Hyperforeignism

A hyperforeignism is a type of qualitative hypercorrection that involves speakers misidentifying the distribution of a pattern found in loanwords and extending it to other environments, including words and phrases not borrowed from the language that the pattern derives from. The result of this process does not reflect the rules of either language. For example, ''habanero'' is sometimes pronounced as though it were spelled with an (''habañero''), which is not the Spanish form from which the English word was borrowed.

Hyperforeignisms can manifest in a number of ways, including the application of the spelling or pronunciation rules of one language to a word borrowed from another, an incorrect application of a language's pronunciation, and pronouncing loanwords as though they were borrowed more recently. Hyperforeignisms may similarly occur when a word is thought to be a loanword from a particular language when it is not.

Intentional hyperforeignisms can be used for comedic effect, such as pronouncing ''Report'' with a silent in ''The Colbert Report'' or pronouncing Target as , as though it were an upscale boutique. They are a way of poking fun at those who earnestly adopt foreign-sounding pronunciations of pseudo-loanwords.

Similarly, speakers who echo hyperforeign pronunciations without the intention of approximating a foreign-language pattern are also not practicing hyperforeignization; thus, pronouncing ''habanero'' as if it were spelled ''habañero'' is not a hyperforeignism if one is not aware that the word has been borrowed from Spanish.

English

In English, hyperforeignisms are seen in loanwords from many different languages. Many examples of hyperforeignisms are isolated examples, rather than ones showing a particular pattern applied to multiple words and phrases, though some patterns can be identified.

Replacement with postalveolar fricatives and is one common mark of hyperforeignisms in English. This leads to pronouncing ''smörgåsbord'' (with initial in Swedish) as , ''parmesan'' (from French ) as (the cheese itself is Italian, and this pronunciation may also have been influenced by the Italian word for the cheese, ''parmigiano'', which has a postalveolar affricate: ), and Mandarin Chinese terms like ''Beijing'' (with , which sounds like to English speakers) with : . The city name Munich, normally , is occasionally pronounced /ˈmʏnɪç/ or similar, as though representing a German "Münich," even though Munich is an English name and the German name of the city is ''München.''

Dutch words

In Dutch, the letter combination represents at the beginning of a syllable, and at the end. However, most English speakers pronounce Dutch words such as ''Rooibosch'' and ''veldschoen'' with , more closely following the pronunciation rules for German spelling. In contrast, certain well-established Dutch surnames and place names in the United States dating to colonial times, such as Schuyler, have pronounced as , which is relatively closer to the Dutch pronunciation.

The cluster /sx/ is not present is English phonology, and is found difficult by most native speakers, so that some level of correction away from the Dutch original is inevitable.

French words

A number of words of French origin feature a final that is pronounced in English but silent in the original language. For example, the noun ''cache'' is sometimes pronounced , as though it were spelled either (meaning "seal" or "signature") or (meaning "hidden"). In French, the final is silent and the word is pronounced . The word ''cadre'' is sometimes pronounced in English, as though it were of Spanish origin. In French, the final is silent and a common English pronunciation is .

Legal English is replete with words derived from Norman French, which for a long time was the language of the courts in England and Wales. The correct pronunciation of Norman French is often closer to a natural contemporary English reading than to modern French: the attempt to pronounce these phrases as if they were modern French could therefore be considered to be a hyperforeignism. For example, the clerk's summons "Oyez!" ("Attention!") is commonly pronounced ending in a consonant, or .

A common pattern is pronouncing French loanwords without a word-final , as with ''derrière'', ''peignoir'', and ''répertoire''. Yet at once, this is a normal pronunciation in French vernacular of North America (both Canadian French and Acadian French, by opposition with Metropolitan French probably used for making this comparison): /r/ is optional as word ending, whereas the vowel just behind it is always long, contrasting with vowels being almost always short in word-ending positions.

Another common pattern, influenced by French morphophonology, is the omission of word-final consonants. Hyperforeign application of this tendency occurs with omission of these consonants in words with final consonants that are pronounced in French. This occurs notably in the term ''coup de grâce'', in which some speakers omit the final consonant , although it is pronounced in French as ; omitting this consonant instead sounds like ''coup de gras'', meaning a nonsensical "blow of fat." Other examples of this include ''Vichyssoise'', the chess term ''en prise'', ''prix fixe'', ''sous-vide'' and '' mise en scène''. There are many instances of this sort of omission connected with proper nouns. Some speakers may omit pronouncing a final or in names such as Saint-Saëns, Duras, Boulez, and Berlioz, though these words are pronounced in French with a final or .

The Norman French language furthermore gave Southern England some ancient family names that were once associated with the aristocracy. An example is ''Lestrange'' which is sometimes pronounced with its natural and contemporaneous French inflection, though it is more often pronounced like the English word ''strange'', .

Speakers of American English typically pronounce ''lingerie'' , depressing the first vowel of the French to sound more like a typical French nasal vowel, and rhyming the final syllable with English ''ray'', by analogy with the many French loanwords ending in , , , and . Similarly, the French-derived term ''repartie'' (, "rejoinder") was changed to English spelling ("banter"), giving rise to a hyperforeign .

''Claret'' is often pronounced , without a final . However, it is historically an Anglicised (and genericised) version of the original French ''clairet'', with the more typically being pronounced and the stress falling on the first syllable: .

Moët, a brand of French champagne, is often pronounced with a silent T. However, the name is Dutch, and its native pronunciation is oɛt.

Hindi words

The in the name of the Taj Mahal or '' raj'' is often rendered , but a closer approximation to the Hindi sound is . The in most words associated with languages of India is more accurately approximated as .

Italian words

The in ''Adagio'' may be realized as , even though the soft of Italian represents an affricate .

The name of the principal male character in Shakespeare's ''The Taming of the Shrew'' is spelled , intended to be the Italian name ''Petruccio'' , reflecting more conventional English pronunciation rules that use to represent . However, the name is commonly pronounced , as though Shakespeare's spelling were genuinely Italian.

Substituting ''baristo'' for a male barista, when in fact ''barista'' is invariable in gender in Italian and Spanish (as are other words ending in the suffix ''-ista'') is a hyperforeignism. In Italian (and Spanish), the gender is indicated by the article; ''il (el) barista'' for a male and ''la barista'' for a female.

The word ''latte'' ("milk"), as in ''caffè latte'', is often misspelled as or , implying stress on the final syllable. However, ''latte'' has no accent mark in Italian and has the stress on the first syllable. This may be an analogy with French words such as ''frappé'' , where there is such an accent mark.

Italian , as in ''maraschino, bruschetta,'' or the brand name ''Freschetta'', is often mispronounced as English rather than the correct k due to greater familiarity with the German pronunciation of .

Mandarin words

The in Beijing is often rendered as , but a closer approximation to the Mandarin sound is . The Pinyin letter is pronounced .

Russian words

Because the Russian loanword ''dacha'' (дача ) looks like it could be German, the pronunciation , with a velar fricative, shows an attempt at marking a word as foreign, but with a sound not originally present in the source word. The more common pronunciation is , which sounds closer to the original Russian word.

Spanish words

The digraph of Spanish generally represents , similar to English . Hyperforeign realizations of many Spanish loanwords or proper names may substitute other sounds. Examples include a French-style in the surname '' Chávez'' and in ''Che Guevara'', or a German-influenced or Ancient Greek-influenced in ''machismo''. The in the Spanish word ''chorizo'' is sometimes realized as by English speakers, reflecting more closely the pronunciation of the double letter in Italian and Italian loanwords in English. This is not the pronunciation of present-day Spanish, however. Rather, the in ''chorizo'' represents or ( depending on dialect) in Spanish.

Some English speakers pronounce certain words of Spanish origin as if they had an eñe or Ll when they do not in the original language. For example, the word ''habanero'' is pronounced (with an n) in Spanish. English speakers may instead pronounce it , as if it were spelled ; the phenomenon also occurs with ''empanada'', which may be pronounced as if spelled . The city of Cartagena, Colombia is very commonly pronounced as if it were spelled .

The South American beverage, mate, is frequently spelled in English, adding an accent which, in Spanish, changes the pronunciation and meaning of the word (''maté'' meaning "I killed" in Spanish). The accented spelling may however serve a purpose, as it is interpreted by some English speakers to indicate that the word has two syllables and is not pronounced like the English word ''mate'' (). Following Spanish orthography though, the only correct place to add an accent which matches the natural stress of the word (and therefore does not change its pronunciation) would be on the A, máte.

Other languages

Polish

Hyperforeignisms occur in Polish sometimes with English loanwords or names. One example would be the name Roosevelt, which is pronounced , as if it started like ''goose'', even though a natural Polish pronunciation would be closer to the English one.

''Phenian'', now obsolete name for Pyongyang, which was a transcription of Russian , was pronounced , as if ⟨ph⟩ represented the voiceless labiodental fricative like in English.

Loanwords from Japanese are often subject to hyperforeignism. The names of three of the four main islands of Japan, '' Honsiu'', '' Kiusiu'', and '' Sikoku'', are already Polish transcriptions with close approximations of Japanese sounds—, , and —but are often pronounced with changing native into foreign . Other Japanese words use English transcription, which causes further problems.

Russian

In Russian, many early loanwords are pronounced as native Russian words with full palatalization. Hyperforeignism occurs when some speakers pronounce these early loanwords without palatalization. For example: тема ("theme") is normally pronounced . A hyperforeign pronunciation would be , as if the word were spelled . Similarly, текст ("text") is pronounced , with the hyperforeign pronunciation being , as if it were spelled . Other examples include музей ("museum") → , газета ("newspaper") → and эффект ("effect") → . The variation is attributable to the tendency to use in foreign words after a consonant, even if it is not palatalized.

Norwegian

Like in Swedish, in Norwegian entrecôte can be pronounced without the final . This might also happen in ''pommes frites'' (french fries), and the is often removed in the pronunciation of Béarnaise sauce.Entrekå med påmm fri og bærné, takk
- K7 Bulletin (Norwegian)

See also

*Metal umlaut

Notes

References

*
*{{citation
, first=John Christopher
, last=Wells
, author-link =John C. Wells
, year=1982
, title=Accents of English: An Introduction
, publisher=Cambridge University Press
, isbn=0-521-29719-2

Language varieties and styles
Linguistic error
Phonology