Types
Several types of HARKing have been distinguished, including: ;THARKing: Transparently hypothesizing after the results are known, rather than the secretive, undisclosed, HARKing that was first proposed by Kerr (1998). In this case, researchers openly declare that they developed their hypotheses after they observed their research results. ;CHARKing (or Pure HARKing): CHARKing or "pure HARKing" refers to the practice of constructing new hypotheses after the results are known and presenting them as a priori hypotheses. CHARKing is often regarded as the prototypical form of HARKing. ;RHARKing: RHARKing refers to retrieving old hypotheses from the existing literature after the results are known and presenting them as a priori hypotheses Note that RHARKed hypotheses can be considered to be a priori hypotheses in the sense that they were developed and published prior to knowledge of the current research results. ;SHARKing: Suppressing a priori hypotheses after the results of tests of those hypotheses are known. ;Active and passive HARKing: Active HARKing occurs when researchers HARK prior to submitting their research report for publication. Passive HARKing occurs when researchers HARK in response to requests by editors and reviewers during thePrevalence among researchers
Concerns about HARKing appear to be increasing in the scientific community, as shown by the increasing number of citations to Kerr's seminal (1998) article. A 2017 review of six surveys found that an average of 43% of researchers reported HARKing “at least once”. This figure may be an underestimate if researchers (a) are concerned about reporting questionable research practices, (b) do not perceive themselves to be responsible for HARKing that is proposed by editors and reviewers (i.e., passive HARKing), or (c) do not recognize their HARKing due toResearchers' motivation
HARKing appears to be motivated by a desire to publish research in a publication environment that (a) values a priori hypotheses over post hoc hypotheses and (b) contains aPrediction and accommodation
HARKing is associated with the debate regarding prediction and accommodation. In the case of prediction, hypotheses are deduced from a priori theory and evidence. In the case of accommodation, hypotheses are induced from the current research results. One view is that HARKing represents a form of accommodation in which researchers induce ad hoc hypotheses from their current results. Another view is that HARKing represents a form of prediction in which researchers deduce hypotheses from a priori theory and evidence after they know their current results.Potential costs to science
Potential costs of HARKing include: # Translating Type I errors into hard-to-eradicate theory # Propounding theories that cannot (pending replication) pass Popper's disconfirmability test # Disguising post hoc explanations as a priori explanations # Not communicating valuable information about what did not work # Taking unjustified statistical licence # Presenting an inaccurate model of science to students # Encouraging ‘fudging’ in other grey areas # Making us less receptive to serendipitous findings # Encouraging adoption of narrow, context-bound new theory # Encouraging retention of too-broad, disconfirmable old theory # Inhibiting identification of plausible alternative hypotheses # Implicitly violating basic ethical principles Rubin (2022) provided a critical analysis of Kerr's (1998) 12 costs of HARKing. He concluded that these costs "are either misconceived, misattributed to HARKing, lacking evidence, or that they do not take into account pre- and post-publication peer review and public availability to research materials and data."HARKing and the replication crisis
Some of the costs of HARKing are thought to have led to theEthical concerns
Kerr (1998, p. 209) pointed out that “HARKing can entail concealment. The question then becomes whether what is concealed in HARKing can be a useful part of the “truth”...or is instead basically uninformative (and may, therefore, be safely ignored at an author's discretion)" (p. 209). Three different positions about the ethics of HARKing depend on whether HARKing conceals "a useful part of the 'truth'". The first position is that all HARKing is unethical under all circumstances because it violates a fundamental principle of communicating scientific research honestly and completely. According to this position, HARKing always conceals a useful part of the truth. Consistent with this view, a 2017 Twitter poll found that 75.5% of 212 votes agreed that "it is fraud for an auth to assert that a study tested an a priori hypothesis that the auth knowingly thought of only after post hoc analysis." A second position is that HARKing falls into a “gray zone” of ethical practice. According to this position, some forms of HARKing are more or less ethical under some circumstances. Hence, only some forms of HARKing conceal a useful part of the truth under some conditions. Consistent with this view, a 2018 survey of 119 USA researchers found that HARKing ("reporting an unexpected result as having been hypothesized from the start") was associated with "ambiguously unethical" research practices more than with "unambiguously unethical" research practices. A third position is that HARKing is acceptable provided that (a) hypotheses are explicitly deduced from a priori theory and evidence, as explained in a theoretical rationale, and (b) readers have access to the relevant research data and materials. According to this position, HARKing does not prevent readers from making an adequately informed evaluation of (a) the theoretical quality and plausibility of the (HARKed) hypotheses and (b) the methodological rigor with which the hypotheses have been tested. In this case, HARKing does not conceal a useful part of the truth. Furthermore, researchers may claim that a priori theory and evidence predict their results even if the prediction is deduced after they know their results.References
{{reflist Scientific method Metascience Ethically disputed research practices Open science