The was a Japanese

samurai were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the '' daimyo'' (the great feudal landholders). They h ...

clan which served as important advisors to the

Tokugawa shōguns Tokugawa may refer to: *Tokugawa era, an alternative term for the Edo period, 1603 to 1868 *Tokugawa shogunate, a feudal regime of Japan during the Edo period **Tokugawa clan, a powerful family of Japan ***Tokugawa Ieyasu (154 ...

. Among members of the clan in powerful positions in the shogunate was its founder

Hayashi Razan , also known as Hayashi Dōshun, was a Japanese Neo-Confucianism, Neo-Confucian philosopher and writer, serving as a tutor and an advisor to the first four ''shōguns'' of the Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa ''bakufu''. He is also attributed with f ...

, who passed on his post as hereditary

rector Rector (Latin for the member of a vessel's crew who steers) may refer to: Style or title *Rector (ecclesiastical), a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations *Rector (academia), a senior official in an edu ...

of the

neo-Confucianist Neo-Confucianism (, often shortened to ''lǐxué'' 理學, literally "School of Principle") is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu (768–824) and Li Ao (772–841) in th ...

Shōhei-kō school to his son,

Hayashi Gahō , also known as Hayashi Shunsai, 林春斎, , was a Japanese Neo-Confucian philosopher and writer in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa ''bakufu'' during the Edo period. He was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian ...

, who also passed it on to his son,

Hayashi Hōkō , also known as Hayashi Nobutatsu, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar, teacher and administrator in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa ''bakufu'' during the Edo period. He was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian ...

; this line of descent continued until the end of Hayashi Gakusai's tenure in 1867. However, elements of the school carried on until 1888, when it was folded into the newly organized

Tokyo University , abbreviated as or UTokyo, is a public research university located in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. Established in 1877, the university was the first Imperial University and is currently a Top Type university of the Top Global University Project by ...

Hayashi clan position

The Hayashi family's special position as personal advisors to the shōgun gave their school an imprimatur of legitimacy that no other contemporary Confucian academy possessed.Yamshita, Samuel Hideo. "Yamasaki Ansai and Confucian School Relations, 1650–1675," ''Early Modern Japan.'' 9:2, 3–18 (Fall 2001). This meant that Hayashi views or interpretation were construed as dogma. Anyone challenging the Hayashi ''status quo'' was perceived as trying to challenge Tokugawa hegemony; and any disagreements with the Hayashi were construed as threatening the larger structure of complex power relations within which the Confucian field was embedded. Any disputes in the Confucian field in the 1650s and 1660s may have originated in personal rivalries or authentic philosophical disagreements, but any issues became inextricably intertwined with the dominating political presence of the shōgun and those who ruled in his name. In this period, the Tokugawa and the '' fudai'' ''

daimyō were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji era, Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and n ...

'' were only the most powerful of the nearly 250 domain-holding lords in the country. By filling the high offices of the shogunate with his trusted, loyal ''daimyō'', the shōgun paradoxically increased the power of these office holders and diminished the powers which were once held by Ieyasu alone, which caused each to more zealously guard against anything which might be seen to minimize intertwined power and prestige; and the varying characters of the shōgun further exacerbated this development. The

Edo period The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional '' daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was characteriz ...

power structure itself discouraged of dissent from what became the accepted Hayashi orthodoxy. In the spectrum of the Tokugawa

retainer Retainer may refer to: * Retainer (orthodontics), devices for teeth * RFA ''Retainer'' (A329), a ship * Retainers in early China, a social group in early China Employment * Retainer agreement, a contract in which an employer pays in advance for ...

band, the Hayashi family head himself was a high-ranking ''

hatamoto A was a high ranking samurai in the direct service of the Tokugawa shogunate of feudal Japan. While all three of the shogunates in Japanese history had official retainers, in the two preceding ones, they were referred to as ''gokenin.'' However ...

'' (thus coming under the jurisdiction of the ''

wakadoshiyori The ', or "Junior Elders", were high government officials in the Edo period Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867). The position was established around 1633, but appointments were irregular until 1662. The four to six ''wakadoshiyori'' we ...

''), and possessed an income of 3,500 ''

koku The is a Chinese-based Japanese unit of volume. 1 koku is equivalent to 10 or approximately , or about . It converts, in turn, to 100 shō and 1000 gō. One ''gō'' is the volume of the "rice cup", the plastic measuring cup that is supplied ...

''.

Notable clan members

Heads of clan

* Founder:

(1583–1657), formerly Hayashi Nobukatsu, also known as Dōshun (1st son of Nobutoki). * Son of founder:

(1618–1688), formerly Hayashi Harukatsu (3rd son of Razan). The

courtesy title A courtesy title is a title that does not have legal significance but rather is used through custom or courtesy, particularly, in the context of nobility, the titles used by children of members of the nobility (cf. substantive title). In some co ...

of identified the head of the chief educational institution of the state. It was conferred by the shogun in 1691 to

when the Neo-Confucian academy moved to land provided by the shogunate at Yushima. This academic title became hereditary for the ten descendants who followed in succession. * 1st Daigaku no Kami:

(1644–1732), formerly Hayashi Nobuhatsu (son of Gahō).De Bary, William ''et al.'' (2005)
''Sources of Japanese Tradition,'' Vol. 2, p. 443.
/ref> * 2nd Daigaku no Kami:

Hayashi Ryūkō was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar, teacher and administrator in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa ''bakufu'' during the Edo period. He was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian scholars. Academician Hōkō was t ...

(1681–1758). * 3rd Daigaku no Kami:

Hayashi Hōkoku Hayashi ( 林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese ...

(1721–1773). * 4th Daigaku no Kami:

Hayashi Hōtan Hayashi ( 林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese ...

(1761–1787). * 5th Daigaku no Kami:

Hayashi Kimpō Hayashi ( 林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese s ...

(1767–1793), also known as

Hayashi Kanjun Hayashi ( 林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese ...

Hayashi Nobutaka Hayashi ( 林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese ...

Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 300.] * 6th Daigaku no Kami:

Hayashi Jussai was a Japanese neo-Confucian scholar of the Edo period. He was an hereditary rector of Edo’s Confucian Academy, the ''Shōhei-kō'', also known at the ''Yushima Seidō,'' which was built on land provided by the shōgun. The ''Yushima-Seidō, ...

(1768–1841), formerly Matsudaira Norihira, 3rd son of Iwamura daimyo

Matsudaira Norimori The was a Japanese samurai clan that descended from the Minamoto clan. It originated in and took its name from Matsudaira village, in Mikawa Province (modern-day Aichi Prefecture). During the Sengoku period, the chieftain of the main line of t ...

—Norihira was adopted into Hayashi family when Kimpō/Kanjun died childless; explained shogunate foreign policy to

Emperor Kōkaku was the 119th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'')光格天皇 (119)/ref> Kōkaku reigned from 16 December 1780 until his abdication on 7 May 1817 in favor of his son, Empe ...

in 1804., also known as

Hayashi Jitsusai was a Japanese neo-Confucian scholar of the Edo period. He was an hereditary rector of Edo’s Confucian Academy, the ''Shōhei-kō'', also known at the ''Yushima Seidō,'' which was built on land provided by the shōgun. The ''Yushima-Seidō, ...

Asiatic Society of Japan. (1908). ''Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan,'' v36:1(1908), p. 151. and

Hayashi Kō was a Japanese neo-Confucian scholar of the Edo period. He was an hereditary rector of Edo’s Confucian Academy, the ''Shōhei-kō'', also known at the ''Yushima Seidō,'' which was built on land provided by the shōgun. The ''Yushima-Seidō, ...

. * 7th Daigaku no Kami:

Hayashi Teiu Hayashi ( 林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese ...

(1791–1844). * 8th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Sōkan (1828–1853). * 9th Daigaku no Kami: Hayashi Fukusai (1800–1859), also known as

Hayashi Akira (also known as ''Hayashi Fukusai'') was an Edo period scholar-diplomat serving the Tokugawa shogunate in a variety of roles similar to those performed by serial Hayashi clan neo-Confucianists since the time of Tokugawa Ieyasu. He was the here ...

, chief Japanese negotiator for the

Treaty of Kanagawa The Convention of Kanagawa, also known as the Kanagawa Treaty (, ''Kanagawa Jōyaku'') or the Japan–US Treaty of Peace and Amity (, ''Nichibei Washin Jōyaku''), was a treaty signed between the United States and the Tokugawa Shogunate on March ...

* 10th Daigaku no Kami:

Hayashi Gakusai , formerly Hayashi Noboru, was a neo-Confucian scholar and a bakufu official in the late Tokugawa shogunate.Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868,'' p. 332. Academician Hayashi ''Daigaku-no-kami' ...

(1833–1906), formerly Hayashi Noboru, head of

Yushima Seidō , is a Confucian temple () in Yushima, Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. It was established in end of the 17th century during the Genroku era of the Edo period. Towards the late Edo period, one of the most important educational institutions of the sho ...

in 1867.

Other notable clan members

* Hayashi Nobutoki (1583–1657), father of Hayashi Razan. * Hayashi Nobozumi (1585–1683), brother of Hayashi Razan.Nussbaum, p. 301. * Hayashi Yoshikatsu, brother of Hayashi Nobutoki and adoptive father of Hayashi Razan. *

Hayashi Dokkōsai Hayashi ( 林, literally " woods"), is the 19th most common Japanese surname. It shares the same character as the Chinese surname Lin. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese synchronized swimmer *, Japanese footballer *, Japanese s ...

, formerly Hayashi Morikatsu (born 1624), 4th son of Hayashi Razan * Hayashi Shunzai or Hayashi Shunsai (1618–1680), alternate spellings for early name of Hayashi Gahō. * Hayashi Jo, son of Hayashi Razan, brother of Gahō and Morikatsu. * Hayashi Shuntoku (1624–1661). * Hayashi Baisai. * Hayashi Kansai. *

Torii Yōzō A is a traditional Japanese gate most commonly found at the entrance of or within a Shinto shrine, where it symbolically marks the transition from the mundane to the sacred. The presence of a ''torii'' at the entrance is usually the simplest ...

, 2nd son of Jussai—adopted into Torii family *

Satō Issai was a '' Confucian scholar in late Edo to Bakumatsu period Japan. Biography Satō was the second son of Satō Nobuyoshi, a samurai in the service of Iwamura Domain, a minor (20,000 ''koku'') domain with holdings in Mino and Suruga Provinces. He ...

(1772–1859), adopted into Hayashi family from Iwamura, becomes professorial head of academy in 1805. * Hayashi Kakuryō (1806–1878), Confucian scholar who never gave up his top-knot. * Hayashi Ryōsai (1807–1849).

Hayashi clan cemetery

The Hayashi clan cemetery is located in Ichigayayamabushi-cho,

Shinjuku is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. It is a major commercial and administrative centre, housing the northern half of the busiest railway station in the world (Shinjuku Station) and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, the administration ...

Tokyo Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, with an estimated 37.468 ...

. The cemetery was originally located in Shinobu-ga-oka in

Ueno is a district in Tokyo's Taitō Ward, best known as the home of Ueno Park. Ueno is also home to some of Tokyo's finest cultural sites, including the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, and the National Museum of Na ...

, but in 1698 the Shogunate granted the clan an estate in

Ushigome is the name of a neighborhood in Shinjuku, Tokyo, and a former ward (牛込区 ''Ushigome-ku'') in the now-defunct Tokyo City. In 1947, when the 35 wards of Tokyo were reorganized into 23, it was merged with Yotsuya ward of Tokyo City and Yodobas ...

and the cemetery was relocated at that time. It houses the graves of the first 12 generations of the main lineage of the clan, starting with Hayashi Razan and including the tomb of Hayashi Akira, as well as the tombs of eight generations of a cadet lineage started by Hayashi Harutoku. The cemetery was designated a National Historic Site in 1926. It remained in the hands of the Hayashi clan until it was purchased by Shinjuku Ward in 1975. A total of 81 tombstones stand in the small site of about 360 square meters. It is open to the public every year in early November. The Hayashi clan cemetery is about a 5-minute walk from

Ushigome-yanagichō Station is a subway station on the Toei Oedo Line in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (Toei). It is numbered "E-04". Lines Ushigome-yanagichō Station is served by the Toei Oedo ...

on the Toei Metro Ōedo Line.

Notes

References

* Bourdieu, Pierre and Lòeic J. D. Wacquant. (1992)
''An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology.''
Chicago:

University of Chicago Press The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including ''The Chicago Manual of Style'', ...

. * Cullen, Louis .M. (2003)
''A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds.''
Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII of England, King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press A university press is an academic publishing hou ...

. (cloth). (paper) * De Bary, William Theodore,

Carol Gluck Carol Gluck (born November 12, 1941) is an American academic and Japanologist. She is the George Sansom Professor Emerita of History at Columbia University and served as the president of the Association for Asian Studies in 1996. Career Gluck wa ...

, Arthur E. Tiedemann. (2005). ''Sources of Japanese Tradition,'' Vol. 2. New York:

Columbia University Press Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. It is currently directed by Jennifer Crewe (2014–present) and publishes titles in the humanities and sciences, including the fiel ...

. ; ;
Online Encyclopedia of Shinto
(19 Sept. 2007) * Mehl, Margaret. (2003)
''Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline and Transformation of the "Kangaku juku"''.
Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS). * Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge:

Harvard University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the retirem ...

. ; ; * Ogawa, Kyōichi (2003). ''Edo no hatamoto jiten.'' Tokyo: Kōdansha. * Ooms, Herman (1975).
Charismatic Bureaucrat: a political biography of

Matsudaira Sadanobu was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the mid-Edo period, famous for his financial reforms which saved the Shirakawa Domain, and the similar reforms he undertook during his tenure as chief of the Tokugawa shogunate, from 1787 to 1793. Early life Mats ...

, 1758–1829.'' Chicago:

. * __________. (1998)
''Tokugawa Ideology: Early Constructs, 1570–1680.''
Ann Arbor, Michigan:

University of Michigan Press The University of Michigan Press is part of Michigan Publishing at the University of Michigan Library. It publishes 170 new titles each year in the humanities and social sciences. Titles from the press have earned numerous awards, including L ...

. * Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A.B. (1956). ''Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794–1869.'' Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. *

Timon Screech Timon Screech (born 28 September 1961 in Birmingham) was professor of the history of art at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London from 1991 - 2021, when he left the UK in protest over Brexit. He is now a profess ...

, Timon. (2006)
''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822.''
London:

RoutledgeCurzon Routledge () is a British multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanities, behavioural science, education, law, and ...

. * Totman, Conrad D. (1967)
''Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu.''
Cambridge: