Hans Eworth (or Ewouts; ) was a

Flemish Flemish (''Vlaams'') is a Low Franconian dialect cluster of the Dutch language. It is sometimes referred to as Flemish Dutch (), Belgian Dutch ( ), or Southern Dutch (). Flemish is native to Flanders, a historical region in northern Belgium; ...

painter Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ai ...

active in England in the mid-16th century. Along with other exiled Flemings, he made a career in Tudor London, painting

allegorical As a literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a hidden meaning with moral or political significance. Authors have used allegory th ...

images as well as

portraits A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expressions are predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this re ...

of the gentry and nobility.''Concise Grove Dictionary of Art'', "Hans Eworth". About 40 paintings are now attributed to Eworth,Cooper, "Hans Eworth: Four case studies of painting methods and techniques" among them portraits of

Mary I Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, and as "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents, was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 and Queen of Spain from January 1556 until her death in 1558. Sh ...

and

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Elizabeth was the last of the five House of Tudor monarchs and is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". El ...

. Eworth also executed decorative commissions for Elizabeth's Office of the Revels in the early 1570s.

Career

Nothing is known of Eworth's early life or training. As ″Jan Euworts″, he is recorded as a freeman of the artists'

Guild of St Luke The Guild of Saint Luke was the most common name for a city guild for painters and other artists in early modern Europe, especially in the Low Countries. They were named in honor of the Evangelist Luke, the patron saint of artists, who was identi ...

Antwerp Antwerp (; nl, Antwerpen ; french: Anvers ; es, Amberes) is the largest city in Belgium by area at and the capital of Antwerp Province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 520,504,

in 1540. A ″Jan and Nicholas Ewouts, painter and mercer″ were expelled from Antwerp for heresy in 1544 and scholars generally accept that this Jan is the same individual.Hearn pp. 63–64 By 1545 Eworth was resident in London, where he is well recorded (under a wide variety of spellings) from 1549. Eworth's earliest surviving works also date from 1549 to 1550. These include the allegorical portrait of Sir John Luttrell with the goddess

Pax Pax or PAX may refer to: Peace * Peace (Latin: ''pax'') ** Pax (goddess), the Roman goddess of peace ** Pax, a truce term * Pax (liturgy), a salutation in Catholic and Lutheran religious services * Pax (liturgical object), an object formerly ki ...

, commemorating Luttrell's military exploits and the

Treaty of Boulogne The Rough Wooing (December 1543 – March 1551), also known as the Eight Years' War, was part of the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the 16th century. Following its break with the Roman Catholic Church, England attacked Scotland, partly to break the ...

(24 March 1550) which finally brought peace between England, Scotland, and France after the long wars known as the

Rough Wooing The Rough Wooing (December 1543 – March 1551), also known as the Eight Years' War, was part of the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the 16th century. Following its break with the Roman Catholic Church, England attacked Scotland, partly to break the ...

. The original – signed with the "HE" monogram Eworth consistently used — was donated to the

Courtauld Institute of Art The Courtauld Institute of Art (), commonly referred to as The Courtauld, is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art and conservation. It is among the most prestigious specialist coll ...

by Lord Lee of Farnham in 1932. The painting was in "badly damaged" condition when it was donated to the institute, although it has subsequently been conserved and restored. Although there is no direct evidence that Eworth's most important patron was the Catholic queen Mary I, most scholars now accept this to be the case. All his known portraits of Mary I appear to be variants of a portrait in the

National Portrait Gallery, London The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) is an art gallery in London housing a collection of portraits of historically important and famous British people. It was arguably the first national public gallery dedicated to portraits in the world when it ...

(above) which is signed 'HE' and dated 1554 at the top left. A second portrait, now in the Society of Antiquaries collection, is also signed and dated 1554. Two other portraits show Mary I in later fashions and are thought to have been painted between 1555 and Mary's death in 1558. Another is in the collection of

Trinity College, Cambridge Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Founded in 1546 by Henry VIII, King Henry VIII, Trinity is one of the largest Cambridge colleges, with the largest financial endowment of any college at either Cambridge ...

. However, after Mary I's death and the change of the political and religious atmosphere with the accession of

, Eworth in 1560 painted the Protestant Martyr

Anne Askew Anne Askew (sometimes spelled Ayscough or Ascue) married name Anne Kyme, (152116 July 1546) was an English writer, poet, and Anabaptist preacher who was condemned as a heretic during the reign of Henry VIII of England. She and Margaret Chey ...

, burned at the stake on charges of heresy. Over the next decade, Eworth continued to paint portraits of the aristocracy, including paired portraits of the

Duke of Norfolk Duke of Norfolk is a title in the peerage of England. The seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex, although the title refers to the county of Norfolk. The current duke is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk. The dukes ...

and his second wife and of the Earl and Countess of Moray.Strong 1969 Despite the frequent appearance of a characteristic "HE" monogram, the attribution of works to Eworth—and the identification of his sitters—remains in flux. A well-known painting identified by

George Vertue George Vertue (1684 – 24 July 1756) was an English engraver and antiquary, whose notebooks on British art of the first half of the 18th century are a valuable source for the period. Life Vertue was born in 1684 in St Martin-in-the-Fields, ...

in 1727 as

Lady Frances Brandon Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk (née Lady Frances Brandon; 16 July 1517 – 20 November 1559), was an English noblewoman, the second child and eldest daughter of King Henry VIII's younger sister, Princess Mary, and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke ...

and her second husband Adrian Stokes has now been correctly identified as Mary Nevill or Neville, Baroness Dacre and her son

Gregory Fiennes, 10th Baron Dacre {{Infobox noble , name = Gregory Fiennes , title = Baron Dacre , image = Gregory Fiennes Baron Dacre.jpg , caption = ''Gregory Fiennes, 10th Baron Dacre, detail of a portrait by Hans Eworth, 1559'' ...

. The allegorical painting ''Elizabeth I and the Three Goddesses'' (1569), with its slightly different "HE" monogram, has been variously attributed by Sir

Roy Strong Sir Roy Colin Strong, (born 23 August 1935) is an English art historian, museum curator, writer, broadcaster and landscape designer. He has served as director of both the National Portrait Gallery and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. ...

as cautiously to "The Monogrammist HE" in 1969 and more confidently to

Joris Hoefnagel Joris Hoefnagel or Georg Hoefnagel (1542, in Antwerp – 24 July 1601, in Vienna) was a Flemish painter, printmaker, miniaturist, draftsman and merchant. He is noted for his illustrations of natural history subjects, topographical views, ...

in 1987; it is now accepted as the work of Eworth. Eworth's last known works date from 1570–3.A portrait of ''Elizabeth I'' c. 1570, attributed to Eworth, sold at auction in 1996 and is now in the Denver Art Gallery's Berger Collection. The

Wallace Collection The Wallace Collection is a museum in London occupying Hertford House in Manchester Square, the former townhouse of the Seymour family, Marquesses of Hertford. It is named after Sir Richard Wallace, who built the extensive collection, along w ...

has 'A Portrait of a Gentleman of the Selwyn Family' dated 1572 and likewise attributed to Eworth. Like many other artists of the Tudor court, Eworth was also engaged in decorative work; he was involved in the set design for a

masque The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment that flourished in 16th- and early 17th-century Europe, though it was developed earlier in Italy, in forms including the intermedio (a public version of the masque was the pageant). A masque ...

given by Elizabeth I in honor of the French Ambassador in 1572. Payment records show that Eworth was designing for the Office of the Revels as late as 1573, and he is believed to have died in 1574.

Gallery

Image:Hans Eworth Osmanischer Wurdentrager zu Pferd.jpg,

Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I ( ota, سليمان اول, Süleyman-ı Evvel; tr, I. Süleyman; 6 November 14946 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Suleiman the Lawgiver ( ota, قانونى سلطان سليمان, Ḳ� ...

on horseback Image:Hans Eworth Henry FitzAlan Earl of Arundel.jpg,

Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel KG (23 April 151224 February 1580) was an English nobleman, who over his long life assumed a prominent place at the court of all the later Tudor sovereigns, probably the only person to do so. Court caree ...

as a Roman Emperor, 1550 Image:Hans Eworth Unknown Lady Fitzwilliam.jpg, ''Portrait of an Unknown Lady'', formerly called ''Mary I'' (possibly

Jane Dormer Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria (6 January 1538 – 13 January 1612) was an English lady-in-waiting to Mary I who, after the Queen's death, married Gómez Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba, 1st Duke of Feria and went to live in Spain, where she woul ...

Lady Jane Grey Lady Jane Grey ( 1537 – 12 February 1554), later known as Lady Jane Dudley (after her marriage) and as the "Nine Days' Queen", was an English noblewoman who claimed the throne of England and Ireland from 10 July until 19 July 1553. Jane was ...

), c. 1550–55 Image:Mary1 by Eworth 2.jpg, ''Mary I'', 1554, oil on panel Image:Mary1 by Eworth 3.jpg, ''Mary I'', c. 1555–58, oil on panel Image:Hans Eworth - Portrait of Lady Dacre - WGA07581.jpg, Mary Fiennes, Baroness Dacre, c. 1555–1558, oil on panel Image:Mary Nevill and Gregory Fiennes Baron Dacre v.2.jpg, Mary Fiennes and her son Gregory Fiennes, 1559 Image:James Stewart Earl of Moray.jpg, ''

James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. 1531 – 23 January 1570) was a member of the House of Stewart as the illegitimate son of King James V of Scotland, James V of Scotland. A supporter of his half-sister Mary, Queen of Scots, he was the regent ...

, 1561 Image:Hans Eworth Henry Stuart Lord Darnley and Lord Charles Stuart.jpg, ''

Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (1546 – 10 February 1567), was an English nobleman who was the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of James VI and I, James VI of Scotland and I of England. Through his parents, he had claims to b ...

, and Charles Stuart'', 1563 Image:Thomas-howard-4th-duke-of-norfolk-02.jpg, ''

Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, (Kenninghall, Norfolk, 10 March 1536Tower Hill, London, 2 June 1572) was an English nobleman and politician. Although from a family with strong Roman Catholic leanings, he was raised a Protestant. He was a ...

'', 1563 Image:MargaretAudley.jpg, ''

Margaret Audley, Duchess of Norfolk Margaret Howard (née Audley), Duchess of Norfolk (1540 – 9 January 1564) was the sole surviving child of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, and Lady Elizabeth Grey, herself the daughter of Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, and ...

'', 1562 Image:Eworth Elizabeth I and the Three Goddesses 1569.jpg, ''Elizabeth I and the Three Goddesses'', 1569 File:Elizabeth I (reigned 1558-1603) by George Gower.jpg, ''Elizabeth I'' c. 1570 File:Hans Eworth Portrait of a Lady call Anne Ayscough.jpg, Protestant Martyr

, 1560

Notes

References

*van Claerbergen, Ernst Vegelin. ''The Portrait of Sir John Luttrell: A Tudor Mystery'', London: Jistlynn Ltd., 2000. * Cooper, Tanya, ''A Guide to Tudor & Jacobean Portraits'', National Portrait Gallery, London, 2008, * *"Hans Eworth." In ''The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art''. Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2008

*Cust, Lionel, 'The Painter HE', ''Second Annual Volume of the Walpole Society 1912-1913'', Oxford (1913) & London (1969), 1-44. *Hearn, Karen, ed. ''Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530-1630''. New York: Rizzoli, 1995. *Honig, Elizabeth, "In Memory: Lady Dacre and Pairing by Hans Eworth" in ''Renaissance Bodies: The Human Figure in English Culture c. 1540–1660'' edited by Lucy Gent and Nigel Llewellyn, Reaktion Books, 1990, *Strong, Roy,''The English Icon: Elizabethan and Jacobean Portraiture'', 1969, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (Strong 1969) *Strong, Roy, ''Nicholas Hilliard'', 1975, Michael Joseph Ltd, London, (Strong 1975) *Waterhouse, Ellis, ''Painting in Britain, 1530–1790'', 4th Edn, 1978, Penguin Books (now Yale History of Art series)

External links

HansEworth.com
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Eworth, Hans Flemish Mannerist painters Flemish portrait painters 1520s births 1574 deaths English Mannerist painters 16th-century English painters Painters from Antwerp 16th-century Flemish painters Belgian expatriates in England