Emperor Hàm Nghi (, vi-hantu, lit. "entirely right", ar, هام نغي; 3 August 1872 – 4 January 1943), personal name Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch, also Nguyễn Phúc Minh, was the eighth
emperor
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereignty, sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), ...
of the
Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
ese
Nguyễn dynasty
The Nguyễn dynasty (chữ Nôm: 茹阮, vi, Nhà Nguyễn; chữ Hán: 阮朝, vi, Nguyễn triều) was the last Vietnamese dynasty, which ruled the unified Vietnamese state largely independently from 1802 to 1883. During its existence, ...
. He reigned for only one year (1884–85).
Biography
On 4 July 1885, a
nationwide insurrection against the French broke out under the leadership of the two regents
Nguyễn Văn Tường
Nguyễn Văn Tường ( vi-hantu, , 1824–1886) was a mandarin of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam. He is known for installing and dethroning three emperors in 1883–84: Dục Đức, Hiệp Hoà, and Kiến Phúc.
Biography
Tườ ...
and
Tôn Thất Thuyết
Tôn Thất Thuyết ( 尊 室 説; 12 May 1839 in Huế – 1913 in Longzhou) was the leading mandarin of Emperor Tự Đức of Vietnam's Nguyễn dynasty. Thuyết later led the Cần Vương movement which aimed to restore Vietnamese i ...
. The French stormed the palace and Tôn Thất Thuyết took Emperor Hàm Nghi and three empresses into hiding. Hàm Nghi went to the hills and jungles around
Laos
Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist ...
along with Tôn Thất Thuyết's force. While they waged
guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or Irregular military, irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, Raid (military), raids ...
against the French occupation forces, the French replaced Hàm Nghi with his brother,
Đồng Khánh
Đồng Khánh (, vi-hantu, 同 慶, lit. "collective celebration"; 19 February 1864 – 28 January 1889), born Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ (阮福膺祺) or Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đường (阮福膺禟), also known as Chánh Mông (正蒙), was the ...
, who was enthroned as the Son of Heaven. In October 1888, after a series of setbacks, Hàm Nghi was hiding in an isolated house near the spring of the Nai river, with Tôn Thất Thiệp, the second son of Tôn Thất Thuyết, and a few attendants. There, he was betrayed by the head of his Muong guards, Trương Quang Ngọc, and captured on 1 November, while Thiệp was killed. He was turned over to French officers on 2 November.
File:Em Ham Nghi.jpg, Emperor Ham Nghi in coronation date, 1884
File:Chieu Can Vuong.jpg, Cần Vương movement
The Cần Vương (, Hán tự: , ) movement was a large-scale Vietnamese insurgency between 1885 and 1889 against French colonial rule. Its objective was to expel the French and install the Hàm Nghi Emperor as the leader of an independent V ...
declaration .
File:Ham Nghi2.jpg, Emperor Ham Nghi after captured by French in 1888
Exile and marriage
On 12 December 1888, he was exiled to
Algeria
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. There he married a
French Algeria
French Algeria (french: Alger to 1839, then afterwards; unofficially , ar, الجزائر المستعمرة), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of French colonisation of Algeria. French rule in the region began in 1830 with the ...
n woman,
Marcelle Laloë
Marcelle Aimée Léonie Laloë (Algiers, July 2, 1884 - Château de Losse, Thonac, Dordogne, September 5, 1974) was a French woman who was the wife of Emperor Hàm Nghi of the Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam. She was the daughter of Francis Laloë, P ...
, on 4 November 1904. They had three children, Prince Minh-Duc, Princess Nhu May and Princess Nhu Lý.
File:HamNghiWedding.jpg, Wedding of Emperor Hàm Nghi in Algeria
)
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, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, relig ...
Image:Dam cuoi vua Ham Nghi.jpg, Wedding of Emperor Hàm Nghi in Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, relig ...
File:Ham nghi painting.jpg, Former emperor and his painting
File:Emperor and painting.jpg, Former Emperor enjoyed painting during exile
Death
Hàm Nghi died on 4 January, 1943, and was buried in Algiers. During his exile, he had bought the château de la Losse in
Thonac
Thonac () is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. The area is notable for the Château de Losse and the cemetery contains the grave of Vietnamese Emperor Hàm Nghi.
Population
See also
*Commune ...
,
Dordogne
Dordogne ( , or ; ; oc, Dordonha ) is a large rural department in Southwestern France, with its prefecture in Périgueux. Located in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region roughly half-way between the Loire Valley and the Pyrenees, it is named af ...
, in southwest France. In 1965,
Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (; ; (commonly abbreviated as CDG) 22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French army officer and statesman who led Free France against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government ...
proposed to his daughter, Countess de la Besse, to transfer his body in Thonac, where he still lies in a simple grave. In 2002, Vietnam sent a delegation to France to seek permission from Princess Nhu Lý (De la Besse died in 2005, in her 97th year) to move her father's remains to the former Imperial capital of Huế. Her family has so far refused.
Honors
Some cities in Vietnam have streets named after him.
See also
*
Algeria–Vietnam relations
*
Giao Hoang, who was prime minister when the French took over
*
Tống Duy Tân
Tống Duy Tân (宋維新, 1838 - 1892), courtesy name Cơ Mệnh, was a Vietnamese revolutionary who led insurgent armies in Thanh Hóa Province of northern Vietnam as part of the Cần Vương movement that sought to install the boy Emperor H ...
, who attempted to install Hàm Nghi as the leader of an independent Vietnam.
References
Bibliography
* Baille. "Souvenirs d’Annam 1886–1890" E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie, Paris (1890, viii + 266 pp.)
* Devillers, Philippe. "Français et Annamites. Partenaires ou ennemis? 1856–1902", Denoël, 1998, 517 pp.; (2-207-24248-X)
* Gosselin, Charles. "Le Laos et le Protectorat Français". Librairie académique Didier, Perrin & Cie, Paris (1900, 349 pp.) Available
hereo
here* Gosselin, Charles. "L’empire d’Annam". Préface de Pierre Baudin, Perrin. Cie: Paris (1904, xxvi + 560 pp.)
* Bergoend, Isabelle
"Le Dagobert optique" Editions Thierry Marchaisse (2015, 240 pp.)
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ham, Nghi
19th-century Buddhists
20th-century Buddhists
Algerian Buddhists
Vietnamese Buddhist monarchs
French people of Vietnamese descent
Algerian people of Vietnamese descent
Vietnamese nationalists
Vietnamese revolutionaries
Emperors of Nguyen Vietnam
Nguyen dynasty emperors
1872 births
1943 deaths
19th-century Vietnamese monarchs
Vietnamese monarchs