, formerly Hayashi Noboru, was a neo-Confucian scholar and a bakufu official in the late

Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...

.Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868,'' p. 332.

Academician

Hayashi ''

Daigaku-no-kami was a Japanese Imperial court position and the title of the chief education expert in the rigid court hierarchy. The Imperial ''Daigaku-no-kami'' predates the Heian period; and the court position continued up through the early Meiji period. The ...

'' Gakusai was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian scholars, each of whom were ''ad hoc'' personal advisers to the shōguns prominent figures in the educational training system for the ''

bakufu , officially , was the title of the military dictators of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, though during part of the Kamakur ...

'' bureaucrats. The progenitor of this lineage of scholars was

Hayashi Razan , also known as Hayashi Dōshun, was a Japanese Neo-Confucianism, Neo-Confucian philosopher and writer, serving as a tutor and an advisor to the first four ''shōguns'' of the Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa ''bakufu''. He is also attributed with f ...

, who lived to witness his philosophical and pragmatic reasoning become a foundation for the dominant ideology of the ''bakufu'' until the end of the 19th century. This evolution developed in part from the official Hayashi ''

schema The word schema comes from the Greek word ('), which means ''shape'', or more generally, ''plan''. The plural is ('). In English, both ''schemas'' and ''schemata'' are used as plural forms. Schema may refer to: Science and technology * SCHEMA ...

'' equating samurai with the cultured governing class (although the samurai were largely illiterate at the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate). The Hayashi helped to legitimize the role of the militaristic ''bakufu'' at the beginning of its existence. His philosophy is also important in that it encouraged the samurai class to cultivate themselves, a trend which would become increasingly widespread over the course of his lifetime and beyond. One of Hayashi ''Daigaku-no-kami'' Razan's aphorism encapsulates this view: :::"No true learning without arms and no true arms without learning." The Hayashi played a prominent role is helping to maintain the theoretical underpinnings of the Tokugawa regime; and Hayashi ''Daigaku-no-kami'' Gakusai was the 12th hereditary

rector Rector (Latin for the member of a vessel's crew who steers) may refer to: Style or title *Rector (ecclesiastical), a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations *Rector (academia), a senior official in an edu ...

of ''

Yushima Seidō , is a Confucian temple () in Yushima, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. It was established in end of the 17th century during the Genroku era of the Edo period. Towards the late Edo period, one of the most important educational institutions of the sho ...

''. The privileges and honors he and his family and his clan had enjoyed up through 1867 were stripped from them during the turmoil which accompanied the

Meiji Restoration The , referred to at the time as the , and also known as the Meiji Renovation, Revolution, Regeneration, Reform, or Renewal, was a political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Although there were ...

in 1868.

Kanagawa convention of 1853

* ''Kaei 7'' (1853): Commodore Perry returned to

Edo Bay is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan, and spans the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture. Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel. The Tokyo Bay region is both the most populous ...

to force Japanese agreement to the

Treaty of Kanagawa The Convention of Kanagawa, also known as the Kanagawa Treaty (, ''Kanagawa Jōyaku'') or the Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity (, ''Nichibei Washin Jōyaku''), was a treaty signed between the United States and the Tokugawa Shogunate on March ...

; and the chief Japanese negotiator was ''Daigaku-no kami'' Hayashi Akira,Cullen, p. 178 n11. who was known to the Americans as "Prince Commissioner Hayashi". :"Immediately, on signing and exchanging copies of the treaty, Commodore Perry presented the first commissioner, Prince Hayashi, with an American flag stating that this gift was the highest expression of national courtesy and friendship he could offer. The prince was deeply moved, and expressed his gratitude with evident feeling. The commodore next presented the other commissioners with gifts he had especially reserved for them. All business now having been concluded to the satisfaction of both delegations, the Japanese commissioners invited Perry and his officers to enjoy a feast and entertainment especially prepared for the celebration." – ''from American eyewitness account of the event'' Hayashi Noboru's signature can be found on the Japanese translation of the Dutch text of the agreement negotiated between Commodore Perry and Daigaku-no-kami Hayashi, implying some degree of participation in this historic negotiation.Beasley, William. (1955) Select Documents of Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1968, pp. 119–120 n2.

Notes

References

* Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868.'' London:

Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print books ...

. eprinted_by_RoutledgeCurzon,_London,_2001.___(cloth).html" ;"title="RoutledgeCurzon.html" ;"title="eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon">eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. (cloth)">RoutledgeCurzon.html" ;"title="eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon">eprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. (cloth)* Blomberg, Catherina. (1994). ''The Heart of the Warrior: Origins and Religious Background of the Samurai in Feudal Japan.'' London: RoutledgeCurzon. * Cullen, L.M. (2003). ''A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (cloth) (paper) * Hawks, Francis. (1856). ''Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy,'' Washington: A. O. P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in ''Senate Executive Documents'', No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session. eprinted by London:Trafalgar Square, 2005. (paper)* Sewall, John S. (1905). ''The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas,'' Bangor, Maine: Chas H. Glass & Co. eprint by Chicago: R.R. Donnelly & Sons, 1995

Academician

Kanagawa convention of 1853

Notes

References

See also