Background
Bunau-Varilla was originally involved in the building of the Panama Canal underText of the treaty
Article I
The United States guarantees the freedom of the Republic of PanamaArticle II
The Republic of Panama grants the United States with the use of the land said canal be built, the surrounding land for construction purposes, and all islands within the limits of the zoneArticle III
The Republic of Panama grants to the United States all the rights, power and authority within the zone mentioned which the United States would possess and exercise if it were the sovereign of the territory within which said lands and waters are located to the entire exclusion of the exercise by the Republic of Panama of any such sovereign rights, power or authority.Article IV
The United States has the right to use lakes, oceans, and other bodies of water around Panama for transportation purposesArticle V
The Republic of Panama grants the United States a monopoly for the construction, maintenance, and operation of any system of communication dealing with the canalArticle VI
Any damages from the land before the date of convention will not all be charged to the United States nor the Republic of PanamaArticle VII
The Republic of Panama grants the United States with any lands, buildings, water rights, or other properties necessary for construction or operation and protection of the Canal. This may include any works of sanitation such as the collection and disposition of sewage in said cities of PanamaArticle VIII
The Republic of Panama grants to the United States all rights, which it now has or in the future may acquire to, the property of the New Panama Canal Company and the Panama Railroad CompanyArticle IX
The United States and the Republic of Panama agree there shall not be imposed or collected house tolls, tonnage, anchorage, lighthouse, wharf, pilot, or quarantine dues or any other charges of any kind upon any vessel using or passing through the canalArticle X
There shall not be any extra charges or taxes for either country, United States or the Republic of PanamaArticle XI
United States agrees that the official dispatches of the Government of the Republic of Panama can be transported through the Canal services without any higher rates than other service officials of the United StatesArticle XII
The Government of the Republic of Panama shall permit the immigration of the free access to the lands and workshops of the Canal whatever the nationalityArticle XIII
United States may import at any time into the said zone without any restrictions or obscene feesArticle XIV
United States agrees to pay Panama $10,000,000 in gold coins at the beginning of the settlement then an additional $250,000 nine years after the opening dateArticle XV
The joint commission will be settled by the United States and the Republic of Panama both appointing two people to help settle all decisions. If both do not reach a common result, an umpire will be appointedArticle XVI
The two governments of each country are responsible for making adequate provisions for the pursuit, imprisonment, detention, and delivery within the Canal Zone to the authorities of either countryArticle XVII
The Republic of Panama grants the use of the ports to the United States as places of refuge for any vessel employed by the Canal enterprisesArticle XVIII
The Canal and its entrances shall be neutral in perpetuity and open given all the terms in the treatyArticle XIX
The Government of the Republic of Panama shall have the right to transport its vessels and troops over the Canal at all times without paying charges of any kindArticle XX
Any existing treaty involving the territory of the Isthmus of Panama shall be cancelledArticle XXI
The rights granted by the Republic of Panama to the United States are understood to be free of all debts or concessions to other governments and consequently, if a problem should arise, the claimants shall resort to the Government of the Republic of Panama and not to the United States for any required compromiseArticle XXII
The Republic of Panama grants to the United States the participation in the future earnings of the Canal under the concessionary contractArticle XXIII
If it should become necessary at any time to employ armed forces for the protection of the Canal, the United States shall have the right to use its police and its land and naval forcesArticle XXIV
No change in the Government, laws, or treaties of the Republic of Panama shall affect any right of the United States under the present conventionArticle XXV
For the better performance of this convention and to the end of the protection of the Canal, the Government of the Republic of Panama will sell or lease land to the United States for naval or coaling stationsArticle XXVI
The respective Governments shall ratify the treaty and the ratifications shall be exchanged in Washington at the earliest time possibleTerms
The treaty was negotiated in Washington, D.C. and New York City. The terms of the treaty stated that the United States was to receive rights to a canal zone which was to extend five miles on either side of the canal route in perpetuity, and Panama was to receive a payment from the U.S. up to $10 million and an annual rental payment of $250,000. Though legally, Panama never officially became a colony of the United States. Instead of full overbearing control, the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty gave the United States governance only in the Canal Zone.Aftermath
This treaty was a source of conflict between Panama and the United States since its creation. The Canal Zone became a racially and socially segregated area, set aside from the country of Panama. The push for environmental determinism seemed to be the best framework to justify American practices in Panama. The conflict from the treaty reached its peak on January 9, 1964, with riots overSee also
* Clayton–Bulwer Treaty * Hay–Pauncefote Treaty *Further reading
* *Bunau-Varilla, Philippe. ''Panama: The Creation, Destruction, and Resurrection.'' New York: McBride, Nast and Company, 1914. Google Books.References
External links