Haaniella dehaanii subadult female ventral

''Haaniella dehaanii'' is a

stick insect The Phasmatodea (also known as Phasmida, Phasmatoptera or Spectra) are an order of insects whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick-bugs, walking sticks, stick animals, or bug sticks. They are also occasionally referred to as ...

species. It is a typical representative of the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Heteropteryginae Heteropterygini is the only tribe within the subfamily of the Heteropteryginae (family Heteropterygidae; order Phasmatodea). With 19 representatives described, this subfamily includes the fewest species of the three subfamilies, but includes th ...

. The occasionally used common name De Haan's haaniella refers to the species name.

Description

Both sexes, like all species of this genus, have many pointed spines on their bodies and legs. The shortened

tegmina A tegmen (plural: ''tegmina'') designates the modified leathery front wing on an insect particularly in the orders Dermaptera ( earwigs), Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and similar families), Mantodea (praying mantis), Phasmatodea (stick an ...

has developed front wings completely cover the just as shortened hind wings. Females are dark brown in color and very compact in shape. The

abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso. ...

of egg-laying specimens in particular bulge in shape. The abdomen ends in a spike-like secondary

ovipositor The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typical ...

. Characteristic is a triangular or oval area in front of the wings, which is white to beige in the otherwise black-brown female

nymph A nymph ( grc, νύμφη, nýmphē, el, script=Latn, nímfi, label=Modern Greek; , ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are ty ...

and only light brown to beige in the

adult An adult is a human or other animal that has reached full growth. In human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a " minor", a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of major ...

, then-brown females. In contrast to the top, the bottom is very vividly drawn. Female nymphs in particular have bright orange areas on the undersides of the femura, the

meso- A meso compound or meso isomer is a non-optically active member of a set of stereoisomers, at least two of which are optically active. This means that despite containing two or more stereocenters, the molecule is not chiral. A meso compound is "sup ...

and

metathorax The metathorax is the posterior of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the third pair of legs. Its principal sclerites ( exoskeletal plates) are the metanotum (dorsal), the metasternum (ventral), and the metapleuron (lateral) ...

, the intermediate membranes of the abdominal segments and other smaller orange areas on the

sternites The sternum (pl. "sterna") is the ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen. In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the ...

of the abdomen itself. Females are larger than males, being long. The males are much slimmer, very prickly and only about long. They are mostly dark brown in color and thus more closely resemble the nymphs in their coloration. With them, the front edge of the tegmina is often drawn lightly, which results in two short, light lines at the lateral edge of the wings.

Distribution area and lifestyle

The species is native to

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

, where it occurs on Mount Serapi, a few kilometers west of

Kuching Kuching (), officially the City of Kuching, is the capital and the most populous city in the States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Sarawak in Malaysia. It is also the capital of Kuching Division. The city is on the Sarawak River ...

. The nocturnal animals hide in the leaves of the forest floor during the day. At night they climb up the food plants in order to feed on them, often eating the leaves directly on the leaf base. In case of danger, the species shows the defensive behavior typical of all members of the subfamily

, including

stridulation Stridulation is the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts. This behavior is mostly associated with insects, but other animals are known to do this as well, such as a number of species of fish, snakes and spiders. The mech ...

with wings and flapping with the spiny hind legs.

Reproduction

About eight weeks after the insects have molted to become adul, the females begin to lay eggs. The barrel-shaped to spherical, brown eggs are sunk a few centimeters deep into the ground with theovipositor at night. They are long and wide. As with most ''Haaniella'' species, they are provided with fine and short hairs so that they appear to have a velvety surface. The cruciform micropylar plate is difficult to see because of the hairs. The

micropyle Micropyle may refer to: * Micropyle (botany) In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the ''integument'', forming its outer layer, the ''nucellus'' (o ...

is located in the lower angle of the cross formed from diagonal arms. It can take a whole year for the nymphs to hatch. It takes another nine months for them to grow into

imago In biology, the imago (Latin for "image") is the last stage an insect attains during its metamorphosis, its process of growth and development; it is also called the imaginal stage, the stage in which the insect attains maturity. It follows the f ...

. After that, the animals can live for up to two years, with the productivity of the females gradually decreasing.

Taxonomy

In 1859

John Obadiah Westwood John Obadiah Westwood (22 December 1805 – 2 January 1893) was an English entomologist and archaeologist also noted for his artistic talents. He published several illustrated works on insects and antiquities. He was among the first entomologist ...

described the species as ''Heteropteryx dehaanii'', using the specific name in honor of the

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

zoologist Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the Animal, animal kingdom, including the anatomy, structure, embryology, evolution, Biological clas ...

Wilhem de Haan Wilhem de Haan (7 February 1801 in Amsterdam – 15 April 1855 in Leiden) was a Dutch zoologist. He specialised in the study of insects and crustaceans, and was the first keeper of invertebrates at the Rijksmuseum in Leiden, now Naturalis. He was ...

has chosen. After the species was first transferred to the new genus ''Haaniella'' by

William Forsell Kirby William Forsell Kirby (14 January 1844 – 20 November 1912) was an English entomologist and folklorist. Life He was born in Leicester. He was the eldest son of Samuel Kirby, who was a banker. He was educated privately, and became interested ...

in 1904,

Klaus Günther Klaus is a German, Dutch and Scandinavian given name and surname. It originated as a short form of Nikolaus, a German form of the Greek given name Nicholas. Notable persons whose family name is Klaus * Billy Klaus (1928–2006), American baseb ...

placed it in 1944 as a

subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...

of the somewhat lighter colored and larger species ''

Haaniella grayii ''Haaniella grayii'' is a stick insect species native to Borneo. It is a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae and the largest species of the genus '' Haaniella''. The occasionally used common name Gray's Haaniella refers to ...

''. This assignment was canceled in 1992 by Philip Edward Bragg and the species has been considered valid since then. A species described by

Josef Redtenbacher Josef Redtenbacher (March 13, 1810 – March 5, 1870) was an Austrian chemist born in Kirchdorf an der Krems, Upper Austria. He was a brother to entomologist Ludwig Redtenbacher (1814–1876). He studied medicine and botany at the University ...

as ''Heteropteryx dipsacus'' in 1906 was also classified by Günther as a subspecies of ''Haaniella grayi''. Bragg was able to prove in 1998 that the specimens described under this name are ''Haaniella dehaanii'', whereby ''Heteropteryx dipsacus'' was recognized as a

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

of the same. An adult female is deposited in the

Natural History Museum, London The Natural History Museum in London is a museum that exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history. It is one of three major museums on Exhibition Road in South Kensington, the others being the Science Museum an ...

holotype A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several ...

In terraristics

''Haniella dehaanii'' has been in breeding since 1990/91 and is listed under PSG number 126 by the Phasmid Study Group. In addition to temperatures of , the animals primarily need high humidity and therefore prefer glass terrariums with little ventilation. The floor should be covered high with a slightly damp substrate to allow the eggs to be laid. Leaves of

bramble A bramble is any rough, tangled, prickly shrub, usually in the genus ''Rubus'', which grows blackberries, raspberries, or dewberries. "Bramble" is also used to describe other prickly shrubs, such as roses (''Rosa'' species). The fruits inclu ...

, other

Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are ''Alchemilla'' (270), ''Sorbus ...

, as well as those of

oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...

hazel The hazel (''Corylus'') is a genus of deciduous trees and large shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The genus is usually placed in the birch family Betulaceae,Germplasmgobills Information Network''Corylus''Rushforth, K. (1999). ...

and

ivy ''Hedera'', commonly called ivy (plural ivies), is a genus of 12–15 species of evergreen climbing or ground-creeping woody plants in the family Araliaceae, native to western, central and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa and ...

are eaten. Hiding places in the form of pieces of bark or others should be available.

Gallery

Haaniella dehaanii eggs.JPG, Eggs Haaniella dehaanii male nymph 1.JPG, male nymph Haaniella dehaanii subadult female.JPG, female nymph Haaniella dehaanii female.JPG, fresh adult female

References

Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W.
Phasmida Species File Online
'. Version 5.0. (accessdate 4 September 2021) Zompro (2000). ''Gespenstheuschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae im Terrarium'', Reptilia – Terraristik Fachmagazin, Nr. 24, August/September, Natur und Tier, Münster. Seiler, C.; Bradler, S & Koch, R. (2000). ''Phasmiden – Pflege und Zucht von Gespenstschrecken, Stabschrecken und Wandelnden Blättern im Terrarium''. bede, Ruhmannsfelden, Bruins, E. (2006). ''Illustrierte Terrarien Enzyklopädie''. Dörfler Verlag, Eggolsheim, pp. 75–76,

(1906).
Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae
'. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 169–170 Phasmid Study Group Culture List
/ref>

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q1566412 Phasmatodea Phasmatodea of Asia Insects described in 1859