnsoniaceae and Hemerocallidaceae ''sensu stricto'' form a clade that has strong statistical support. One study found Johnsoniaceae to be embedded in Hemerocallidaceae ''sensu stricto'', but this result did not have strong bootstrap support.Dion S. Devey, Ilia Leitch, Paula J. Rudall, J. Chris Pires, Yohan Pillon, and Mark W. Chase. "Systematics of Xanthorrhoeaceae sensu lato, with an emphasis on ''Bulbine''". ''Aliso'' 22(''Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):345-351. . The broader version of Hemerocallidaceae is the one that was accepted by the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships disco ...

when they published the

APG II system The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Gro ...

in 2003. When this system was superseded by

APG III APG is an abbreviation with several different meanings: * Aberdeen Proving Ground, a United States Army installation in Aberdeen, Maryland, also ** Phillips Army Airfield, the airfield of the above, from its IATA airport code * Aboriginal Provision ...

in 2009, Hemerocallidaceae was not recognized, instead being treated as subfamily Hemerocallidoideae of the expanded family Xanthorrhoeaceae ''sensu lato''. In the

of 2016 the name Asphodelaceae is used in preference to Xanthorrhoeaceae. For a

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

of Hemerocallidaceae, see the

phylogenetic tree A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

Genera

As noted above, a broad circumscription of the group includes the two former families Hemerocallidaceae ''sensu stricto'' and Johnsoniaceae. The Kubitzki system of 1998 has 12 genera (not counting ''Xeronema'') in Hemerocallidaceae and eight genera in Johnsoniaceae.Klaus Kubitzki (editor). 1998. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. Some authors combine some of the more closely related genera, recognizing as few as three genera in Hemerocallidaceae ''sensu stricto'' and as few as one in Johnsoniaceae. The genera listed below are from the

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) is an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected plan ...

, which recognizes 19 genera,Search for "Xanthorrhoeaceae", with the placement in the subfamily based on APWeb . *'' Agrostocrinum'' F.Muell. *'' Arnocrinum'' Endl. *'' Caesia'' R.Br. *'' Corynotheca'' F.Muell. *'' Dianella'' Lam. *'' Excremis'' Willd. *'' Geitonoplesium'' A.Cunn. *''

'' L. *'' Hensmania'' W.Fitzg. *''

Herpolirion ''Herpolirion'' is a genus of perennial herbs in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. The sole species is ''Herpolirion novae-zelandiae'', commonly known as sky lily. It is native to New Zealand as well as the states of New So ...

'' Hook.f. *'' Hodgsoniola'' F.Muell. *'' Johnsonia'' R.Br. *''

Pasithea In Greek mythology, Pasithea ( grc, Πασιθέα means "relaxation"), or Pasithee, was one of the Charites (Graces), and the personification of relaxation, meditation, hallucinations and all other altered states of consciousness. The Chari ...

'' D.Don *''

'' J.R.Forst. * ''Rhuacophila'' Blume – synonym of ''Dianella'' *'' Stypandra'' R.Br. *'' Simethis'' Kunth *'' Stawellia'' F.Muell. *'' Thelionema'' R.J.F.Hend. *'' Tricoryne'' R.Br.

References

External links

* *
Hemerocallidoideae
At

At
Missouri Botanical Garden Website

in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards).
The families of flowering plants
descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 9 March 2006. http://delta-intkey.com
Liliaceae in the ''Flora of North America''

NCBI Taxonomy Browser

Hemerocallidaceae at CSDL
an
Phormiaceae at CSDL
At
Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group
{{Taxonbar, from=Q913145 Asparagales subfamilies