''Haystacks'' is the common English title for a

series Series may refer to: People with the name * Caroline Series (born 1951), English mathematician, daughter of George Series * George Series (1920–1995), English physicist Arts, entertainment, and media Music * Series, the ordered sets used in ...

impressionist Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage ...

painting Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ai ...

s by

Claude Monet Oscar-Claude Monet (, , ; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of impressionist painting who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. During ...

. The principal subject of each painting in the series is stacks of harvested

wheat Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain that is a worldwide staple food. The many species of wheat together make up the genus ''Triticum'' ; the most widely grown is common wheat (''T. aestivum''). The archaeological ...

(or possibly barley or

oats The oat (''Avena sativa''), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals). While oats are suitable for human con ...

: the original French title, ''Les Meules à Giverny'', simply means ''The Stacks at Giverny''). The title refers primarily to a twenty-five

canvas Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, shelters, as a support for oil painting and for other items for which sturdiness is required, as well as in such fashion objects as handbags, ...

series ( Wildenstein Index Numbers 1266–1290) which Monet began near the end of the summer of 1890 and continued through the following spring, though Monet also produced five earlier paintings using this same stack subject. The series is famous for the way in which Monet repeated the same subject to show the differing

light Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye. Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), corresponding to frequencies of 750–420 terahe ...

and

atmosphere An atmosphere () is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A s ...

at different times of day, across the

seasons A season is a division of the year based on changes in weather, ecology, and the number of daylight hours in a given region. On Earth, seasons are the result of the axial parallelism of Earth's tilted orbit around the Sun. In temperate and pola ...

and in many types of

weather Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's atmosphere, the t ...

. The series is among Monet's most notable work. The largest ''Haystacks'' collections are held at the

Musée d'Orsay The Musée d'Orsay ( , , ) ( en, Orsay Museum) is a museum in Paris, France, on the Left Bank of the Seine. It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts railway station built between 1898 and 1900. The museum holds mainly French art ...

and

Musée Marmottan Monet Musée Marmottan Monet ( en, Marmottan Museum of Monet) is an art museum in Paris, France, dedicated to artist Claude Monet. The collection features over three hundred Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings by Claude Monet, including his 1 ...

in Paris, and in the

Art Institute of Chicago The Art Institute of Chicago in Chicago's Grant Park, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the world. Recognized for its curatorial efforts and popularity among visitors, the museum hosts approximately 1.5 mil ...

. Other collections include the

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston The Museum of Fine Arts (often abbreviated as MFA Boston or MFA) is an art museum in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the 20th-largest art museum in the world, measured by public gallery area. It contains 8,161 paintings and more than 450,000 works ...

, the

Metropolitan Museum The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

and

Museum of Modern Art The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It plays a major role in developing and collecting modern art, and is often identified as one of th ...

in New York, the

National Museum of Western Art The is the premier public art gallery in Japan specializing in art from the Western tradition. The museum is in the museum and zoo complex in Ueno Park in Taitō, central Tokyo. It received 1,162,345 visitors in 2016. History The NMWA was e ...

in Tokyo, and the

Musée de l'Orangerie The Musée de l'Orangerie ( en, Orangery Museum) is an art gallery of impressionist and post-impressionist paintings located in the west corner of the Tuileries Garden next to the Place de la Concorde in Paris. The museum is most famous as the ...

in Paris. The

collection includes six of the twenty-five ''Haystacks''. Other museums that hold parts of this series include the

Getty Center The Getty Center, in Los Angeles, California, is a campus of the Getty Museum and other programs of the Getty Trust. The $1.3 billion center opened to the public on December 16, 1997 and is well known for its architecture, gardens, and views over ...

Los Angeles Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the world' ...

, the Hill-Stead Museum in

Farmington, Connecticut Farmington is a town in Hartford County in the Farmington Valley area of central Connecticut in the United States. The population was 26,712 at the 2020 census. It sits 10 miles west of Hartford at the hub of major I-84 interchanges, 20 mile ...

(which also has one of five from the earlier 1888–89 harvest), the

Scottish National Gallery The Scottish National Gallery (formerly the National Gallery of Scotland) is the national art gallery of Scotland. It is located on The Mound in central Edinburgh, close to Princes Street. The building was designed in a neoclassical style by ...

, the

Minneapolis Institute of Arts The Minneapolis Institute of Art (Mia) is an arts museum located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Home to more than 90,000 works of art representing 5,000 years of world history, Mia is one of the largest art museums in the United State ...

Kunsthaus Zürich The Kunsthaus Zürich is in terms of area the biggest art museum of Switzerland and houses one of the most important art collections in Switzerland, assembled over the years by the local art association called '. The collection spans from the Midd ...

Tel Aviv Museum of Art Tel Aviv Museum of Art ( he, מוזיאון תל אביב לאמנות ''Muzeon Tel Aviv Leomanut'') is an art museum in Tel Aviv, Israel. The museum is dedicated to the preservation and display of modern and contemporary art from Israel and aroun ...

and the

Shelburne Museum Shelburne Museum is a museum of art, design, and Americana located in Shelburne, Vermont, United States. Over 150,000 works are exhibited in 39 exhibition buildings, 25 of which are historic and were relocated to the museum grounds. It is located ...

Vermont Vermont () is a state in the northeast New England region of the United States. Vermont is bordered by the states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, and New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the n ...

. Private collections hold the remaining ''Haystacks'' paintings.

Monet background

Monet settled in

Giverny Giverny () is a commune in the northern French department of Eure.Commune de Giverny (27285) ...

in 1883. Most of his paintings from 1883 until his death 40 years later were of scenes within of his home and gardens. Monet was intensely aware of and fascinated by the visual nuances of the region’s landscape and by the endless variations in the days and in the seasons—the stacks were just outside his door. Monet had previously painted a single subject in different light and different moods. However, as he matured as a painter, his depictions of

atmospheric An atmosphere () is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A s ...

influences were increasingly concerned not only with specific effects but with the overall color harmonies that allowed him an autonomous use of rich color. The conventional wisdom was that the stacks were a simple subject but also an unimaginative one. However, contemporary writers and friends of the artist noted that Monet's subject matter was always carefully chosen, the product of careful thought and analysis. Monet undertook to capture the stacks in direct light and then to re-examine them from the same view-point in different, often more muted, light and atmospheric conditions. It was then not unusual for Monet, in search of harmonious transitions within the series, to alter the canvases back in his studio.

Series background

The stacks depicted in the series are commonly referred to in English as hay, wheat or grain-stacks. In reality they stored

sheaf Sheaf may refer to: * Sheaf (agriculture), a bundle of harvested cereal stems * Sheaf (mathematics), a mathematical tool * Sheaf toss, a Scottish sport * River Sheaf, a tributary of River Don in England * '' The Sheaf'', a student-run newspaper s ...

s of grain primarily for bread—so

[or possibly barley or

]—and not hay, an animal food. The stacks were a way of keeping the sheafs dry until the grain could be separated from the stalks by threshing.Lemonedes, p. 143. The local method of storing and drying unthreshed-grains was to use straw, or sometimes hay, as a thatched 'roof' for the stack, shielding the wheat, barley or oats from the elements until, once dry-enough, they could be threshed. The

threshing machine A threshing machine or a thresher is a piece of farm equipment that threshes grain, that is, it removes the seeds from the stalks and husks. It does so by beating the plant to make the seeds fall out. Before such machines were developed, threshi ...

s then traveled from village to village. Thus, although the grain was harvested and the stacks were built by July, it often took until the following spring or even later—so through all the light and atmosphere changes of summer, autumn, winter and spring—for all the stacks to be reached by the threshing-machines. Grain storage/drying-stacks like these became common throughout Europe in the 19th century and survived until the inception of

combine harvesters The modern combine harvester, or simply combine, is a versatile machine designed to efficiently harvest a variety of grain crops. The name derives from its combining four separate harvesting operations— reaping, threshing, gathering, and winno ...

. The shapes of stacks were regional: in

Normandy Normandy (; french: link=no, Normandie ; nrf, Normaundie, Nouormandie ; from Old French , plural of ''Normant'', originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in Northwestern ...

, where Giverny is situated, it was common for them to be round with quite steeply-pitched thatched 'roofs'—just as Monet painted. The stacks belonged to Monet's farmer-neighbour, Monsieur Quéruel. Noticing the way the light changed on M. Quéruel's stacks, Monet asked his stepdaughter, Blanche Hoschedé, to bring him two canvases, one for sunny and one for overcast conditions. But Monet soon found he could not catch the ever-changing light and mood on merely two canvases: as a result, his willing helper was quickly bringing as many canvases as her

wheelbarrow A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind. The term "wheelbarrow" is mad ...

could hold. Monet's daily routine therefore came to involve carting

paint Paint is any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or solid mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture. Paint can be made in man ...

easel An easel is an upright support used for displaying and/or fixing something resting upon it, at an angle of about 20° to the vertical. In particular, easels are traditionally used by painters to support a painting while they work on it, normally ...

s and many unfinished canvases back and forth, working on whichever canvas most closely resembled the scene of the moment as the conditions and light fluctuated. Although he began painting the stacks ''

en plein air ''En plein air'' (; French for 'outdoors'), or ''plein air'' painting, is the act of painting outdoors. This method contrasts with studio painting or academic rules that might create a predetermined look. The theory of 'En plein air' painting ...

'', Monet later revised his initial impressions in his studio, both to generate contrast and to preserve the harmony within the series.Lemonedes, p. 139. Monet produced numerous ''Haystacks'' paintings. He painted five paintings (Wildenstein Index Numbers 1213–1217) with stacks as his primary subject during the 1888 harvest. His earlier

landscapes A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or man-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes the p ...

(Wildenstein Index Number 900–995, 1073) had included stacks nd_also_some_more-accurately_described_hayricks:_that_is_smaller_piles_of_hay_for_animal-feed.html" ;"title="hay.html" ;"title="nd also some more-accurately described nd_also_some_more-accurately_described_hayricks:_that_is_smaller_piles_of_hay_for_animal-feed">hay.html"_;"title="nd_also_some_more-accurately_described_hay">nd_also_some_more-accurately_described_hayricks:_that_is_smaller_piles_of_hay_for_animal-feedin_an_ancillary_manner._The_general_consensus_is_that_only_the_canvases_produced_using_the_1890_harvest_(Wildenstein_Index_Number_1266–1290)_comprise_the_''Haystacks''_series_proper._However_some_commentators_include_additional_paintings_when_referencing_this_series._For_example,_the__Hill-Stead_Museum_talk_of_their_two_stack_paintings_even_though_one_is_from_the_'proper'_1890_harvest,_the_other_from_the_1888_harvest._ Monet's_''Haystacks''_series_is_one_of_his_earliest_to_rely_on_repetition_to_illustrate_nuances_in_his_perception_across_natural_variations_such_as_times_of_day,_seasons,_and_types_of_weather.__For_Monet,_the_concept_of_producing_and_exhibiting_a_series_of_paintings_related_by_subject_and_vantage_point_began_in_1889,_with_at_least_ten_paintings_done_at_the_''Valley_of_the_Creuse'',_and_subsequently_shown_at_the_Art_gallery.html" ;"title="hay">nd also some more-accurately described hayricks: that is smaller piles of hay for animal-feed">hay.html" ;"title="nd also some more-accurately described hay">nd also some more-accurately described hayricks: that is smaller piles of hay for animal-feedin an ancillary manner. The general consensus is that only the canvases produced using the 1890 harvest (Wildenstein Index Number 1266–1290) comprise the ''Haystacks'' series proper. However some commentators include additional paintings when referencing this series. For example, the Hill-Stead Museum talk of their two stack paintings even though one is from the 'proper' 1890 harvest, the other from the 1888 harvest. Monet's ''Haystacks'' series is one of his earliest to rely on repetition to illustrate nuances in his perception across natural variations such as times of day, seasons, and types of weather. For Monet, the concept of producing and exhibiting a series of paintings related by subject and vantage point began in 1889, with at least ten paintings done at the ''Valley of the Creuse'', and subsequently shown at the Art gallery">Galerie Georges Petit. This interest in the serial Motif (visual arts), motif would continue for the rest of his career.

Thematic issues

Although the mundane subject was constant throughout the ''Haystack'' series, the underlying theme may be seen as the transience of light. This concept enabled Monet to use repetition to show nuances of perception as the time of day, the seasons and the weather changed. The almost unvarying subject provided the basis for him to compare changes of light and mood across his nuanced series. The first paintings in the series were started in late September or early October 1890, and he continued producing these paintings for about seven months. These paintings made Monet the first painter to paint such a large quantity of pictures of the same subject matter differentiated by light, weather, atmosphere and perspective. Beginning in the 1880s and 1890s, Monet focused on ''Haystacks'' and a number of other subjects (other series included the ''Mornings on the

Seine ) , mouth_location = Le Havre/Honfleur , mouth_coordinates = , mouth_elevation = , progression = , river_system = Seine basin , basin_size = , tributaries_left = Yonne, Loing, Eure, Risle , tributaries ...

,'' '' Poplars'', ''

Rouen Cathedral Rouen Cathedral (french: Cathédrale primatiale Notre-Dame de l'Assomption de Rouen) is a Roman Catholic church in Rouen, Normandy, France. It is the see of the Archbishop of Rouen, Primate of Normandy. It is famous for its three towers, ea ...

,'' the ''

Houses of Parliament The Palace of Westminster serves as the meeting place for both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Informally known as the Houses of Parliament, the Palace lies on the north bank ...

,'' and the ''

Water Lilies ''Water Lilies'' (or ''Nymphéas'', ) is a series of approximately 250 oil paintings by French Impressionist Claude Monet (1840–1926). The paintings depict his flower garden at his home in Giverny, and were the main focus of his artistic ...

,'' among others). In order to work on many paintings virtually simultaneously, he would awake before

dawn Dawn is the time that marks the beginning of twilight before sunrise. It is recognized by the appearance of indirect sunlight being scattered in Earth's atmosphere, when the centre of the Sun's disc has reached 18° below the observer's horizo ...

so as to begin at the earliest time of day: As the morning progressed and the light changed he would switch to sequentially later canvas settings, sometimes working on as many as ten or twelve paintings a day, each one depicting a slightly different aspect of light. The process would be repeated over the course of days, weeks, or months, depending on the weather and the progress of the paintings until they were completed. As the seasons changed the process was renewed. Certain effects of light only last for a few minutes, thus the canvases documenting such ephemera received attention for no more than a few minutes a day. Further complicating matters, the light of subsequent

sunrise Sunrise (or sunup) is the moment when the upper rim of the Sun appears on the horizon in the morning. The term can also refer to the entire process of the solar disk crossing the horizon and its accompanying atmospheric effects. Terminology Al ...

s, for example, could alter substantially and would require separate canvases within the series. Subsequently, different

hue In color theory, hue is one of the main properties (called color appearance parameters) of a color, defined technically in the CIECAM02 model as "the degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from stimuli that ...

s are evident in each painting, and in each work,

color Color (American English) or colour (British English) is the visual perceptual property deriving from the spectrum of light interacting with the photoreceptor cells of the eyes. Color categories and physical specifications of color are associa ...

is used to describe not only direct but reflected light. At differing times of day and in various seasons stacks absorb the light from diverse parts of the color

spectrum A spectrum (plural ''spectra'' or ''spectrums'') is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary, without gaps, across a continuum. The word was first used scientifically in optics to describe the rainbow of colors ...

. As a result, the residual light that is reflected off of the stacks is seen as ever-changing, and manifests in distinctive coloring. Many notable painters have been influenced by this particular series, including

Les Fauves Fauvism /ˈfoʊvɪzm̩/ is the style of ''les Fauves'' (French language, French for "the wild beasts"), a group of early 20th-century modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong colour over the Representation (arts), repr ...

, Derain, and

Vlaminck Maurice de Vlaminck (4 April 1876 – 11 October 1958) was a French painter. Along with André Derain and Henri Matisse, he is considered one of the principal figures in the Fauvism, Fauve movement, a group of modern artists who from 1904 to ...

Kandinsky Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky (; rus, Василий Васильевич Кандинский, Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kandinskiy, vɐˈsʲilʲɪj vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ kɐnʲˈdʲinskʲɪj; – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter a ...

's memoirs refer to the series: “What suddenly became clear to me was the unsuspected power of the palette, which I had not understood before and which surpassed my wildest dreams.” 1274 Grainstacks Snow Effect, Meules, effet de neige, 1890-91, 60 x 100cm, Oil on Canvas, Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, CT

1274 Grainstacks Snow Effect, Meules, effet de neige, 1890-91, 60 x 100cm, Oil on Canvas, Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, CT

The ''Haystacks'' series was a financial success. Fifteen of these were exhibited by Durand-Ruel in May 1891, and most of the paintings were sold within a month. They were especially popular among collectors from America, with twenty out of the thirty ''Haystacks'' created landing in American collections. Of the American collectors, Bertha Honoré Palmer bought nine of Monet's ''Haystacks''. The 1891 exhibit met with great public acclaim.

Octave Mirbeau Octave Mirbeau (16 February 1848 – 16 February 1917) was a French novelist, art critic, travel writer, pamphleteer, journalist and playwright, who achieved celebrity in Europe and great success among the public, whilst still appealing to the l ...

described Monet's daring series as representing "what lies beyond progress itself." Others described the stacks as "faces of the landscape"—they represented the

countryside In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry typically are describ ...

as a retreat from daily problems and home for contentment with nature.

Camille Pissarro Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro ( , ; 10 July 1830 – 13 November 1903) was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies). Hi ...

said: "These canvases breathe contentment." Most of the paintings sold immediately for as much as 1,000

franc The franc is any of various units of currency. One franc is typically divided into 100 centimes. The name is said to derive from the Latin inscription ''francorum rex'' (King of the Franks) used on early French coins and until the 18th cen ...

s. Additionally, Monet’s prices, in general, began to rise steeply. As a result, he was able to buy outright the house and grounds at

Giverny Giverny () is a commune in the northern French department of Eure.Commune de Giverny (27285) ...

and to start constructing a waterlily

pond A pond is an area filled with water, either natural or artificial, that is smaller than a lake. Defining them to be less than in area, less than deep, and with less than 30% emergent vegetation helps in distinguishing their ecology from th ...

. After years of mere subsistence living, he was able to enjoy success. The series demonstrates his intense study of light and atmospheric conditions and Monet was a perfectionist in his renderings. Monet destroyed more than one series of paintings that he found wanting. However, this series escaped his own harsh self-criticism and destruction.

1888–1889 paintings

From the 1888 harvest, Monet produced three canvases featuring two stacks each (Wildenstein #'s 1213–5) against the backdrop of hills along the left bank of the

and a few

Giverny Giverny () is a commune in the northern French department of Eure.Commune de Giverny (27285) ...

houses to the right. Then, he turned to his left to capture two scenes (1216–7) in which the hills are shrouded by a line of poplars. Image:1213 Grainstacks at Giverny sunset.jpg, ''Grainstacks at Giverny, sunset'', 1888–89. Oil on canvas. Image:Haystacks1989.jpg, ''Grainstacks, White Frost Effect'', 1889. Oil on canvas. Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, CT. Image:Grainstack at Giverny 1889 Claude Monet Tel Aviv.jpg, ''Grainstack at Giverny'', 1888–89. Oil on canvas.

1890–1891 series

On May 14, 2019, a privately held work from this series (
Grainstacks
', 1890) exchanged hands at $110.7 million, setting a record for a Monet work and becoming the first impressionist work to surpass $100 million. The buyer of the work was

Hasso Plattner Hasso Plattner (born 21 January 1944) is a German businessman. A co-founder of SAP SE software company, he has been chairman of the supervisory board of SAP SE since May 2003. As of August 2020, ''Forbes'' reported that he possessed a net worth o ...

. Since September 2020, the painting is on display at the Museum Barberini in Potsdam. Climate activists threw mashed potatoes at the painting in October 2022, but it was not damaged and was cleaned and put back on display. File:Claude Monet. Haystack. End of the Summer. Morning. 1891. Oil on canvas. Louvre, Paris, France.jpg, ''Stacks, End of Summer, '' (Meules, fin de l'été), 1891. Oil on canvas.

Paris, France Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...

. W1266 File:Monet - Grainstacks, in Bright Sunlight, 1890.jpg, ''Grainstacks, in Bright Sunlight'', 1890, Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, CT, W1267 File:Claude Monet, Grainstacks in the Sunlight, Morning Effect, 1890, oil on canvas 65 x 100 cm.jpg, ''Grainstacks in the Sunlight, Morning Effect'', 1890. Oil on canvas. Private collection. W1268. File:Claude_Monet_-_Stacks_of_Wheat_(End_of_Summer)_-_1985.1103_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstacks (End of Summer)'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.

, W1269 File:1270 Wheatstacks, 1890-91, 65.8 x 101 cm, 25 7-8 x 39 3-4 in, The Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstacks'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.

. W1270 File:Claude Monet - Meules, milieu du jour.jpg, ''Haystacks, (Midday),'' 1890–91,

National Gallery of Australia The National Gallery of Australia (NGA), formerly the Australian National Gallery, is the national art museum of Australia as well as one of the largest art museums in Australia, holding more than 166,000 works of art. Located in Canberra in th ...

, W1271 File:Monet - Wildenstein 1996, 1272.jpg, Monet – Wildenstein 1996, 1272. File:Claude Monet - Meules (W 1273).jpg, ''Grainstacks,'' 1890
Hasso Plattner Collection
on permanent loan at the Museum Barberini, Potsdam (Sold for $110.7 million on Sotheby's May 14, 2019.) W1273 File:Monet grainstacks-snow-effect-1891 W1274.jpg, ''Grainstack, White Frost Effect'', 1890-91,

, Vermont File:Monet - Wildenstein 1996, 1275.png, Monet – Wildenstein 1996, 1275. File:Getty monet wheatstacks.jpg, ''Wheatstacks, Snow Effect, Morning'', 1891. Oil on canvas.

J. Paul Getty Museum The J. Paul Getty Museum, commonly referred to as the Getty, is an art museum in Los Angeles, California housed on two campuses: the Getty Center and Getty Villa. The Getty Center is located in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles and fea ...

. W1276. File:Haystacks, Snow Effect 1891 Claude Monet NGScotland.jpg, ''Grainstacks Snow Effect'', (Meules, effet de neige), 1891. Oil on canvas.

National Gallery of Scotland The Scottish National Gallery (formerly the National Gallery of Scotland) is the national art gallery of Scotland. It is located on The Mound in central Edinburgh, close to Princes Street. The building was designed in a neoclassical style by ...

Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian on the southern shore of t ...

Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to th ...

, W1277 File:1278 Wheatstacks (Sunset, Snow Effect), 1890-91, 65.3 x 100.4 cm, 25 11-16 x 39 1-2 in., The Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstacks (Sunset, Snow Effect)'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.

. W1278 File:Claude Monet (French, Paris 1840–1926 Giverny) - Haystacks (Effect of Snow and Sun) - Google Art Project.jpg, ''Haystacks (Effect of Snow and Sun)'' Oil on canvas.

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

– W1279 File:Claude Monet, Haystack, Morning Snow Effect (Meule, Effet de Neige, le Matin), 1891, oil on canvas, 65 x 92 cm, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.jpg, ''Haystack, Morning Snow Effect'' (Meule, Effet de Neige, le Matin), 1891. Oil on canvas.

.W1280 File:1281 Wheatstack (Snow Effect, Overcast day), 1890-91, 66 x 93 cm, 26 x 36 5-8, The Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstack (Snow Effect, Overcast day)'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.

. W1281 File:Monet haystacks-at-sunset-frosty-weather-1891 W1282.jpg, ''Haystacks at sunset, frosty weather'', private collection. W1282 File:1283 Wheatstack, 1890-91, 65.6 x 92 cm, 25 13-16 x 36 1-4 in., The Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstack'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.

. W1283 File:1284 Wheatstack (Thaw, Sunset), 1890-91, 66 x 93, 26 x 36 5-8 in. The Art Institute of Chicago.jpg, ''Wheatstack (Thaw, Sunset)'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.

. W1284 File:Monet grainstack 65 x 92 cm, 1891 W1285.jpg, Monet grainstack 65 x 92 cm, 1891 W1285 File:1286 Wheatstack (Sun in the Mist), 1891, 65 x 100 cm; 25 5-8 x 39 3-8 in., Minneapolis Institute of Arts.jpg, ''Wheatstack (Sun in the Mist)'', 1891. Oil on canvas.

. W1286 File:Monet - Wildenstein 1996, 1287.jpg, ''Grainstack in the Sunlight, Snow Effect,'' 1891
Hasso Plattner Collection
on permanent loan at the Museum Barberini in

Potsdam Potsdam () is the capital and, with around 183,000 inhabitants, largest city of the German state of Brandenburg. It is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region. Potsdam sits on the River Havel, a tributary of the Elbe, downstream of ...

. W1287 File:Poss 1288 Grainstack in Sunshine, 1891, Meule au soleil, Oil on Canvas, 60 x 100 cm, Zurich, Kunsthaus Zurich.jpg, ''Grainstack in Sunshine'', 1891. Oil on canvas.

. W1288 File:Claude Monet - Graystaks I.JPG, ''Grainstack. (Sunset.)'', 1890–91. Oil on canvas.

. W1289 File:1290 Grainstack in the Sunlight, 1891, Oil on Canvas, Private Collection.jpg, ''Grainstack in the Sunlight'', 1891. Oil on canvas. Private collection. W1290 File:Claude Monet - Haystack in the Evening Sun - Gösta Serlachius Fine Arts foundation.jpg, ''Haystack in the Evening Sun'', 1891. Oil on canvas. Gösta Serlachius Fine Arts Foundation.

Notes

References

*Forge, Andrew, and Gordon, Robert, ''Monet'', Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1989. *Gerdts, William H., ''Monet's Giverny: An Impressionist Colony'', Abbeville Press Publishers, 1993. *Heinrich, Christoph, ''Claude Monet'', Benedikt

Taschen Taschen is a luxury art book publisher founded in 1980 by Benedikt Taschen in Cologne, Germany. As of January 2017, Taschen is co-managed by Benedikt and his eldest daughter, Marlene Taschen. History The company began as Taschen Comics, ...

Verlag GmbH, 2000 *House, John, ''Monet: Nature into Art'',

Yale University Press Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University. It was founded in 1908 by George Parmly Day, and became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but it remains financially and operationally autonomous. , Yale Universit ...

, 1986. *Kelder, Diane, ''The Great Book of French Impressionism,'' Abbeville Press Publishers, 1980. *Lemonedes, Heather, Lynn Federle Orr and David Steel, ''Monet in Normandy,'' Rizzoli International Publications, 2006, *Sagner, Karin, ''Monet at Giverny'', Prestel Verlag *Stuckey, Charles F., ''Claude Monet 1840–1926'', 1995, co-published by The Art Institute of Chicago and Thames and Hudson. *Tucker, Paul Hayes, ''Monet in the '90s: The Series Paintings'', 1989,

in association with Yale University Press *Wildenstein, Daniel, ''Monet: or the Triumph of Impressionism'', 2006, Taschen GmbH *Published on the occasion of the Exhibition ''Monet’s Years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism'' Organized by the

in association with the

St. Louis Art Museum The Saint Louis Art Museum (SLAM) is one of the principal U.S. art museums, with paintings, sculptures, cultural objects, and ancient masterpieces from all corners of the world. Its three-story building stands in Forest Park in St. Louis, ...

, 1978, Abradale Press/Harry N. Abrams, Inc.

External links

Experience two of Monet's ''Haystacks'' at Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut''Monet's Years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism''
exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on these works
Monet works at the Art Institute of Chicago
featuring Haystack paintings
Examples of stacks and their thatching (in Britain)
{{good article 1890s paintings Series of paintings by Claude Monet Paintings in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago Paintings by Claude Monet Paintings in the collection of the Musée d'Orsay Farming in art Paintings in the National Galleries of Scotland

Monet background

Series background

Thematic issues

1888–1889 paintings

1890–1891 series

See also

Notes

References

External links