Haplogroup P1, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, is a
Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in
human genetics
Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population g ...
. Defined by the
SNPs
In genetics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP ; plural SNPs ) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome. Although certain definitions require the substitution to be present in a sufficiently larg ...
M45 and PF5962, P1 is a primary branch (subclade) of
P (P-P295; K2b2).
The only primary subclades of P1 are
Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and
Haplogroup R Haplogroup R may refer to:
* Haplogroup R (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
* Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations.
S ...
(R-M207). These haplogroups now comprise most of the male lineages among
Native Americans,
Europeans,
Central Asia and
South Asia, among other parts of the world.
P1 (M45) likely originated in
Central Asia or
Siberia,
with basal P1* (P1xQ,R) now most common among individuals in
Siberia and
Central Asia.
[Miroslava Derenko et al 2005]
Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions
Zgms.cm.umk.pl[E. Heyer et al., 2013, "Genetic Diversity of Four Filipino Negrito Populations from Luzon: Comparison of Male and Female Effective Population Sizes and Differential Integration of Immigrants into Aeta and Agta Communities", ''Human Biology'', Vol. 85, Iss. 1, p. 201.] A 2018 study found basal P1* in two Siberian individuals dated to the
Upper Paleolithic
The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories coi ...
(~31,630 cal BP) from a
Yana river
The Yana ( rus, Я́на, p=ˈjanə; sah, Дьааҥы, ''Caañı'') is a river in Sakha in Russia, located between the Lena to the west and the Indigirka to the east.
Course
It is long, and its drainage basin covers . Including its longes ...
archaeological site known as
Yana RHS.
Structure
The
subclade
In genetics, a subclade is a subgroup of a haplogroup.
Naming convention
Although human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups and subclades are named in a similar manner, their names belong to completely separate sys ...
s of Haplogroup P1 with their defining mutation, according to the 2016 ISOGG tree:
* P1 (M45/PF5962)
**
Q (M242)
***
Q1 (L232/S432)
**
R (M207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.2, V45)
***
R1 (M173/P241/Page29)
***
R2 (M479/PF6107)
Modern distribution
P1*
The modern populations with high frequencies of P1* (or P1xQ,R) are located in
Central Asia and
Eastern Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
:
* 35.4% among
Tuvan males;
* 35% among
Nivkh and;
* 28.3% among
Altai-Kizhi.
Modern
South Asian populations also feature P1 (M45) at low to moderate frequencies.
In South Asia, P-M45 is most frequent among the Muslims of
Manipur (Pangal, 33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals).
A levels of 14% P-M45* on the island of
Korčula in
Dalmatia (modern Croatia) and 6% on the neighbouring island of
Hvar
Hvar (; Chakavian: ''Hvor'' or ''For'', el, Φάρος, Pharos, la, Pharia, it, Lesina) is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea, located off the Dalmatian coast, lying between the islands of Brač, Vis and Korčula. Approximately long,
w ...
, may be linked to immigration during the early medieval period, by Central Asian peoples such as the
Avars.
[Paolo Francalacci & Daria Sanna, "History and geography of human Y-chromosome in Europe: a SNP perspective", '']Journal of Anthropological Sciences
The ''Journal of Anthropological Sciences'' is an annual peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering anthropology. It was established in 1893 as the ''Atti della Società Romana di Antropologia'', and was renamed the ''Rivista di Antropol ...
'', vol. 86 (2008), pp. 59-89. ccess: Aug 24, 2017)
It is possible that many cases of haplogroup P1 reported in Central Asia, South Asia and/or West Asia are members of rare or less-researched subclades of haplogroups R2 and Q, rather than P1* ''per se''.
§ ''May include members of haplogroup
R2.''
† ''May include members of haplogroup
R1*/R1a*
Q
Near universal in the
Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern
Native American populations, except for the
Na-Dene
Na-Dene (; also Nadene, Na-Dené, Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit, Tlina–Dene) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages. Haida was formerly included, but is now considered ...
peoples, where it reaches 50-90%.
Also common, at 25-50%, in modern Siberian populations such as the
Nivkhs
The Nivkh, or Gilyak (also Nivkhs or Nivkhi, or Gilyaks; ethnonym: Нивхгу, ''Nʼivxgu'' (Amur) or Ниғвңгун, ''Nʼiɣvŋgun'' (E. Sakhalin) "the people"), are an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the northern half of Sakhalin Islan ...
,
Selkups
The Selkup (russian: селькупы), until the 1930s called Ostyak- Samoyeds (''остяко-самоеды''), are a Samoyedic speaking Uralic ethnic group native to Siberia. They live in the northern parts of Tomsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai ...
,
Tuvans
The Tuvans ( tyv, Тывалар, Tıvalar) are a TurkicOtto Maenchen-Helfen, Journey to Tuva, p. 169 ethnic group indigenous to Siberia who live in Russia (Tuva), Mongolia, and China. They speak Tuvan, a Siberian Turkic language. They are al ...
,
Chukchi,
Siberian Eskimos, Northern
Altaians
The Altai people ( alt, Алтай-кижи, Altai-kizhi), also the Altaians ( alt, Алтайлар, Altailar), are a Turkic ethnic group of indigenous peoples of Siberia mainly living in the Altai Republic, Russia. Several thousand of the Alt ...
, and in 30% of
Turkmens.
R
The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the
Mal'ta Boy.
Subclades of R1b, R1a and R2 are now dominant in various populations from Europe to South Asia.
References
Sources
*
External links
Spread of Haplogroup P from
The Genographic Project
The Genographic Project, launched on 13 April 2005 by the National Geographic Society and IBM, was a genetic anthropological study (sales discontinued on 31 May 2019) that aimed to map historical human migrations patterns by collecting and ...
, ''
National Geographic''
{{Y-DNA
P1