Haplogroup N-M231

Haplogroup N (M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker M231.

It is most commonly found in males originating from northern Eurasia. It also has been observed at lower frequencies in populations native to other regions, including parts of the Balkans, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.

Origins

Haplogroup NO-M214 – its most recent common ancestor with its sibling, haplogroup O-M175 – is estimated to have existed about 36,800–44,700 years ago.YFull Haplogroup YTree
v6.05.11 at 25 September 2018.

It is generally considered that N-M231 arose in East Asia approximately 19,400 (±4,800) years ago and populated northern Eurasia after the Last Glacial Maximum. Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the Holocene, migrating in a counter-clockwise path, to eventually become concentrated in areas as far away as Fennoscandia and the Baltic . The apparent dearth of haplogroup N-M231 amongst Native American peoples indicates that it spread after Beringia was submerged , about 11,000 years ago.

Distribution

Haplogroup N has a wide geographic distribution throughout northern Eurasia, and it also has been observed occasionally in other areas, including Central Asia and the Balkans.

It has been found with greatest frequency among indigenous peoples of Russia, including Finnic peoples, Mari, Udmurt, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets, Nganasans, Turkic peoples (Yakuts, Dolgans, Khakasses, Tuvans, Tatars, Chuvashes, ''etc.''), Buryats, Tungusic peoples (Evenks, Evens, Negidals, Nanais, ''etc.''), Yukaghirs, Luoravetlans (Chukchis, Koryaks), and Siberian Eskimos, but certain subclades are very common in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and other subclades are found at low frequency in China (Yi, Naxi, Lhoba, Han Chinese, ''etc.''). Especially in ethnic Finnic peoples and Baltic-speaking peoples of northern Europe, the Ob-Ugric-speaking and Northern Samoyed peoples of western Siberia, and Turkic-speaking peoples of Russia (especially Yakuts , but also Altaians, Shors, Khakas, Chuvashes, Tatars, and Bashkirs). Nearly all members of haplogroup N among these populations of northern Eurasia belong to subclades of either haplogroup N-Tat or haplogroup N-P43.

Y-chromosomes belonging to N1b-F2930/M1881/V3743, or N1*-CTS11499/L735/M2291(xN1a-F1206/M2013/S11466), have been found in China and sporadically throughout other parts of Eurasia. N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 is found in high numbers in Northern Eurasia.

N2-Y6503, the other primary subclade of haplogroup N, is extremely rare and is mainly represented among extant humans by a recently formed subclade that is virtually restricted to the countries making up the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro), Hungary and Austria. Other members of N2-Y6503 include a Hungarian with recent ancestry from Suceava in Bukovina, a Slovakian, a few British individuals, and an Altaian.

N* (M231)

Y-chromosomes that display the M231 mutation that defines Haplogroup N-M231, but do not display the CTS11499, L735, M2291 mutations that define Haplogroup N1 are said to belong to paragroup N-M231*.ISOGG, 2016
Y-DNA Haplogroup N and its Subclades – 2016
22 August 2016).

N-M231* has been found at low levels in China. Out of a sample of 165 Han males from China, two individuals (1.2%) were found to belong to N*..In One originated from Guangzhou and one from Xi'an.

Among the ancient samples from the Baikal Early Neolithic Kitoi culture, one of the Shamanka II samples (DA250), dated to c. 6500 BP, was analyzed as NO1-M214.

N1 (CTS11499, Z4762, CTS3750)

In 2014, there was a major change in the definition of subclade N1, when LLY22g was retired as the main defining SNP for N1 because of reports of LLY22g's unreliability. According to ISOGG, LLY22g is problematic because it is a "palindromic marker and can easily be misinterpreted." Since then, the name N1 has been applied to a clade marked by a great number of SNPs, including CTS11499, Z4762, and CTS3750. N1 is the most recent common ancestor of all extant members of Haplogroup N-M231 except members of the rare N2-Y6503 (N2-B482) subclade. The TMRCA of N1 is estimated to be 18,000 years before present (16,300–19,700 BP; 95% CI).
Since the revision of 2014, the position of many examples of "N1-LLY22g" within haplogroup N have become unclear. Therefore, it is better to chec
yfull
an
ISOGG 2019
in order to understand the updated structure of N-M231.

However, in older studies, N-LLY22g has been reported to reach a frequency of up to 30% (13/43) among the Yi people of Butuo County, Sichuan in Southwest China (, , and ). It is also found in 34.6% of Lhoba people (, ). N1-LLY22g* has been found in samples of Han Chinese, but with widely varying frequency:
* 15.0% (6/40) Han from Guangzhou ( and )
* 6.8% (3/44) Han from Xi'an ( and )
* 6.7% (2/30) Han from Lanzhou
* 3.6% (3/84) Taiwanese Han
* 2.9% (1/34) Han from Chengdu
* 2.9% (1/35) Han from Harbin
* 2.9% (1/35) Han from Meixian District
* 0% (0/32) Han from Yining City
Other populations in which representatives of N1*-LLY22g have been found include:
* Hani people (4/34 = 11.8%)
* Sibe people (4/41 = 9.8%)
* Tujia people (2/49 = 4.1%)
* Manchu people (2/52 = 3.8% to 2/35 = 5.7%
* Bit people (1/28 = 3.6%)
* Uyghurs (2/70 = 2.9% to 2/67 = 3.0%)
* Tibetan people (3/105 = 2.9% to 3/35 = 8.6% )
* Koreans (0/106 = 0.0% – 2/25 = 8% (, , and )
* Vietnamese people (2/70 = 2.9%)
* Japanese people (0/70 Tokushima – 2/26 = 7.7% Aomori)
* Manchurian Evenks (0/26 = 0.0% to 1/41 = 2.4%)
* Altai people (0/50 Northern to 5/96 = 5.2% Southern, or 0/43 Beshpeltir to 5/46 = 10.9% Kulada),
* Shors (2/23 = 8.7%)
* Khakas people (5/181 = 2.8%)
* Tuvans (5/311 = 1.6%)
* Southern Borneo (1/40 = 2.5%)
* Forest Nenets (1/89 = 1.1%)
* Yakuts (0/215 – 1/121 = 0.8%)
* Turkish people (1/523 = 0.2%) In Turkey, the total of subclades of haplogroup N-M231 amounts to 4% of the male population.
* One individual who belongs either to N* or N1* has been found in a sample of 77 males from Kathmandu, Nepal (1/77 = 1.3% N-M231(xM128,P43,Tat))

N1(xN1a,N1c) was found in ancient bones of Liao civilization:
* Niuheliang (Hongshan Culture, 6500–5000 BP) 66.7%(=4/6)
* Halahaigou ( Xiaoheyan Culture, 5000–4200 BP) 100.0%(=12/12)
* Dadianzi (Lower Xiajiadian culture, 4200–3600 BP) 60.0%(=3/5).

N-CTS4309: two people identified with this subgroup in Iraq. Very rare.

N1a (F1206/M2013/S11466)

The N1a2-F1008/L666 clade and N1a1-M46/Page70/Tat are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 approximately 15,900 5% CI 13,900 <-> 17,900years before present or 17,621 5% CI 14,952 <-> 20,282years before present.

N1a1 (M46/Page70/Tat, L395/M2080)

All M46 in Yfull database are M178, being a quarter younger than separation from F1139.

The mutations that define the subclade N-M46 are M46/Tat and P105. This is the most frequent subclade of N. It probably arose in a Northeast Asian population, because the oldest ancient samples comply with this genetic profile.

N has experienced serial bottlenecks in Siberia and secondary expansions in eastern Europe . Haplogroup N-M46 is approximately 14,000 years old.

In Siberia, haplogroup N-M46 reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 90% among the Yakuts, a Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. However, N-M46 is present with much lower frequency among many of the Yakuts' neighbors, such as Evenks and Evens. It also has been detected in 5.9% (3/51) of a sample of Hmong Daw from Laos , 2.4% (2/85) of a sample from Seoul, South Korea , and in 1.4% (1/70) of a sample from Tokushima, Japan .

The haplogroup N-M46 has a low diversity among Yakuts suggestive of a population bottleneck or founder effect . This was confirmed by a study of ancient DNA which traced the origins of the male Yakut lineages to a small group of horse-riders from the Cis-Baikal area .

N-Tat has been observed with greatly varying frequency in samples from Sweden. Karlsson ''et al.'' (2006) found N-Tat in 44.7% (17/38) of a sample of Saami nomads from Jokkmokk, 19.5% (8/41) of a sample from Västerbotten, 14.5% (8/55) of a sample from Uppsala, 10.0% (4/40) of a sample from Gotland, 9.5% (4/42) of a sample from Värmland, 7.3% (3/41) of a sample from Östergötland/Jönköping, 2.4% (1/41) of a sample from Blekinge/Kristianstad, and 2.2% (1/45) of a sample from Skaraborg.

Lappalainen ''et al.'' (2008) found N-Tat in 14.4% (23/160) of a sample from Sweden.

Lappalainen ''et al.'' (2009) found N-Tat in 15.4% (4/26) of a sample from Södermanland, 12.5% (3/24) of a sample from Västmanland, 12.1% (4/33) of a sample from Uppsala, 7.8% (4/51) of a sample from Gothenburg, 7.0% (3/43) of a sample from Norrbotten, 6.8% (5/73) of a sample from Skåne, 6.6% (15/228) of a sample from Stockholm, 6.3% (3/48) of a sample from Sydnorrland, 6.3% (2/32) of a sample from Västerbotten, 6.3% (2/32) of a sample from Örebro, 5.9% (3/51) of a sample from Värmland/Dalarna, 5.4% (2/37) of a sample from Östra Götaland, and 5.1% (2/39) of a sample from southeastern Sweden (Kalmar, Gotland, Kronoberg, and Blekinge). They did not find any instance of N-Tat in their samples from Jönköping (0/28), Malmö (0/29), Halland (0/34), or Västra Götaland (0/75).

N1a1a (M178)

The subclade N-M178 is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. N-M178* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among Finns and approximately 40% among Latvians, Lithuanians & 35% among Estonians ( and ).

Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia and spread into Northern Europe. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region).

N-M178 was also found in two Na-Dené speaking Tłı̨chǫs in North America.

Neolithic samples from Baikal area have yielded plenty of yDNA N specimens, and one sample from Fofonovo, Buryatia, 5000-4000 BC is among the first Tat samples in the ancient record.

Earliest samples of N1a1a-L708 were found in Trans-Baikal (brn008, N1a1a1*-L708; brn003, N1a1a1a1*-M2126) between 8,000 and 6,000 YBP. Downstream samples were found in Yakutia (N4b2, N1a1a1a1a*-Z1979) and Krasnoyarsk Krai (kra001, N1a1a1a1a*-L392), between 5,000 and 4,000 YBP.

N1a2 (F1008/L666)

N1a2a-M128 and N1a2b-B523/P43 are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a2-F1008/L666 approximately 8,600 5% CI 7,500 <-> 9,800years before present, 9,200 years before present, or 9,314 5% CI 7,419 <-> 11,264years before present.

At least three of six tested male specimens from the Early Neolithic (ceramic-using hunter-gatherer of approximately 7200–6200 years ago) layer at the Shamanka archaeological site near the southern end of Lake Baikal have been found to belong to N1a2-L666.

N1a2a-M128

This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker M128. N-M128 was first identified in a sample from Japan (1/23 = 4.3%) and in a sample from Central Asia and Siberia (1/184 = 0.5%) in a preliminary survey of worldwide Y-DNA variation.Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin ''et al.'', "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," ''Nature Genetics'' • Volume 26 • November 2000 Subsequently, it has been found with low frequency in some samples of the Manchu people, Sibe people, Evenks, Koreans, Han Chinese, Hui, Tibetans, Vietnamese, Bouyei people, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Uyghurs, Salars, Tu, Mongols, the Buzava tribe of Kalmyks, Khakas, and Komis.

A number of Han Chinese, an Ooled Mongol, a Qiang, and a Tibetan were found to belong to a sister branch (or branches) of N-M128 under paragroup N-F1154*.

A neolithic sample brn002 (~5,940 BP) in Trans-Baikal was discovered to be an early offshoot upstream of N-M128.

N1a2b (P43)

Haplogroup N-P43 is defined by the presence of the marker P43. It has been estimated to be approximately 4,000 to 5,500 years old (TMRCA 4,510 years, TMRCA 4,700 5% CI 3,800 <-> 5,600ybp, or 4,727 5% CI 3,824 <-> 5,693years before present). It has been found very frequently among Northern Samoyedic peoples, speakers of Ob-Ugric languages, and northern Khakassians, and it also has been observed with low to moderate frequency among speakers of some other Uralic languages, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Yupik people.

The highest frequencies of N-P43 are observed among north-west Siberian populations: 92% (35/38) in a sample of Nganasan, 78% (7/9)Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Marina A. Gubina, Olga L. Posukh, Stephen L. Zegura, and Michael F. Hammer, "High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life." ''Human Biology'', December 2002, v. 74, no. 6, pp. 761–789. in a sample of Enets, 78% (21/27) in a sample of Khants, 75% (44/59) in a sample of Tundra Nenets, 69% (29/42) in another sample of Nenets, 60% (15/25) in a sample of Mansi, 57% (64/112)KHARKOV, Vladimir Nikolaevich, "СТРУКТУРА И ФИЛОГЕОГРАФИЯ ГЕНОФОНДА КОРЕННОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ СИБИРИ ПО МАРКЕРАМ Y-ХРОМОСОМЫ," ''Genetika'' 03.02.07 and "АВТОРЕФЕРАТ диссертации на соискание учёной степени доктора биологических наук, Tomsk 2012
/ref> in another sample of Khants, 54% (27/50) in another sample of Nganasan, 45% (40/89) in a sample of Forest Nenets, 38% (18/47) in a third sample of Khants, and 25% (7/28) in a fourth sample of Khants. In Europe, the N-P43 types have their highest frequency of 20% among Volga-Uralic populations. The extreme western border of the spread of N-P43 is Finland, where this haplogroup occurs only at marginal frequency – 0.4%. Yet N-P43 is quite frequent among Vepsas (17.9%), a small Finnic population living in immediate proximity to Finns, Karelians and Estonians.

Haplogroup N-P43 also has been observed with very high frequency (26/29 = 89.7% of a sample from the settlement of Topanov and 19/22 = 86.4% of a sample from the settlement of Malyi Spirin) in samples of Kachins, a Turkic-speaking ethnic group or territorial subgroup of the Khakas people, from Shirinsky District of northern Khakassia. There appears to be a cline through the Sagai (another Turkic-speaking ethnic group that is now considered to be a constituent of the Khakas people), with 46.2% (55/119) of Sagai sampled from Ust'–Es', Esino, Ust'–Chul', and Kyzlas settlements of Askizsky District of central Khakassia belonging to haplogroup N-P43 ''vs.'' only 13.6% (11/81) of Sagai sampled from Matur, Anchul', Bol'shaya Seya, and Butrakhty settlements of Tashtypsky District of southern Khakassia belonging to this haplogroup. However, other researchers' samples of Khakas people have exhibited only moderate frequencies of N-P43 or potential N-P43. Derenko ''et al.'' (2006) examined a sample of Khakassians (''n''=53) collected in the settlements of Askiz, Shirinsk, Beisk and Ordzhonikidzevsk districts of Khakass Republic and found that 15 of them (28.3%) belonged to N-LLY22g(xTat). Rootsi ''et al.'' (2007) examined a sample of Khakas (''n''=181) and found that 31 of them (17.1%) belonged to N-P43; Ilumae ''et al.'' (2016) retested 174 of the individuals in this sample and found that 27 of them (15.5%) belonged to the N-B478 (Asian/northern Samoyedic) subclade of N-P43 and 2 of them (1.1%) belonged to the N-L1419 (European/Volga Finnic and Chuvash) subclade of N-P43 for a total of 29 (16.7%) N-P43.

Haplogroup N-P43 forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian and European, the latter mostly distributed among Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples and related populations .

N1a2b1-B478

The TMRCA of N-B478 has been estimated to be 3,007 5% CI 2,171 <-> 3,970years before present. It is one of the most prevalent Y-DNA haplogroups among indigenous populations of northwestern Siberia: 69.0% (29/42) Nenets, 50.0% (25/50) Nganasan, 22.2% (12/54) Dolgan from Taymyr, 7.0% (3/43) Selkup, 1.6% (1/63) Ob-Ugrian. It is also quite prevalent among populations of Central Siberia, Southern Siberia, and Mongolia: 17.9% (17/95) Tuvan, 15.5% (27/174) Khakas, 13.0% (6/46) Tozhu Tuvans, 8.7% (2/23) Shor, 8.3% (2/24) Even, 8.2% (5/61) Altaian, 5.3% (3/57) Evenk, 5.0% (19/381) Mongol, 4.9% (3/61) Sart-Kalmak (partial descendants of Oirat Mongols in Kyrgyzstan), 4.2% (9/216) Yakut, 2.1% (1/47) Torgut (Mongolia), 1.4% (1/69) Derbet (Kalmykia), 0.9% (1/111) Buryat. A geographically outlying member has been found in a sample of Chuvash (1/114 = 0.88%).

Karafet ''et al.'' (2018) observed N-P63, which appears to be roughly phylogenetically equivalent to N-B478, in 91.2% (31/34) Nganasan, 63.8% (30/47) Tundra Nenets, 42.7% (35/82) Forest Nenets, 14.0% (8/57) Dolgan, 7.0% (9/129) Selkup, 3.3% (3/91) Evenk, 2.7% (2/75) Mongol, 2.6% (2/78) Komi, 2.5% (2/80) Buryat, and 2.0% (2/98) Altai Kizhi. This haplogroup was not observed in samples of Yukaghir (0/10), Koryak (0/11), Teleut (0/40), Ket (0/44), Yakut (0/62), or Khanty (0/165) populations.

N1b (F2930)

Haplogroup N1b has been predominantly found in the Yi people, a Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic group in southwestern China who originated from ancient Qiang tribes in northwestern China. However, it also has been found in people all over China and in some samples of people from Poland, Belarus, Russia, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Bhutan, and India.

N2 (Y6503)

N2 (Y6503/FGC28528; B482/FGC28394/Y6584) – a primary branch of haplogroup N-M231, is now represented mainly by a subclade, N-FGC28435, that has spread probably some time in the first half of the second millennium CE and that has been found in individuals from Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Turkey (Istanbul).''Y-DNA Haplogroup N and its Subclades – 2018''
ISOGG, 2018, (24 June 2018).''N-P189.2''
YFull, 2018, (24 June 2018).

N-Y7310 (or N-F14667) subsumes N-FGC28435 and likewise probably descends from a common ancestor who has lived some time in the first half of the last millennium. However, members of N-Y7310(xFGC28435) exhibit a greater geographic range, including an individual from Rostov Oblast of Russia and a Romanian Hungarian individual with ancestry from Suceava, Bukovina.

Other branches of N-P189 include members from Turkey, Russia ( Moscow Oblast), France (Charente-Maritime), and England (Devon).Y-DNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
/ref> The most recent common ancestor of all the aforementioned extant N-P189 lineages has been estimated to be 4,900 (95% CI 5,700 <-> 4,100) years before present. An archaeological specimen attributed to the Botai culture of northern Kazakhstan and dated to the latter half of the fourth millennium BCE belongs to N-P189*, being basal to present-day European members of N-P189.Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, ''et al.'' (2018), "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes." ''Nature'', volume 557, pages 369–374 (2018).

Lineages that belong to N-Y6503(xP189) and are only distantly related (with a time to most recent common ancestor estimated to be greater than 10,000 years before present) to the aforementioned members of N-P189 have been found in an individual from the present-day Altai Republic and probably also in an archaeological specimen attributed to the Iron Age Mezőcsát culture of what is now Hungary (approx. 2,900 years before present) and in an archaeological specimen attributed to the Kitoi culture of ceramic-using foragers of the area around Lake Baikal (approx. 6,700 years before present).

Ancient peoples

A sample excavated at the Houtaomuga site in the Yonghe neighborhood of Honggangzi Township, Da'an, Jilin, China dating back to 7430–7320 years ago (Phase II of the Early Neolithic) has been found to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup N and mtDNA haplogroup B4c1a2. This sample is autosomally identical with the Neolithic Amur River Basin populations, of which Nivkh people are the closest modern representative. As the paper detected this ancestry in terminal Pleistocene USR1 specimen in Alaska, it is therefore, postulated that there was gene flow from Amur to America of a population belonging to a hypothetical Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Nivkh linguistic family.

N has also been found in many samples of Neolithic human remains exhumed from Liao civilization in northeastern China, and in the circum-Baikal area of southern Siberia. It is suggested that yDNA N, reached southern Siberia from 12-14 kya. From there it reached southern Europe 8-10kya.

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic tree

In the following tree the nomenclature of three sources is separated by slashes: ISOGG Tree 10 December 2017 (ver.12.317)

* NO-M214
**N-M231/Page91, M232/M2188　　　　　
***N1-Z4762/CTS11499/L735/M2291
****N1a-L729
*****N-Z1956
******N-Y149447 ''China (Shaanxi)''
******N1a1-M46/Page70/Tat
*******N1a1a-M178
********N1a1a1-F1419
*********N1a1a1a-L708　
**********N1a1a1a1-P298/M2126 ''China ( Urumqi, Kashgar Prefecture, Turpan, Aksu Prefecture, Xianyang, Jincheng, Kaifeng, Qiqihar)''
***********N1a1a1a1a-L392
************N1a1a1a1a1-CTS10760
*************N1a1a1a1a1a-CTS2929/VL29 ''Found with high frequency among Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, northwestern Russians, Swedish Saami, Karelians, Nenetses, Finns, and Maris, moderate frequency among other Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Poles, and low frequency among Komis, Mordva, Tatars, Chuvashes, Dolgans, Vepsa, Selkups, Karanogays, and Bashkirs''
**************N1a1a1a1a1a1-Z4908
***************N-Y46443
****************N-Y46443* ''Russia ( Moscow Oblast)''
****************N-BY33095 ''Russia (Samara Oblast)''
***************N1a1a1a1a1a1a-L550/S431
****************N-L550* ''Sweden (Kronoberg County)''
****************N-Y9454 ''Sweden (Västra Götaland County, Örebro County), Finland, Russia''
****************N-Y20911 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)''
****************N-Y7795
*****************N-Y7795* ''Sweden ( Norrbotten County, Södermanland County)''
*****************N-Y29766 ''Norway (Hedmark)''
*****************N-Y20918 ''Sweden (Östergötland County, Västerbotten County), Finland (Western Finland Province)''
*****************N-Y28771
******************N-Y61225 ''Sweden (Södermanland County, Uppsala County)''
******************N-Y30126
*******************N-Y30126* ''Sweden (Östergötland County)''
*******************N-Y29764
********************N-Y29764* ''Sweden ( Stockholm County)''
********************N-Y30123 ''Sweden (Västerbotten County), Finland''
****************N-S9378
*****************N-S9378* ''Sweden (Västra Götaland County)''
*****************N-S18447 ''Sweden (Södermanland County, Uppsala County)''
*****************N-Y36282
******************N-Y36282* ''Finland (Southern Finland Province), Estonia ( Ida-Virumaa)''
******************N-BY21957 ''Poland (Kujawsko-pomorskie), Sweden ( Stockholm County), Russia ( Pskov Oblast), Finland (Southern Finland Province)''
****************N-FGC14542
*****************N-FGC14542* ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
*****************N-BY21938 ''Norway (Hedmark), Sweden (Dalarna County)''
*****************N-Y17113 ''United Kingdom ( Suffolk, Scotland), Canada (Manitoba), Norway (Vestfold, Buskerud), Sweden (Västra Götaland County)''
****************N-Y4341
*****************N-BY21874 ''Sweden (Södermanland County), Finland''
*****************N-Y4338
******************N-Y4338*
******************N-Y4339 ''Sweden (medieval Sigtuna)''
*******************N-Y12104
********************N-Y12104* ''Sweden (Östergötland County)''
********************N-Y12103 ''Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden, Norway (Hedmark)''
*******************N-Y19111
********************N-Y57577 ''Sweden ( Skåne County)''
********************N-Y22774 ''Finland (Western Finland Province)''
*******************N-Y5611
********************N-Y5611* ''England''
********************N-Y21546 ''Sweden ( Stockholm County, Västmanland County)''
********************N-F1983 ''Sweden ( Gävleborg County), Russia (Lipetsk Oblast)''
*******************N-Y10932
********************N-Y85136 ''Sweden (Uppsala County)''
********************N-Y10931 ''Russia''
****************N1a1a1a1a1a1a1-L1025/B215 Highest frequency among Lithuanians, significant in Latvians and Estonians and lesser frequency in Belorussians, Ukrainians, South-West Russians, and Poles. With exception of Estonians, L1025 has highest share among N-M231 clades in previously mentioned populations. Also observed in Finland and Sweden, with sporadic instances in Norway, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, the Azores, Czech Republic, and Slovakia.
*****************N-L1025* ''Russia (Kursk Oblast)''
*****************N-BY30389 ''Sweden (Västernorrland County), Finland (Western Finland Province)''
*****************N-Y13982
******************N-Y13982* ''Portugal (Azores)''
******************N-Y31236 ''Lithuania (Marijampolė County, Vilnius County)''
*****************N-A11940
******************N-Y140872 ''Sweden (Södermanland County, Norrbotten County), Finland (Southern Finland Province)''
******************N-Y143451 ''Russia (Bashkortostan)''
*****************N-Y5580
******************N-Y93996 ''Lithuania (Šiauliai County), Poland (Podlaskie)''
******************N-BY158 ''Russia (Voronezh Oblast, Smolensk Oblast, Tatarstan), Belarus (Vitebsk Region), Lithuania (Vilnius County, Šiauliai County, Panevėžys County), Poland (Podlaskie), Ukraine (Poltava Oblast), Kazakhstan (Jambyl Region)''
*****************N-Z16975
******************N-VL69 ''Belarus (Minsk Region), Russia (Bryansk Oblast), Kazakhstan (Kostanay Region)''
******************N-Z16976
*******************N-Z16976* ''Belarus (Grodno Region), Ukraine ( Khmelnytskyi Oblast)''
*******************N-Y13475 ''Poland, Lithuania''
*******************N-Y21578 ''Lithuania ( Kaunas County, Telšiai County), Russia (Smolensk Oblast)''
*******************N-Y6129 ''Poland ( Warmińsko-mazurskie), Lithuania''
*******************N-Y19113 ''Poland ( Warmińsko-mazurskie), Lithuania ( Tauragė County)''
*******************N-Y134492 ''Belarus (Grodno Region, Minsk Region, Mogilev Region), Lithuania, United States (Illinois)''
*****************N-L551
******************N-L551* ''Lithuania (Vilnius County)''
******************N-Y15251 ''Lithuania ( Alytus County), Poland (Podlaskie)''
******************N-Y46313 ''Latvia''
******************N-Y86578 ''Russia (Belgorod Oblast)''
******************N-Y14152
*******************N-BY21911 ''Poland, Latvia (Krāslava District), Ukraine (Kyiv Oblast), Finland (Southern Finland Province)''
*******************N-Y13979 ''Lithuania, Russia (Ryazan Oblast), Germany''
*****************N-Y4706
******************N-Y4706* ''Sweden (Stockholm County, Södermanland County, Västra Götaland County), Germany (Lower Saxony), Finland (Southern Finland Province), Russia (Tatarstan)''
******************N-A705 ''Sweden (Kalmar County, Östergötland County)''
******************N-BY21893 ''Poland ( Wielkopolskie)''
******************N-Y139030 ''Sweden (Västerbotten County), Norway (Østfold)''
******************N-Y183040 ''Russia (Vologda Oblast, Tatarstan)''
******************N-Y4707 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Åland, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province)''
*****************N-Z16981
******************N-A2358 ''England, Finland, Latvia ( Daugavpils apriņķis)''
******************N-CTS8173 ''Estonia ( Lääne-Virumaa)''
*******************N-BY32524 ''Estonia ( Järvamaa), Finland (Oulu Province)''
*******************N-FGC39882 ''Lithuania (Telšiai County)''
*******************N-A11470 ''Russia (Tyumen Oblast), Lithuania ( Panevėžys County), Finland (Southern Finland Province), Netherlands ( South Holland, North Brabant)''
*******************N-Y15922 ''Finland (Southern Finland Province), Estonia ( Ida-Virumaa, Pärnumaa), Latvia (Valmiera, Liepāja, Talsu apriņķis), Russia ( Pskov Oblast), Poland ( Pomorskie)''
*******************N-Y6075 ''Poland (Małopolskie, Mazowieckie), Ukraine (Lviv Oblast), Slovakia, Czech Republic (Moravian-Silesian Region), United States (New Jersey)''
*******************N-Y11882
********************N-Y11882* ''Russia (Tatarstan)''
********************N-ZS11617 ''Russia (Yaroslavl Oblast), Lithuania''
********************N-Y24601 ''Latvia''
********************N-Y94659 ''Lithuania, Belarus (Minsk Region)''
********************N-Y32725
*********************N-FT96305 ''Latvia (Krāslava District), Estonia (Viljandimaa)''
*********************N-Y33333 ''Ukraine ( Sumy Oblast), Belarus (Brest Region)''
**************N1a1a1a1a1a2-CTS9976
***************N-L1022
****************N-Y19098
*****************N-Y19098* ''Sweden (Västernorrland County)''
*****************N-A12258 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
*****************N-BY117178 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
****************N-Y5004
*****************N-Y7300
******************N-A17632
*******************N-Y128024 ''Sweden (Östergötland County)''
*******************N-A16017
********************N-A16017* ''Estonia ( Raplamaa)''
********************N-A16526
*********************N-FT216144 ''Finland (Western Finland Province)''
*********************N-Y95406 ''Estonia ( Tartumaa), Russia (Leningrad Oblast)''
*******************N-Y7297 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Lapland Province)''
******************N-Y15813
*******************N-Y15813* ''Finland (Western Finland Province)''
*******************N-Y49008 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)''
*******************N-Y46886 ''Finland (Western Finland Province)''
*******************N-Y15812
********************N-A14187 ''Finland (Western Finland Province), Estonia ( Läänemaa)''
********************N-Y24617 ''Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden (Dalarna County), Russia (Kursk Oblast)''
********************N-Y23576
*********************N-Y23576* ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
*********************N-Y15615
**********************N-BY100801 ''Sweden (Dalarna County), Finland (Western Finland Province)''
**********************N-A17838 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province), Sweden ( Stockholm County)''
**********************N-Y23179 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)''
*****************N-Y5005
******************N-Y22106
*******************N-Y47789 ''Finland (Western Finland Province)''
*******************N-Y79341 ''Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden (Västra Götaland County, Värmland County)''
******************N-Y10756
*******************N-A13656 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Lapland Province), Sweden (Dalarna County)''
*******************N-PH2196
********************N-CTS11122 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
********************N-A17277 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)''
********************N-PH547 ''Finland (Lapland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province), Sweden (Västerbotten County, Norrbotten County)''
******************N-Y5003
*******************N-Y5003* ''Estonia (Hiiumaa), Finland (Southern Finland Province), United Kingdom (Westminster)''
*******************N-BY22001 ''Estonia ( Läänemaa), Finland (Western Finland Province), Sweden (Norrbotten County)''
*******************N-BY6007 ''Russia (Lipetsk Oblast)''
*******************N-Y132182 ''Sweden (Värmland County), Estonia (Viljandimaa)''
*******************N-Y20917 ''Sweden (Kronoberg County), Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)''
*******************N-Y24502 ''United Kingdom ( Scottish Borders, Calderdale, Kirklees)''
*******************N-Y18420 ''Finland (Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)''
*******************N-Z35267 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Åland Province, Southern Finland Province), Estonia ( Pärnumaa)''
*******************N-Y6599 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Southern Finland Province), Estonia ( Jõgevamaa, Hiiumaa), Russia (Tula Oblast)''
*******************N-Y24000
********************N-Y24001 ''Sweden (Västerbotten County), Norway (Troms)''
********************N-A17082 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province), Estonia''
*******************N-Y16503 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province), Sweden ( Gävleborg County)''
***************N-BY6010 ''United States (Virginia)''
***************N-CTS3451
****************N-CTS3451* ''Russian''
****************N-Y3667
*****************N-BY33087
******************N-BY33087* ''Finland (Southern Finland Province)''
******************N-BY33088 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Novgorod Oblast)''
*****************N-CTS657
******************N-CTS657* ''Finland, Russia ( Republic of Karelia, Novgorod Oblast)''
******************N-BY70437 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
******************N-BY6024 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
******************N-Y45925 ''Russia (Republic of Karelia)''
******************N-Y26750
*******************N-Y26750* ''Russia ( Arkhangelsk Oblast)''
*******************N-A16653 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
******************N-PH3568 ''Finland ( Oulu Province, Eastern Finland Province)''
*************N1a1a1a1a1b-PH1266/Y28526/F4134
**************N-Y46746 ''Russia''
**************N-Y32732
***************N-Y32732* ''Russia (Saint Petersburg)''
***************N-Y192174
***************N-Y32731 ''Russia (Komi Republic), Sweden''
*************N1a1a1a1a1c-B479 '' Nanai, Ulchi''
************N1a1a1a1a2-Z1936,CTS10082　''Found with high frequency among Finns, Vepsa, Karelians, Swedish Saami, northwestern Russians, Bashkirs, and Volga Tatars, moderate frequency among other Russians, Komis, Nenetses, Ob-Ugrians, Dolgans, and Siberian Tatars, and low frequency among Mordva, Nganasans, Chuvashes, Estonians, Latvians, Ukrainians, and Karanogays''　
*************N1a1a1a1a2a1c-PH3340/Y13850
**************N1a1a1a1a2a1c1-L1034
***************N-Y28538
****************N-Y28538* ''Russia ( Khantia-Mansia)''
****************N-L1032 ''Russia (Khantia-Mansia), Kazakhstan ( East Kazakhstan Region)''
***************N-L1442 ''HungaryY-DNA D Haplogroup Project
at Family Tree DNA''
****************N-FT12605 ''Russia (Lipetsk Oblast), Greece ( Arkadia)''
****************N-Y23732 ''Russia (Bashkortostan)''
****************N-Y24222
*****************N-Y24222* ''Russia (Tatarstan)''
*****************N-Y62987 ''Russia (Bashkortostan, Samara Oblast)''
**************N1a1a1a1a2a1c2-Y24361
***************N-Y24361*
***************N-Y24360 ''Russia (Tatarstan)''
*************N1a1a1a1a2a-Z1934
**************N-Y159520
***************N-Y159520* ''Russia (Tambov Oblast)''
***************N-BY184755 ''Russia (Novgorod Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Moscow)''
**************N-Y18421
***************N-Y18421* ''Russia (Tambov Oblast)''
***************N-Y19110
****************N-Y180247
*****************N-Y180247* ''Russia (Tatarstan)''
*****************N-FT52835 ''Russia (Tula Oblast, Moscow)''
****************N-Y19108
*****************N-Y19108* ''Russia (Tatarstan, Kirov Oblast)''
*****************N-Y19453
******************N-Y19453* ''Russia (Tatarstan)''
******************N-Y19451 ''Finland (Western Finland Province), Russia ( Republic of Karelia, Tver Oblast)''
**************N-Z1928/CTS2733
***************N-YP6091
****************N-YP6091* ''Russia (Irkutsk Oblast)''
****************N-YP6094
*****************N-Y129131
******************N-Y129131* ''Russia (Kostroma Oblast)''
******************N-A25107 ''Russia ( Kirov Oblast, HGDP Russian)''
*****************N-YP6092
******************N-YP6092* ''Russia (Vologda Oblast)''
******************N-B195
*******************N-B195* ''Russia ( Sverdlovsk Oblast)''
*******************N-Y62142 ''Russia ( Republic of Karelia, Arkhangelsk Oblast)''
***************N1a1a1a1a2a-Z1925
****************N-Z1925* ''Sweden ( Norrbotten County)''
****************N-Y29767 ''Sweden ( Norrbotten County)''
****************N-Y62904 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)''
****************N1a1a1a1a2a2a1a1-Z1926
*****************N-Y20920
******************N-Y20920* ''Finland (Western Finland Province), Norway ( Nord-Trøndelag)''
******************N-Y21699 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)''
*****************N-Z1927
******************N-Y22108 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province), Sweden ( Stockholm County, Örebro County)''
******************N-Z1933
*******************N-CTS4329
********************N-Y22091
*********************N-Y22091* ''Norway ( Nordland), Finland ( Lapland Province)''
*********************N-Y47623
**********************N-Y47623* ''Finland (Lapland Province)''
**********************N-Y106419 ''Norway (Finnmark)''
*********************N-Y31247
**********************N-Y31247* ''Russia (Tver Oblast)''
**********************N-Y31249
***********************N-Y90283 ''Finland (Lapland Province)''
***********************N-Y31244 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province)''
**********************N-YP6269
***********************N-YP6269* ''Finland (Western Finland Province)''
***********************N-Y151660
************************N-Y151660* ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
************************N-BY149208 ''Sweden ( Norrbotten County)''
********************N-CTS8565
*********************N-BY18114 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
*********************N-BY30394 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Udmurt Republic)''
*********************N-Y30513
**********************N-Y30513* ''Finland (Southern Finland Province)''
**********************N-Y29759
***********************N-Y29759* ''Finland (Lapland Province)''
***********************N-Y29758 ''Sweden (Norrbotten County)''
*********************N-Z4998
**********************N-Z4998* ''Finland (Southern Finland Province)''
**********************N-FGC65190 ''Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province)''
**********************N-Y18414 ''Finland (Western Finland Province)''
**********************N-Y20910 ''Finland (Western Finland Province)''
**********************N-BY194138 ''Finland (Southern Finland Province)''
**********************N-Y28547 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
**********************N-BY22141 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province), United States (Washington)''
**********************N-FT5834 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)''
**********************N-BY190112 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province)''
**********************N-Y19097 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province, Oulu Province)''
**********************N-CTS3223 ''Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Western Finland Province, Oulu Province, Lapland Province), Sweden (Norrbotten County, Västerbotten County, Dalarna County, Värmland County, Skåne County), Russia (Leningrad Oblast)''
*******************N-VL62 ''Russia ( Altai Krai, Kostroma Oblast), Estonia (Harjumaa), Finland''
********************N-VL62* ''Russia ( Chelyabinsk Oblast), Finland''
********************N-VL60
*********************N-VL60* ''Russia ( Kurgan Oblast)''
*********************N-Y63781 ''Russia (Vladimir Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast)''
********************N-VL72
*********************N-VL72* ''Russia ( Republic of Karelia)''
*********************N-BY30470 ''Finland (Western Finland Province)''
*********************N-Y20915 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
********************N-Z1939
*********************N-Y132561
**********************N-Y132565 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
**********************N-Y152012
***********************N-Y152012* ''Finland''
***********************N-Y152010 ''Russia (Leningrad Oblast)''
*********************N-Z2445
**********************N-Z35031 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Western Finland Province), Sweden (Västra Götaland County, Västmanland County)''
**********************N-BY28931
***********************N-Y125841 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)''
***********************N-Y11631 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Oulu Province), Russia (Leningrad Oblast), Sweden (Norrbotten County)''
**********************N-CTS7189
***********************N-BY142665 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
***********************N-Y37149 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
***********************N-Y23568 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
***********************N-Y80226 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province)''
***********************N-FT20730 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Republic of Karelia)''
***********************N-BY62666 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province), Norway (Oslo), United States (Virginia, Arkansas)''
***********************N-Y24218
************************N-Y24218* ''Finland (Lapland Province, Oulu Province, Eastern Finland Province)''
************************N-Y24217 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province), Russia (Bashkortostan)''
***********************N-BY22038 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)''
***********************N-Y13974 ''Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Western Finland Province)''
***********************N-Y135981 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province), Norway (Finnmark)''
********************N-Z4747
*********************N-Y17790 ''Finland (Eastern Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Western Finland Province)''
*********************N-Z1941
**********************N-BY22090 ''Finland (Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province)''
**********************N-Y21575 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Lapland Province), Russia (Leningrad Oblast, Moscow, Tatarstan)''
**********************N-Z1940 ''Finland (Western Finland Province, Southern Finland Province, Eastern Finland Province, Oulu Province, Lapland Province), Russia (Leningrad Oblast), Sweden (Värmland County)''
************N1a1a1a1a3-B197/Y16323
*************N1a1a1a1a3a-F4205 ''Found with high frequency among Buryats and Tsaatans, moderate frequency among Karanogays, Tuvans, Todjins, and Mongols, and low frequency among Altaians, Siberian Tatars, Kazakhs, Evenks, Crimean Tatars, Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, and Ukrainians''
**************N-F4205* ''China (Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Henan, etc.)''
**************N-Y16221
***************N-Y16221* ''China (Inner Mongolia)''
***************N-Y16220
****************N-Y16220* ''Ukraine (Luhansk Oblast)''
****************N-F22331 ''Turkey ( Mersin), Poland (Małopolskie), Kazakhstan (Pavlodar Region ''ca.'' 1680 ybp)''
****************N-Y63966 ''Kazakhstan, Turkey, Uzbekistan''
****************N-Y226011
*****************N-Z35331 ''China (Ordos City, Haidong, Chengdu)''
******************N-B199 ''Russia (Buryatia), China (Huasai from Hulunbuir)''
******************N-FT411781 ''China (Inner Mongolia)''
*****************N-Y16312/F2288
******************N-Y16312* ''Uzbekistan, China ( Xibo from Shenyang, Chaoyang, Tangshan, Beijing, Nanjing, Chifeng, Xianyang, Tacheng Prefecture)''
******************N-Y16320 ''Kazakhstan, China (Inner Mongolia)''
*************N1a1a1a1a3b-B202 ''Found with high frequency among Chukchis, Koryaks, and Siberian Eskimos''
***********N1a1a1a1b-M2019/M2118 ''Estonia, China (Hami, Yan'an, Xi'an, Lüliang, Changzhi, Xilingol League, Chifeng, Cangzhou, Songyuan)''
************N-M2058 ''China (Shandong, Liaoning, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, etc.)''
*************N-M2016 ''China (esp. Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia)''
**************N-M1993
***************N-FT411801 ''China (Inner Mongolia)''
***************N1a1a1a1b1-M2038/M1995
****************N-M1932 ''Yakutia (Yakuts, Even)''
****************N-M1991
*****************N-M1988 ''Yakutia (Yakuts)''
*****************N-Y25011 ''Yakutia ( Yakut, Evenki)''
*************N1a1a1a1b2-A9408 ''China (Hebei, Shandong, Henan, etc.), Lebanon''
**************N-Y70200 ''China (Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, etc.)''
***************N-Y60223 ''Korean, China (Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, etc.)''
**************N-PH1612 ''China ( Yulin, Shangqiu, Dezhou, Tangshan, Shenyang)''
***************N-A9407/A9411 ''China (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture)''
****************N-A9416 ''Hungary ( Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg), Croatia (Zadar County), Russia ( Chuvash Republic)''
****************N-PH1896 ''Hungary ( Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén), Turkey ( Hatay), China (Xinjiang, Shandong, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Ningxia, Guizhou)''
**********N1a1a1a2-B211 (Y9022) '' Udmurt, Komi, Chuvash, Ob-Ugrians, Mari, Mordva, Altaian, Belarusian, Karanogay, Karelian, Bashkir, Tatar, Russian, Khakas''
***********N1a1a1a2a-B181
************N-Y182299 ''Russia ( Kirov Oblast, etc.)''
************N-Y23788 ''Russia (Bashkortostan, Komi Republic, etc.)''
***********N1a1a1a2b-Y23181
************N-Y23183 ''Russia (Tatarstan, Mordovia, Penza Oblast)''
************N-Y143277 ''Russia (Tatarstan, Bashkortostan)''
*********N-Y24317
**********N-Y24317*(xB187) ''India (Andhra Muslim)''
**********N1a1a1b-B187 ''Khakas, Shors, Altaians, Tuvinians, Tozhu Tuvan, Tatar, Bashkir''
********N1a1a2-Y23747 ''Japan (Sado IslandHaplogroup N North Eurasian YDNA Project
at Family Tree DNA)''
*********N1a1a2a-Y23749 ''Japan (Aichi, Hokkaidō)''
*********N1a1a2b-Y125664
**********N-Y125664* ''Shanghai''
**********N-MF16376
***********N1a1a2b1-MF38607 ''Anhui, Hunan''
***********N1a1a2b2-F22150 ''Hebei, Suzhou''
************N-FT281705 ''China (Shandong, Liaoning, etc.)''
*************N-MF200125 ''China (Linyi, Changchun)''
*************N-MF43738 ''China (Tonghua, Handan, Anyang, Qingdao, Weinan, Suzhou, Shanghai, Shaoxing, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture)''
**************N-MF82671
***************N-MF124520 ''China (Henan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shanxi, etc.)''
***************N-MF58064/F19130 ''China ( Hulunbuir, Daur, Oroqen, Hinggan League)''
************N-MF15288/MF15344 ''China (esp. Jiangsu, but also Henan, Fujian, Shanghai, Heilongjiang, etc.), South Korea''
************N-MF55680 ''China (Hebei, Beijing, Hubei, etc.)''
*************N-MF37603 ''China (Jiangsu, etc.)''
*************N-F21121 ''China (Shigatse ( Tibetan), Tai'an)''
*************N-MF48201 ''South Korea, China (Linfen, Baoji)''
*****N-F1360
******N-F1360* ''China (Shaanxi)''
******N1a2-F1008/L666
*******N-F1101
********N-F1101* ''China ( Shandong)''
********N-F1154
*********N-F1154* ''China ( Liaoning)''
*********N-Y23741
**********N-Y23741* ''China''
**********N1a2a-M128
***********N-M128* ''Japan ( Fukui)''
***********N-Y23738 ''Vietnam''
***********N-CTS1350
************N-CTS1350* ''China (Liaoning, Tianjin)''
************N-F1998
*************N-F1998* ''China (Beijing Han, Henan), Japan (Kumamoto)''
*************N-MF1633 ''China (Guangdong, Zhejiang)''
*************N-MF41795 ''Korea (North Jeolla Province)''
*************N-Y71703
**************N-Y71703* ''Japan ( Saitama, Hyōgo)''
**************N-Y173843
***************N-Y173843* ''South Korea''
***************N-Y174089 ''China (Shandong)''
**********N1a2b-B523（P43）
***********N1a2b-Y126204, VL67/Z35079, BY29083
************N-VL67/Z35079
*************N1a2b1-B478 (P63) ''Nenets, Nganasans, Dolgans, Tuvans, Todzhins, Khakasses, Shorians, Evens, Altaians, Selkups, Evenks, Mongols (Sart-Kalmak, Torgut, Derbet, Buryat), Yakuts, Ob-Ugrians, Chuvashes''
**************N1a2b1a-B168 ''Evens''
**************N1a2b1b-B169
***************N1a2b1b1-B170 '' Nenets, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Inner Mongolia''
***************N1a2b1b2-B175 '' Tuvinians, Mongols, Evenks, Yakuts, Tomsk Oblast''
*************N1a2b3-B525 ''Turkey, Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Mongols (Xinjiang Kalmyk, Mongolian Torgut), Slovakia, Bulgaria, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians''
**************N-B525* ''Afghanistan, Arab''
**************N-BY173686 ''Russia (Voronezh Oblast)''
**************N-VL83 ''Turkey''
**************N-Y136502 ''Russia (Tatarstan), Bulgaria ( Dobrich)''
**************N-Y37153
***************N-Y37153* ''Russia (Tatarstan)''
***************N-BY29131
****************N-BY29131* ''Turkey (Konya), Slovakia (Žilina Region)''
****************N-BY30476 ''Russia (Tatarstan, Penza Oblast)''
************N1a2b2-FGC10872/Y3195
*************N1a2b2a-FGC10847/Y3185 (L1419) '' Vepsas, Maris, Russians ( Arkhangelsk Oblast), Komis, Perm Krai, Komi Republic, Ob-Ugrians, Chuvashes, Tatars, Bashkirs, Karelians, Western Finland Province, Tuvans, Buryats, Khakasses, Nganasans, Asian Eskimos''
*************N1a2b2b-Y23786
**************N1a2b2b* '' Mansis''
**************N1a2b2b1-B528/Y24384 ''Udmurts, Komis, Khanties, Tatars, Asian Eskimos, Kirov Oblast, Perm Krai, Medny Island''
****N1b-F2905
*****N1b1-CTS582 ''China (esp. Jiangsu, Yunnan, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, HeilongjiangPhylogenetic tree of Haplogroup N at 23mofang
/ref>)''
******N1b1a-Y6374/Z8029
*******N1b1a1-CTS7324 ''Beijing''
*******N1b1a2-L727
********N1b1a2*-L727 ''Beijing''
********N1b1a2a-L732 ''Belarus''
*********N1b1a2a1-F839 ''China (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan)''
**********N-F18335 ''China (Shandong, Beijing)''
***********N-F16160 ''China (Jiangsu, Shandong, Xinjiang Han)''
***********N-Y137601 ''China (esp. Zhejiang, Hebei, Liaoning)''
*********N1b1a2a2-Y15972
**********N-F21018/MF105942 ''Found all over China but especially in Zhejiang, Sichuan, Anhui, Shanghai, Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, and Jiangsu''
***********N-Y62279 ''China (esp. Fujian and Guangdong, but also Sichuan, Zhejiang, etc.), Taiwan''
***********N-MF155949 ''China (esp. Zhejiang, but also Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, and Beijing)''
**********N-L733 ''Hong Kong, mainland China (esp. Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Beijing, Jiangsu, and Sichuan)''
***********N-Y154812 ''China (Shanxi)''
************N-Y16106 ''China (esp. Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Anhui), Poland''
*************N-Y232856 ''China (esp. Henan, but also Shaanxi, Guangdong, etc.)''
**************N-Y15965 ''Poland ( Pomorskie)''
******N1b1b-Y23789/CTS4309 ''Iraq''
*******N1b1b*-Y23789 ''Beijing (Han), Fujian''
*******N1b1b1-Y60861 '' Guangxi''
*****N1b2-M1819/N-M1897/CTS12473/F1173 ''China, Russian Federation''
******N-M1897* ''ancient DNA from Pingliangtai, Henan (ca. 4,063 5% CI 3,974 <-> 4,151ybp)''
******N-M1845
*******N-M1845* ''China (Sichuan, Shanghai)''
*******N-M1928
********N-M1928* ''Sichuan (Han)''
********N-Y125475
*********N-Y63516 ''China ( Chongqing), Korea (South Pyongan Province, South Chungcheong Province)''
*********N-Y193396 ''China (Ningxia), Singapore''
*********N-CTS4714
**********N-CTS4714* ''China ( Naxi, Yunnan Hui)''
**********N-F2407
***********N-Y24191
************N-Y24191* ''China (Shandong)''
************N-Y24193
*************N-Y24193* ''China (Hebei)''
*************N-Y24190 ''China (Henan), Japan (Hokkaido)''
***********N-M1877
************N-M1877* ''Shigatse (Tibetan)''
************N-F1486 ''Chongqing''
*************N-F1486* ''United Kingdom ( Telugu),Biobank of the Coriell Institute for Medical Research
/ref> Mongolia''
*************N-M1812
**************N-F1260
***************N-F1260* ''Hubei (Han)''
***************N-Y62067
****************N-Y62067* ''Guangdong''
****************N-Y62132 ''Hong Kong, China''
**************N-M1823
***************N-M1823* ''Chongqing''
***************N-M1811
****************N-M1811* ''Beijing (Han), Guangxi''
****************N-Y24355
*****************N-Y24355* ''China, Macau, Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)''
*****************N-Y64234 ''Guangdong''
***N2-Y6503
****N2-Y6503* ''Altai Republic''
****N2a-P189.2
*****N2a1-Y6516
******N2a1-Y6516*
******N2a1a-Y7310
*******N2a1a-Y7310* ''Romania ( Hungarian from Suceava)''
*******N2a1a1-Y7313
********N2a1a1-Y7313*
********N2a1a1a-BY35494 ''Russia ( Rostov Oblast)''
********N2a1a1b-FGC28435
*********N2a1a1b-FGC28435* ''Turkey (Istanbul), Serbia, Montenegro (Plužine), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska), Croatia''
*********N2a1a1b1-FGC28483 ''Serbia''
*****N2a2-Y111068
******N2a2a-FT352925 ''France (Charente-Maritime), Turkey''
******N2a2b-Y101945 ''United Kingdom (Devon), Russia ( Moscow Oblast)''

History of phylogenetic nomenclature

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Sources
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Unreliable mutations (SNPs and UEPs)

The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the Y-chromosome appears to have occurred independently on at least four different occasions. Therefore, this deletion should not be taken as a unique event polymorphism defining this branch of the Y-chromosome tree .

Links to genetics concepts

Y-DNA N subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

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*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* ''In this article, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.''
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
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*

Websites
*
*

Sources for conversion tables

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*
*
*
*
*
*

Further reading

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* ISOGG 2019/2020: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ju7oNjHjMrgMUB1xXmr0EaaL-RctJJ8FreUPM2DzuBY/edit#gid=692817756

Phylogenetics

External links

{{Commons category, Haplogroup N of Y-DNA

Spread of Haplogroup N
from The Genographic Project, '' National Geographic''

N North Eurasian YDNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA

N Y-DNA Haplogroup Project at FamilyTreeDNA

N1c1 Y-DNA Haplogroup Project at FamilyTreeDNA

Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe

Rurikid Dynasty DNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA

Russian Nobility DNA Project at FamilyTreeDNA

N