''Hypnea'' is a genus of

red algae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta also comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxonomic revisions ongoing. The majority ...

, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan).

Taxonomy and Nomenclature

''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cystocloniaceae. There are 99 species listed on Algaebase with 78 being accepted taxonomically. The genus was originally classified under family Hypneaceae, which was considered distinct from Cystoclonoiaceae on the basis of differences in their carposporophyte structure, and the shape of the thalli and cortical cells. Differences in carrageenan chemistry, with Hypneaceae species producing kappa-carrageenan and Cystocloniaceae producing lambda-carrageenan, was another reason for their distinction. However, these criteria were questioned and molecular analysis later showed that the two families had similar vegetative and reproductive characters. Furthermore, it was proven that lambda-carrageenan and kappa-carrageen coexist within the Gigartinales order. This led to the two families being merged into simply Cystocloniaceae.

Phylogenetics

Phylogeography of '' Hypnea valentiae'' in India indicates that

nuclear ribosomal DNA Nuclear may refer to: Physics Relating to the Atomic nucleus, nucleus of the atom: *Nuclear engineering *Nuclear physics *Nuclear power *Nuclear reactor *Nuclear weapon *Nuclear medicine *Radiation therapy *Nuclear warfare Mathematics *Nuclear ...

Internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) sequences had 4.35 x 10-1 Tamura 3-parameter (T3P) pairwise distance between them, which indicate significant evolutionary differences accumulated over time. In comparison, T3P distance between related genera ''

Kappaphycus ''Kappaphycus'' is a genus of red algae. Species are distributed in the waters of East Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, Hainan Island, the Philippines, and Micronesia.Guiry, M. D. In: Guiry, M. D. & G. M. Guiry. 2013''Kappaphycus''.AlgaeBase. Nationa ...

'' and ''

Eucheuma ''Eucheuma'', commonly known as gusô (), is a rhodophyte seaweed that may vary in color (red, brown, and green). ''Eucheuma'' species are used in the production of carrageenan, an ingredient for cosmetics, food processing, and industrial manufac ...

'' was 1.85 x 10-1. In phylogeny reconstruction using

Bayesian inference Bayesian inference is a method of statistical inference in which Bayes' theorem is used to update the probability for a hypothesis as more evidence or information becomes available. Bayesian inference is an important technique in statistics, a ...

, both the isolates formed a well-supported

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

along with the only available accession of this genus at ITS1 locus, indicating affiliation of both the isolates in this genus. The isolate from the west coast was more basal in the

phylogram A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

, which suggests

phylogenetically In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

primitive position of this population. Newly generated DNA barcodes of the geographic isolates of this native carrageenophyte in this study is expected to be a key in tracing its further dispersal routes, either natural or deliberate. This is the first report on the comparative morphological and

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...

assessment of ''Hypnea'' from India.

Morphology

''Hypnea'' is characterized by membranous or cartilaginous thalli which can be either erect or prostrate. The thallus features a main axis with an apex of varying shapes (straight, curved, tendril or bifurcated). Various forms of branching occur, with the irregular type being most common, with dichotomous or lateral branching occurring in some species. Thallus color is highly variable, with yellow, green, pink, red, brown and black being observed. Habitat type can influence thallus length, which varies from 0.5 to 50 cm. The habit of the thallus is used to divide species into two major groups: those with >10 cm thallus height, and those that measure between 2-3 cm. Like many other algal species, ''Hypnea'' exhibits a high degree of phenotypic plasticity and cryptic diversity which makes species difficult to distinguish from each other morphologically since they share many characters.

Distribution

The genus is found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, with the Atlantic having the most species. In terms of countries, China has the most number of species although none are endemic. Other countries with many endemic species of ''Hypnea'' include South Africa, Australia, Japan, Indonesia, Mauritius, the Philippines, India, and Brazil. ''Hypnea musciformis'' has the widest geographical distribution.

Ecology

''Hypnea'' is commonly present in various habitats, from intertidal and subtidal zones, as well as in sites with varying degrees of exposure. They can also be found growing as epiphytes on other organisms such as the brown alga ''Sargassum''. The genus exhibits seasonal abundance which is highly influenced by similarly seasonal variations in light, temperature, and tidal levels.

Life History

''Hypnea'' exhibits a

dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...

thallus and a triphasic life cycle consisting of two diploid phases and a haploid phase. The diploid carposporophyte releases carpospores that develop into a diploid tetrasporophyte which undergoes meiosis to form four haploid tetraspores which will form 50/50 male and female gametophytes. After fertilization of gametes, the carposporophyte is formed and the cycle begins again.

Chemical Composition

Carrageenans are abundant in the cell walls of some red algae, where they provide the thallus with additional flexibility to protect it from the impacts of herbivory, wave action, and desiccation. Environmental variables such as temperature, amount of rainfall, and salinity likely influence the yield and viscosity of the carrageenan.

Cultivation and Utilization

''Hypnea'' is cultivated in many tropical countries such as the Philippines, Brazil, Bangladesh, India and Vietnam for food and for their kappa- carrageenan extracts. After ''Eucheuma/Kappaphycus,'' it is the second most important source of carrageenan in the tropics, however it is only cultivated in experimental settings and not commercially. The technology needed to do this is still being developed and requires further investigation. Most experimental cultivation activities have been done using ''Hypnea musciformis'', and its highly variable morphology may be partly responsible for the inconsistency in the results of these experiments. Carrageenan has a wide range of applications from food to pharmaceutical uses. The extracts of various ''Hypnea'' species have been investigated for their antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal properties.Heidarizadeh L,Mollataghi A, Saadat A,Mostoufi A, Mouradzadegun A, Seyednejad AS (2019) Phytochemical studies and their bioactivities of various crude extracts of red alga (Hypnea boergesenii). Basic Res J Microbiol 6:23–33

Known species

*''

Hypnea musciformis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' *'' Hypnea valentiae'' *''

Hypnea adunca ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' J.Agardh S *''

Hypnea alopecuroides ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Kützing C *''

Hypnea anastomosans ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Papenfuss, Lipkin & P.C.Silva C *''

Hypnea arborescens ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' P.Crouan & H.Crouan S *''

Hypnea arbuscula ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' P.J.L.Dangeard C *''

Hypnea arenaria ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Kylin C *''

Hypnea armata ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' (C.Agardh) J.Agardh S *''

Hypnea asiatica ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' P.J.L.Geraldino, E.C.Yang & S.M.Boo C *''

Hypnea aspera ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' Kützing S *''

Hypnea boergesenii ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cys ...

'' T.Tanaka S *'' Hypnea brasiliensis'' P.B.Jesus, Nauer & J.M.C.Nunes C *''

Hypnea bryoides ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Børgesen C *'' Hypnea bullata'' P.Kundu & F. Bast C *'' Hypnea caespitosa'' P.J.L.Geraldino & S.M.Boo C *'' Hypnea californica'' Kylin S *''

Hypnea caraibica ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *'' Hypnea cenomyce'' J.Agardh C *'' Hypnea ceramioides'' Kützing C *'' Hypnea cervicornis'' J.Agardh C *'' Hypnea charoides'' J.V.Lamouroux C *''

Hypnea chordacea ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Kützing C *''

Hypnea coccinea ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' (Clemente) Cremades C *'' Hypnea compressa'' Papenfuss C *'' Hypnea conferta'' (Schousboe ex Montagne) Kützing S *'' Hypnea confervoides'' (C.Agardh) J.Agardh S *''

Hypnea congesta ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Papenfuss C *'' Hypnea cornuta'' (Kützing) J.Agardh C *''

Hypnea corona ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' Huisman & Petrocelli C *'' Hypnea coulteri'' Harvey S *'' Hypnea cryptica'' P.B.Jesus & J.M.C.Nunes C *''

Hypnea cystoclonioides ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Sonder S *'' Hypnea divaricata'' (C.Agardh) Greville C *'' Hypnea divergens'' (C.Agardh) J.Agardh S *''

Hypnea ecklonii ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' Suhr C *''

Hypnea edeniana ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' F.Nauer, V.Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *''

Hypnea episcopalis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Hooker f. ''&'' Harvey S *''

Hypnea esperi ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Bory U *'' Hypnea evermannii'' Setchell & N.L.Gardner C *''

Hypnea fastigiata ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' Harvey S *''

Hypnea filiformis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' (Harvey) Womersley C *''

Hypnea flagelliformis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Greville ex J.Agardh C *''

Hypnea flava ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *'' Hypnea flexicaulis'' Y.Yamagishi & M.Masuda S *'' Hypnea flexuosa'' A.C.Brown & N.Jarman C *'' Hypnea fruticulosa'' Kützing C *''

Hypnea furcellata ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Hooker f. ''&'' Harvey S *''

Hypnea furnariana ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Cormaci, Alongi and Dinaro C *'' Hypnea hamulosa'' (Esper) J.V.Lamouroux C *''

Hypnea harveyi ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Kützing S *''

Hypnea hippuroides ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Kützing S *'' Hypnea horrida'' (C.Agardh) J.Agardh S *'' Hypnea indica'' P.Kundu & F.Bast C *'' Hypnea intricata'' Kylin C *'' Hypnea japonica'' Tanaka C *'' Hypnea johnstonii'' Setchell & N.L.Gardner C *'' Hypnea krugiana'' Hauck C *''

Hypnea mamillosa ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Zanardini U *''

Hypnea marchantiae ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Setchell & N.L.Gardner C *''

Hypnea multicornis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' (Montagne) Montagne C *''

'' (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux C *'' Hypnea nidifica'' J.Agardh U ''Hypnea'' ''nidulans'' Setchell C *'' Hypnea nigrescens'' Greville ex J.Agardh C *'' Hypnea pannosa'' J.Agardh C *''

Hypnea pectinella ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' Børgesen C *'' Hypnea planicaulis'' Harvey S *'' Hypnea platyclada'' Barreto de Jesus & Castro Nunes C *'' Hypnea pseudomusciformis'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *'' Hypnea purpurascens'' (Hudson) Harvey S *'' Hypnea ramentacea'' (C.Agardh) J.Agardh C *'' Hypnea rangiferina'' (R.Brown ex Turner) Greville S *''

Hypnea reptans ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Papenfuss C *'' Hypnea rigens'' Sonder S *'' Hypnea rissoana'' J.Agardh S *''

Hypnea rosea ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Papenfuss C *'' Hypnea rugulosa'' Montagne C *'' Hypnea saidana'' Holmes S *'' Hypnea schneideri'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *'' Hypnea secundiramea'' Montagne S *'' Hypnea seticulosa'' J.Agardh S *'' Hypnea simpliciuscula'' Okamura ex De Toni S *''

Hypnea spicifera ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' (Suhr) Harvey C *'' Hypnea spicigera'' Harvey S *''

Hypnea spinella ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' (C.Agardh) Kützing C *''

Hypnea spongiiformis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Zanardini U *''

Hypnea stellulifera ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' (J.Agardh) Yamagishi & Masuda C *''

Hypnea tenuis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' Kylin C *'' Hypnea unilateralis'' P.J.L.Dangeard C *''

Hypnea ustulata ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' (Turner) Montagne S *''

Hypnea vaga ''Hypnea'' is a genus of Rhodophyta, red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and ...

'' Kützing C *'' Hypnea valentiae'' (Turner) Montagne C *''

Hypnea valida ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' J.Agardh S *''

Hypnea variabilis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Okamura C *''

Hypnea viridis ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Papenfuss C *'' Hypnea volubilis'' Searles C *''

Hypnea wurdemannii ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte (plant producing polysaccharide carrageenan). Taxonomy and Nomenclature ''Hypnea'' is a genus of red seaweed under class Florideophyceae, order Gigartinales, and family Cy ...

'' Harvey S *'' Hypnea wynnei'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C *'' Hypnea yamadae'' Tanaka C *'' Hypnea yokoyana'' Nauer, Cassano & M.C.Oliveira C

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q18350571 Red algae genera Gigartinales