Hypnales is the botanical name of an order of Bryophyta or leafy

moss Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) '' sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hor ...

es. This group is sometimes called feather mosses, referring to their freely branched stems. The order includes more than 40 families and more than 4,000 species, making them the largest order of mosses.

Description

Hypnales are mosses with

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...

ly or irregularly branched, reclining stems, with varying appearances. The stem contains only a reduced central

vascular bundle A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants. The transport itself happens in the stem, which exists in two forms: xylem and phloem. Both these tissues are present in a vascular bundle, which in addition will inc ...

, which is seen as a recent

derived trait In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have ...

in mosses. The stems are covered with paraphyllia or pseudoparaphyllia, reduced filamentous or scaly leaves. The ordinary stem leaves are

ovate Ovate may refer to: * Ovate (egg-shaped) leaves, tepals, or other botanical parts *Ovate, a type of prehistoric stone hand axe *Ovates, one of three ranks of membership in the Welsh Gorsedd *Vates In modern English, the nouns vates () and ova ...

lanceolate The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular o ...

, often with leaf wing cells. The midvein is often limited to the lower half of the leaf blade, or has completely disappeared. The cells of the leaf blade are prosenchymatic, many times longer than wide, with pointed ends interlocking. The

sporophyte A sporophyte () is the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga which produces asexual spores. This stage alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte phase. Life cycle The sporophyte develops from the zygote pr ...

consists of a regularly shaped

sporangium A sporangium (; from Late Latin, ) is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. Virtually all plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cy ...

on a long stalk or

seta In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for " bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms. Animal setae Protostomes Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. ...

. The spores are distributed via a ring-shaped opening with two rows of teeth, the

peristome Peristome (from the Greek ''peri'', meaning 'around' or 'about', and ''stoma'', 'mouth') is an anatomical feature that surrounds an opening to an organ or structure. Some plants, fungi, and shelled gastropods have peristomes. In mosses In mosse ...

, which before ripeness is closed by a beak-shaped operculum. The enlarged venter or calyptra is cap-shaped and smooth.

Habitat, distribution and paleobiology

Hypnales are

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

epiphytic An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...

lithophytic Lithophytes are plants that grow in or on rocks. They can be classified as either epilithic (or epipetric) or endolithic; epilithic lithophytes grow on the surfaces of rocks, while endolithic lithophytes grow in the crevices of rocks (and are als ...

plants that occur in the most diverse

biotope A biotope is an area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place for a specific assemblage of plants and animals. ''Biotope'' is almost synonymous with the term "habitat", which is more commonly used in English-speaking countrie ...

s and are distributed worldwide. Many species of this family are not picky concerning their substrate and

habitat In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical ...

. The earliest fossils of representatives of the Hypnales are known only from the

Tertiary Tertiary ( ) is a widely used but obsolete term for the geologic period from 66 million to 2.6 million years ago. The period began with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the start ...

, indicating that this group is young compared to other groups of mosses. 'Feathermoss' is a term used in classifying and describing certain boreal forests. An example of this occurrence is within the Black Spruce/Feathermoss

climax forest In ecology, scientific ecology, climax community or climatic climax community is a historic term for a Community (ecology), community of plants, animals, and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession in the development of vegetat ...

, often having moderately dense canopy and featuring a forest floor of feathermosses including ''

Hylocomium splendens ''Hylocomium splendens'', commonly known as glittering woodmoss, splendid feather moss, stairstep moss, and mountain fern moss, is a Perennial plant, perennial Clone (plant), clonal moss with a widespread distribution in Northern Hemisphere borea ...

'', ''

Pleurozium schreberi ''Pleurozium schreberi'', the red-stemmed feathermoss or Schreber's big red stem moss, is a moss with a loose growth pattern. The root name ''pleuro'' comes from the Latin for ribs, possibly describing how the parts branch from the stem. The spe ...

'' and ''

Ptilium crista-castrensis ''Ptilium crista-castrensis'', the knights plume moss or ostrich-plume feathermoss, is a moss species within the family Pylaisiaceae, in the class Bryopsida, subclass Bryidae and order Hypnales. Ecology This species occurs on the floor of Cana ...

''. These weft-form mosses are shaped to allow the needles to fall into them rather than covering them, so they grow over the needles.

Classification

In 2010, genetic research suggests that the Fabroniaceae are the sistergroup of all other Hypnales. Next to branch-off are the Catagoniaceae. According to this analysis, some of the remaining

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

may be

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...

(Lembophyllaceae, Neckeraceae, Brachytheciaceae), others

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

(Lepyrodontaceae enclose Stereophyllaceae, part of the Brachytheciaceae enclose Symphyodontaceae and two separate parts of the Lembophyllaceae, part of the Neckeraceae enclose the remaining Brachytheciaceae, another part of the Lembophyllaceae enclose Rigodiaceae and Pterigynandraceae and a second part of the Neckeraceae). The rest of the families, the third part of the Neckeraceae and the fourth part of the Lembophyllaceae could be

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

. Originally, the Leucodontales were treated as a separate order, which were defined by a reduced

. However, molecular analyses rejected separation of the Leucodontales and the Hypnales. The former was absorbed into the latter.BUCK, W.R., GOFFINET, B. & SHAW, A.J. 2000. Testing morphological concepts of orders of pleurocarpous mosses (Bryophyta) using phylogenetic reconstructions based on trnL-trnF and rps4 sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 16, 180–198.

Familia

As accepted by

GBIF The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international organisation that focuses on making scientific data on biodiversity available via the Internet using web services. The data are provided by many institutions from around the ...

; *

Amblystegiaceae Amblystegiaceae is a family of mosses. It includes 20 to 30 genera with a total of up to 150 species. *'' Hypnites'' Ettingsh.1855 *'' Hypnobartlettia'' Ochyra1985 *'' Koponenia'' Ochyra1985 *'' Larrainia'' W.R. Buck2015 *'' Leptodictyum'' (Schi ...

(639) * Anomodontaceae (21) * Antitrichiaceae * Brachytheciaceae (1k) * Callicladiaceae * Calliergonaceae (13) * Catagoniaceae * Entodontaceae (376) * Fabroniaceae (251) * Habrodontaceae * Helodiaceae * Heterocladiaceae * Heterocladiellaceae (3) *

Hylocomiaceae Hylocomiaceae is a family of moss Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) '' sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which ...

(127) *

Hypnaceae Hypnaceae is a large family of moss with broad worldwide occurrence in the class Bryopsida, subclass Bryidae and order Hypnales. Genera include ''Hypnum'', ''Phyllodon'', and ''Taxiphyllum''. Ecology Some of the family species occur on the flo ...

(2k) * Jocheniaceae (3) * Leskeaceae (403) * Myriniaceae (4) * Myuriaceae (50) * Orthorrhynchiaceae (7) * Orthostichellaceae (2) * Phyllogoniaceae (10) *

Plagiotheciaceae Plagiotheciaceae is a family of mosses from the order Hypnales. It is found almost nearly worldwide, including Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarcti ...

(189) * Pleuroziopsaceae (2) * Pleuroziopsidaceae (1) * Pseudoleskeaceae * Pseudoleskeellaceae * Pterigynandraceae (68) * Pylaisiadelphaceae (4) * Rhizofabroniaceae * Rhytidiaceae (1) * Rigodiaceae (9) * Scorpidiaceae (5) *

Sematophyllaceae Sematophyllaceae is a family of mosses, known commonly as signal mosses.Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2005 onwardsSematophyllaceae.The Moss Families of the British Isles. Version: 21 June 2009. They grow on rocks in wet or humid places. and are ...

(1k) * Stereodontaceae (3) * Stereophyllaceae (94) * Symphyodontaceae (6) * Taxiphyllaceae * Thamnobryaceae (8) * Theliaceae (17) *

Thuidiaceae Thuidiaceae is a family of mosses within the order Hypnales. It includes many genera but the classification may need to be refined. The core genera are ''Thuidium'', ''Thuidiopsis'', ''Pelekium'', '' Aequatoriella'', '' Abietinella'', '' Rauiella' ...

(597) * Trachylomataceae (3) Figures in brackets are approx. how many species per genus. Former familia (with new orders); Climaciaceae (->

Leucodontales Hypnales is the botanical name of an order of Bryophyta or leafy mosses. This group is sometimes called feather mosses, referring to their freely branched stems. The order includes more than 40 families and more than 4,000 species, making them ...

), Cryphaeaceae (-> Leucodontales), Echinodiaceae (-> Hypnobryales), Fontinalaceae (-> Isobryales),

Lembophyllaceae Lembophyllaceae is a family of pleurocarpous mosses in the order Hypnales. It was originally described by Finnish botanist Viktor Ferdinand Brotherus (1849–1929) in 1909. The family is mainly found in Australasia and southern South America. T ...

(-> Bryales), Leptodontaceae (-> Leucodontales), Lepyrodontaceae (-> Isobryales), Leucodontaceae (-> Leucodontales), Meteoriaceae (-> Leucodontales), Microtheciellaceae (-> Orthotrichales), Neckeraceae (-> Leucodontales), Prionodontaceae (-> Isobryales), Pterobryaceae (-> Leucodontales), Regmatodontaceae (-> Isobryales), Rutenbergiaceae (-> Isobryales) and Sorapillaceae (-> Dicranales)

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q135185 Moss orders