A hymn tune is the
melody
A melody (from Greek μελῳδία, ''melōidía'', "singing, chanting"), also tune, voice or line, is a linear succession of musical tones that the listener perceives as a single entity. In its most literal sense, a melody is a combina ...
of a
musical composition to which a
hymn
A hymn is a type of song, and partially synonymous with devotional song, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a deity or deities, or to a prominent figure or personification. The word ''hymn ...
text is sung. Musically speaking, a hymn is generally understood to have
four-part (or more) harmony, a fast
harmonic rhythm (chords change frequently), with or without
refrain
A refrain (from Vulgar Latin ''refringere'', "to repeat", and later from Old French ''refraindre'') is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in poetry — the "chorus" of a song. Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the v ...
or chorus.
From the late sixteenth century in England and Scotland, when most people were not musically literate and learned melodies
by rote, it was a common practice to sing a new text to a hymn tune the singers already knew which had a suitable
meter
The metre ( British spelling) or meter ( American spelling; see spelling differences) (from the French unit , from the Greek noun , "measure"), symbol m, is the primary unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), though its pr ...
and character.
There are many hymn tunes which might fit a particular hymn: a hymn in
Long Metre Long Metre or Long Measure, abbreviated as L.M. or LM, is a poetic metre consisting of four line stanzas, or quatrains, in iambic tetrameter with alternate rhyme pattern ''a-b-a-b''. The term is also used in the closely related area of hymn metres ...
might be sung to any hymn tune in Long Metre, but the tunes might be as different as those tunes that have been used for centuries with hymns such as ''
Te lucis ante terminum'', on one hand, and an arrangement of the
calypso tune used with ''
Jamaica Farewell
"Jamaica Farewell" is a Jamaican-style folk song (mento). The lyrics for the song were written by Lord Burgess ( Irving Burgie), an American-born, half- Barbadian songwriter. It is about the beauties of the West Indian Islands.
Harry Belafonte ...
'', on the other.
Hymnal editors
Editors bring extensive knowledge of
theology
Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing th ...
,
poetry
Poetry (derived from the Greek '' poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings ...
, and
music
Music is generally defined as the The arts, art of arranging sound to create some combination of Musical form, form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise Musical expression, expressive content. Exact definition of music, definitions of mu ...
to the process of compiling a new
hymnal
A hymnal or hymnary is a collection of hymns, usually in the form of a book, called a hymnbook (or hymn book). Hymnals are used in congregational singing. A hymnal may contain only hymn texts (normal for most hymnals for most centuries of Chr ...
. They seek texts that are capable of communicating complex theological concepts to lay people, and they strive to partner those texts to tunes which are singable by the non-professional
musician
A musician is a person who composes, conducts, or performs music. According to the United States Employment Service, "musician" is a general term used to designate one who follows music as a profession. Musicians include songwriters who w ...
s of a
congregation
A congregation is a large gathering of people, often for the purpose of worship.
Congregation may also refer to:
* Church (congregation), a Christian organization meeting in a particular place for worship
* Congregation (Roman Curia), an adminis ...
.
When editors choose a text for the planned collection, it may already be paired to a
tune that supports its meaning, catches its spirit, and allows for congregational participation. This pairing may be used elsewhere, even ecumenically recognized, appearing in many other hymnals. However, if a hymn has been linked to a tune the editors think is not the best partner for it, they can arrange a new pairing. Partnerships of texts and tunes can give special attention to the interpretive opportunities in a text by providing artistic support of the message through its musical setting. Editors must consider whether the important words in the text fall on
stressed notes, whether climax points in the ideas correspond with musical climaxes, and whether the
tempo
In musical terminology, tempo ( Italian, 'time'; plural ''tempos'', or ''tempi'' from the Italian plural) is the speed or pace of a given piece. In classical music, tempo is typically indicated with an instruction at the start of a piece (ofte ...
for the music matches the style of the text.
Pairing texts to tunes
Often the author of a text has not composed a setting of that text or otherwise paired the text to a particular tune. It then becomes the editor's challenge to complement that text with a tune for
publication
To publish is to make content available to the general public.[Berne Con ...](_blank)
. Where the
meter
The metre ( British spelling) or meter ( American spelling; see spelling differences) (from the French unit , from the Greek noun , "measure"), symbol m, is the primary unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), though its pr ...
of a text is regular, editors can choose an existing tune of the meter that fits the text. Often there is more than just one good possible partner available. The editors may marry a text "X" to a tune they feel is best, with which it appears on the hymnal page, and they may also suggest singing text "X" to an alternative tune that appears elsewhere in the hymnal (sometimes with a different text). If one refers to the hymnal's
metrical index, more possible tunes may be found, of the same meter, which might be used for singing text "X".
In ''The Anatomy of Hymnody'', Austin C. Lovelace explores the relevance of the meter to a text.
A meter of few
syllables, perhaps with a
trochaic
In English poetic metre and modern linguistics, a trochee () is a metrical foot consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one. But in Latin and Ancient Greek poetic metre, a trochee is a heavy syllable followed by a light on ...
stress pattern, fits best an exhortive or forceful declamation of ideas. A stirring, motivating text will fit this meter well. Using a more lyrical meter suggests a more expansive or introspective treatment of ideas. An author may have superb ideas but may have chosen a meter which exhorts when it should be expansive, or is solid when it should be
introspective. In such cases the editor is challenged to achieve an overall fit which doesn't distract from the message of the text.
Editorial skills are evident in the complex credits of some hymns. For the well-loved and great hymn, "
All Creatures of Our God and King", the words were written by
William H. Draper and first published in 1919, based on a 13th-century text by
Francis of Assisi
Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, better known as Saint Francis of Assisi ( it, Francesco d'Assisi; – 3 October 1226), was a mystic Italian Catholic friar, founder of the Franciscans, and one of the most venerated figures in Christiani ...
, with further adaptations made in 1987. It is wedded to the tune ''
Lasst uns erfreuen'', first printed in the ''Geistliches Kirchengesangbuch'', dated 1623, and is presented with a harmonization by
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Ralph Vaughan Williams, (; 12 October 1872– 26 August 1958) was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, written over ...
, dated 1906.
Some texts become associated with several tunes. For different reasons, some tunes set numerous texts. Tunes which are very singable and easy for a
congregation
A congregation is a large gathering of people, often for the purpose of worship.
Congregation may also refer to:
* Church (congregation), a Christian organization meeting in a particular place for worship
* Congregation (Roman Curia), an adminis ...
to pick up, and do not have musical demands which would interfere with understanding and assimilating the ideas of a text, can be used to set two or three texts in a hymnal, when the editors see that as advantageous. ''Wareham'' LM, melody William Knapp (1698–1768), alt., harm. ''Hymns Ancient and Modern'', 1875, after
James Turle (1802–1882), sets three texts in ''Hymnal 1982''. It has supported more than 20 texts in various hymnals.
Naming
The practice of naming hymn tunes developed to help identify a particular tune. The name was chosen by the compiler of the tune book or hymnal or by the composer. The majority of names have a connection with the composer and many are place names, such as
Aberystwyth or
Down Ampney. Most
hymnals
A hymnal or hymnary is a collection of hymns, usually in the form of a book, called a hymnbook (or hymn book). Hymnals are used in congregational singing. A hymnal may contain only hymn texts (normal for most hymnals for most centuries of Chri ...
provide a hymn tune index by name (alphabetical) and a hymn tune index by meter.
In some instances a particular text and tune have an almost exclusive partnership with each other, such as
Reginald Heber
Reginald Heber (21 April 1783 – 3 April 1826) was an English Anglican bishop, man of letters and hymn-writer. After 16 years as a country parson, he served as Bishop of Calcutta until his death at the age of 42. The son of a rich land ...
's text "
Holy, Holy, Holy!" and
John Bacchus Dykes
John Bacchus Dykes (10 March 1823 – 22 January 1876) was an English clergyman and hymnwriter.
Biography
John Bacchus Dykes was born in Hull, England, the fifth child and third son of William Hey Dykes, a ship builder, later banker, an ...
's tune ''Nicaea''. In other instances a text may be used with a variety of tunes, such as "
O for a Thousand Tongues to Sing" sung to any of ''Lyngham'', ''Oxford New'', ''Arden'', ''Lydia'', ''Richmond'', ''Azmon'', or ''University''. In yet other instances a tune may partner several texts, such as ''Dix'' for "
As with Gladness Men of Old
"As with Gladness Men of Old" is an Epiphany hymn, written by William Chatterton Dix on 6 January 1859 (Epiphany) while he was ill in bed. Though considered by many as a Christmas carol, it is found in the Epiphany section of many hymnals and ...
", "
Christ, Whose Glory Fills the Skies", "
God of Mercy, God of Grace", "
Lord, to You Immortal Praise", and "
For the Beauty of the Earth".
By contrast, in Germany and Scandinavia, tune names were not typically used even when a hymn tune was used for more than one text. The custom in such cases was to use part of the first line of the first text with which the tune was associated as a name for the tune: for example ''Lasst Uns Erfreuen'' ("Let us rejoice" /
All Creatures of Our God and King), ''Gelobt Sei Gott'' ("
ayGod be praised" /
Good Christian men, rejoice and sing) and ''Was lebet, was schwebet'' (
O Worship the Lord in the Beauty of Holiness). Renaming of tunes occurs from time to time, when a tune is chosen to be printed in a hymnal. When chorales were introduced in England during the eighteenth century, these tunes were sometimes given English-style tune names.
The Ravenscroft Psalter of 1621 was the first English book which specified, by name, which tune should set each text. This followed the procedure used for the first time in the 1616 Scottish Psalter. In this early time of defining text/tune marriages, editors of different psalters were apt to use different names for the same tune. For example, ''The French Tune'', in the
Scottish Psalter (1564), was the same tune as ''Dundee'' in the Ravenscroft Psalter.
Common practice nowadays is for the composer of a tune to name it.
Performance
Typically, worship services in churches and synagogues include hymns which are sung by the congregation, accompanied by organ, or piano, and/or sometimes by guitars or other instruments. Details of performance vary depending on the designated style of the service, or by the hymns themselves. Some hymns specify unison singing, and other hymns are sung in parts (usually soprano, alto, tenor, bass). It is common practice for a congregation to sing all the hymns in unison, but in some traditions part singing is encouraged.
Sometimes, especially on longer texts, variety in the performance is introduced. Varied performance practices may include:
* varied
harmonization
In music, harmonization is the chordal accompaniment to a line or melody: "Using chords and melodies together, making harmony by stacking scale tones as triads".
A harmonized scale can be created by using each note of a musical scale as a ...
for a stanza
*
descant sung by sopranos, above the melody
* "
Fauxbourdon
Fauxbourdon (also fauxbordon, and also commonly two words: faux bourdon or faulx bourdon, and in Italian falso bordone) – French for ''false drone'' – is a technique of musical harmonisation used in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, ...
" with the melody sung by tenors, and the harmonies sung by the other parts
* a
modulation (music)
In music, modulation is the change from one tonality ( tonic, or tonal center) to another. This may or may not be accompanied by a change in key signature (a key change). Modulations articulate or create the structure or form of many pieces, a ...
(usually for the last stanza) into the next higher key
Other possibilities for varied performance can be invited through explanation either in the service bulletin or through verbal instruction by the pastor or the minister of music. Combining some or all of these and can add interest to singing while enhancing the sense of the text. For example:
* a stanza sung only by the choir
* a stanza sung only by the congregation
* a stanza sung only by men
* a stanza sung only by women
* a stanza sung only by
Cantoris (north side)
* a stanza sung only by
Decani (south side)
Some hymn tunes lend themselves to being sung in
canon.
History
Origins
The
Book of Psalms has sometimes been called the first hymn book. Some psalms are headed with instructions relating to their musical performance, music to which they were "married," even though no music is included with the texts.
Psalter
A psalter is a volume containing the Book of Psalms, often with other devotional material bound in as well, such as a liturgical calendar and litany of the Saints. Until the emergence of the book of hours in the Late Middle Ages, psalters we ...
s contained
metrical versifications of the psalms. Using a regular meter, authors would translate the psalms into the vernacular, and create versions which could be set to music for the people to sing.
St. Paul encourages Christians to "Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord" (), "
eaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord." (). In 313 AD, the
Emperor Constantine
Constantine I ( , ; la, Flavius Valerius Constantinus, ; ; 27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337, the first one to convert to Christianity. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterran ...
issued the
Edict of Milan
The Edict of Milan ( la, Edictum Mediolanense; el, Διάταγμα τῶν Μεδιολάνων, ''Diatagma tōn Mediolanōn'') was the February 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire. Frend, W. H. C. ( ...
, which "... gave the Christians the right to practice religion openly."
At that time the language of the people was Latin. Use of Latin continued in the
Roman Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
long after it ceased to be the vernacular. By the time of
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor, and Augustinian friar. He is the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation and the namesake of Luther ...
in the early 16th century, the singing was still in Latin but was done by choirs of priests and monks, although the choirs sometimes included a few lay musicians as well.
Hymnals evolved from psalters, in that hymns are songs for the congregation and choir to sing, but go beyond metrical recasting of only psalm texts. In early hymnals, only texts were printed. By the mid 18th century, hymnal editors began marrying particular tunes, by name, to individual texts. A century later, in the 1861 (first) edition of the English ''
Hymns Ancient and Modern'', for the first time, the music was printed with its text on the hymnal page. Many marriages from that book became and remain ecumenically endorsed, including those where a tune was composed and appeared in print for the first time in that 1861 edition.
Heber's text, "
Holy, Holy, Holy" had first appeared in ''Selection of Psalms and Hymns for the Parish Church of Banbury'', 3rd edition, 1826. ''Nicaea'' (1861) was written by
J. B. Dykes to set it "for the first edition of ''Hymns A & M''."
The Reformation
As part of his efforts at reform, after Martin Luther prepared a version of the
Mass
Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a physical body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and different element ...
in Latin, he prepared
a version in German, adapting parts of the liturgical texts of the Mass as
chorale
Chorale is the name of several related musical forms originating in the music genre of the Lutheran chorale:
* Hymn tune of a Lutheran hymn (e.g. the melody of " Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme"), or a tune in a similar format (e.g. one of the ...
s in the vernacular which could be sung and understood by the congregation. Luther arranged the music for some of these by adapting the music of existing
plainsong
Plainsong or plainchant (calque from the French ''plain-chant''; la, cantus planus) is a body of chants used in the liturgies of the Western Church. When referring to the term plainsong, it is those sacred pieces that are composed in Latin text. ...
melodies; he set other texts to newly composed tunes composed by others, or by himself. An example of the latter is the tune he composed for his German paraphrase of
Psalm 46, "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("
A Mighty Fortress Is Our God").
Nicholas Temperley wrote in ''The Hymn Tune Index'' that Luther "wished his congregations to take part in the singing, but
in general they failed to do so" and "It was the
Calvinist
Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Ca ...
, or 'Reformed', branches of Protestantism
that succeeded in establishing congregation hymn singing in worship."
Luther (1483–1546) posted his theses against Roman Church practices, particularly "indulgences", in 1517, which signalled the start of the Reformation, "...but six or seven years passed after the inception of his Reformation before he gave his thought to hymns.... Luther wished to refine the worship of the Church by excluding what he thought were needless complications while retaining, through the use of music, the essential spirit of Christian devotion as enshrined in the church's tradition.... The year 1524 saw the first official Luther hymnals."
Luther wanted the congregation to participate in singing, with German texts sung to tunes straightforward enough for ordinary people to sing. "Luther himself wrote many new religious texts to be used with well-known German folk songs. ''Vom Himmel hoch'' is one of these."
Luther was a gifted and well-trained musician. He composed and found hymn tunes which were accessible for ordinary people to sing, and "... at the same time he encouraged church choirs to continue the tradition of polyphonic motets within the Lutheran Mass. He used various textures and styles of music in ways which were most appropriate and effective for each."
Luther also adapted the music of existing plainsong melodies as hymn tunes. Families enjoyed singing hymns in parts in their homes, for the family's enjoyment and edification, but unison singing was the custom in church.
The Reformed Church and the (French)
Genevan Psalter
The ''Genevan Psalter'', also known as the ''Huguenot Psalter'', is a metrical psalter in French created under the supervision of John Calvin for liturgical use by the Reformed churches of the city of Geneva in the sixteenth century.
Background
...
were the result of work by
John Calvin
John Calvin (; frm, Jehan Cauvin; french: link=no, Jean Calvin ; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system ...
(1509–1564). His profound reverence for the biblical text "...caused him to insist that public praise in church should be confined to the language of the Bible, adapted to the minimum extent required for congregational singing. He was "... the architect of the tradition of metrical psalmody."
Calvin heard Lutheran hymn singing while he served Minister of the Reformed Church of Strasbourg (1538–41). In fact, Routley says, "
trical psalmody was really born
n Strasbourgrather than in Geneva."
Clement Marot (c. 1497–1544) was a French Court poet in Strassbourg, who had begun setting psalms in metrical versions before Calvin met him. Although Marot remained a Catholic, Calvin included Marot's psalm versions in the Psalter. The first Genevan Psalter, 1542, contained six psalms by Calvin and 30 by Marot.
The Genevan Psalter of 1562 contained all 150 psalms, and included the works of Calvin's successor, Theodore de Beza (1509–1565).
Calvin did not approve of free religious texts (hymns) for use in church; the Bible was the only source of texts he approved (
exclusive psalmody). Calvin endorsed only singing of metrical psalm texts, only in unison, only ''a cappella'', with no harmonization and no accompanying instruments of any kind. Tunes for the metrical psalm versions came from several men, including Louis Bourgeois (c. 1501 – c. 1561), and Claude Goudemil (c. 1525–1572). There were 110 different meters used for the texts in Calvin's Psalter, and 125 different tunes to set them. The music was very difficult; the long tunes were hard for ordinary people to grasp.
But later adaptations (and simplifications) of these tunes have added to current day hymn tunes repertoire.
English hymnody
The earliest English
psalter
A psalter is a volume containing the Book of Psalms, often with other devotional material bound in as well, such as a liturgical calendar and litany of the Saints. Until the emergence of the book of hours in the Late Middle Ages, psalters we ...
s included a few tunes in regular meters, which could be used to sing all the psalms in the psalter. Which tune was sung was determined by the fit of the meter. The ''
Ravenscroft Psalter
Ravenscroft may refer to:
People
* John Ravenscroft (disambiguation), several people
* Christopher Ravenscroft (born 1946), English actor
* Edward Ravenscroft (c. 1654–1697), English dramatist
* Edward James Ravenscroft (1816–1890), author ...
'' of 1621 was the first English book which "married," specified by name, which tune should set each text.
In that early time of defining text/tune marriages, editors of different psalters sometimes used different names for the same tune. For example, ''The French Tune'', in the ''
Scottish Psalter'' (1564), is the same tune as ''Dundee'' in the ''Ravenscroft Psalter''.
Routley states that metrical psalmody was actually the first English Protestant hymnody.
England's Reformation began when King
Henry VIII
Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disagr ...
separated the English church from the Catholic Church in Rome in 1532. King Henry's heir was King
Edward VI
Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and King of Ireland, Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death in 1553. He was crowned on 20 February 1547 at the age of nine. Edward was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour ...
, who ascended to the throne in 1547. Thomas Sternhold (d. 1549), Groom of the Royal Wardrobe at the end of Henry VIII's reign and during Edward VI's, "...began metricizing psalms for the edification of the young new king (ten years old when he came to the throne in 1547: sixteen when he died in 1553)." Sternhold's work paralleled Marot's efforts in the French Court; Sternhold's "...strong puritan strain moved him to replace with sacred songs the trivial secular music that was the Court's normal entertainment; this led him to versify certain Psalms in the ballad metre that would enable them to be sung to tunes already known." (''Forest Green'', ''Kingsfold'', etc.). The ballad meter, "which Sternhold used very nearly without variation," had 4 iambic lines of 14 syllables, which breaks down to 8686 8686 (our Double Common Meter DCM or CMD). Also, a simpler "half length" tune evolved, now described as common meter (CM = 8686). The English aimed at a Psalter of all 150 psalms, virtually all in ballad meter. Sternhold started the task, writing a total of 37 by the time he died, when John Hopkins took over the work. .... In the year of
ternhold'sdeath, a little book without music containing 44 psalms was published, of which 36 were by Sternhold and eight by his collaborator John Hopkins (d. 1570).
Progress on the Psalter was interrupted when King Edward died in 1553, and his elder half sister
Mary became queen. She tried to reinstate Catholicism as the State religion. Churchmen whose lives were threatened fled to the Continent, some ending up in Geneva, where they encountered the 1551 Genevan Psalter and the congregational singing which it supported. When Elizabeth I ascended the throne after her sister's death in 1558, the exiled churchmen returned to England, bringing them an Anglo-Genevan Psalter containing all the psalms plus a few tunes to set them,
along with their desire to add congregational singing to church services. At that point work continued with the Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter, adding psalms to it from the Anglo-Genevan Psalter. The Complete Psalter was published in 1562 by John Daye. "It is at this point important to remember that all these versions of the Psalter, up to and including 1562, were published for private use. There was not, by 1562, strictly a 'Church of England' that could authorize the use of it in church."
The question of "authorization" of the Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter for use in church services is discussed at length in John Julian's ''Dictionary of Hymnology''; actually, the psalter was used in church whether it was ever officially authorized or not.
"Few books have had so long a career of influence. With the growing Puritanism psalm-singing came to be esteemed the most divine part of God's public service."
Later developments
Books did not print the music with texts in hymnals until the middle 19th century. Tunes were printed separately in tune books. Some of those printed in America in the 19th century (for example, Lowell Mason's, or George Root's) use four staff systems. The tune name, but no composer credit, appears above each tune. The melody of the tune appears in the tenor (fauxbourdon), often with the first stanza words, printed above the tenor staff.
During the decade 1791–1800, more than 8,000 hymn tunes were printed in
Great Britain
Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is ...
and between 7,000 and 8,000 were printed in the United States; during the decade 1801–1810, about 11,000 hymn tunes were printed in Great Britain, while more than 15,000 were printed in the United States. The total number of hymn tunes published with English-language texts in publications from 1535 up to and including 1820 is recorded as 159,123.
The early
Methodist movement provides an example of early hymnals published in editions that contained only texts. The co-founders,
John Wesley and his brother
Charles Wesley
Charles Wesley (18 December 1707 – 29 March 1788) was an English leader of the Methodist movement. Wesley was a prolific hymnwriter who wrote over 6,500 hymns during his lifetime. His works include "And Can It Be", "Christ the Lord Is Risen ...
, published several text-only collections, culminating in ''A Collection of Hymns, for the Use of the People Called Methodists'', in 1780. John Wesley published
tune book
A song book is a book containing lyrics for songs. Song books may be simple composition books or spiral-bound notebooks. Music publishers also produced printed editions for group singing. Such volumes were used in the United States by piano manu ...
s separately, culminating in ''Sacred Harmony'', in 1780. In 1786, with the fifth edition of the text-only ''Collection,'' Wesley indicated at the head of each hymn the tune to which he intended it to be sung. Among the tunes in ''Sacred Harmony'' that are still in use are ''Derby'', ''Helmsley'', and ''Savannah''. Accompanists to hymn singing had a tune book, a volume with a collection of tunes, most without words, the exception being the occasional lyric when underlay of words to the music was ambiguous. An example of this was ''The Bristol Tune Book''.
As more people became musically literate, it became more common to print the melody, or both melody and harmony in hymnals. Contemporary practice in the U.S. and Canada is to print hymn tunes so that lyrics underlie the music; the more common practice in the UK is to print the hymn tunes on one page, and the hymn text either below, or on facing pages.
Among twentieth-century developments was the publishing of ''The
English Hymnal'' in 1906 under the music editorship of
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Ralph Vaughan Williams, (; 12 October 1872– 26 August 1958) was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, written over ...
. More recently, ethnic hymns and tunes have been included, descants have been added for some hymns, freer song-like styles have been accepted, and accompaniments by guitar and/or other instruments have been notated.
See also
*
Common Metre Common metre or common measure—abbreviated as C. M. or CM—is a poetic metre consisting of four lines that alternate between iambic tetrameter (four metrical feet per line) and iambic trimeter (three metrical feet per line), with each foot con ...
*
Foot (prosody)
*
Long Metre Long Metre or Long Measure, abbreviated as L.M. or LM, is a poetic metre consisting of four line stanzas, or quatrains, in iambic tetrameter with alternate rhyme pattern ''a-b-a-b''. The term is also used in the closely related area of hymn metres ...
*
Metre (hymn)
A hymn metre (''US:'' meter) indicates the number of syllables for the lines in each stanza of a hymn. This provides a means of marrying the hymn's text with an appropriate hymn tune for singing.
Hymn and poetic metre
In the English language p ...
*
Metre (poetry)
In poetry, metre ( Commonwealth spelling) or meter ( American spelling; see spelling differences) is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse. Many traditional verse forms prescribe a specific verse metre, or a certain set ...
*
Short Metre
*
Sacred Harp
Sacred Harp singing is a tradition of sacred choral music that originated in New England and was later perpetuated and carried on in the American South. The name is derived from ''The Sacred Harp'', a ubiquitous and historically important tun ...
*
Shape note
References
Citations
Sources
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
*Hildegrandt, Franz; Beckerlegge, Oliver A., eds., (1983). ''The Works of John Wesley, Vol. 7: A Collection of Hymns for the use of the People called Methodists'', Oxford University Press. Includes Appendix J: ''Wesley's Tunes for the Collection, 1786.''
*Wasson, D. DeWitt (1998). ''Hymntune Index and Related Hymn Materials'', three volumes, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland.
External links
Hymn TimeThe Hymn Tune IndexHymn Tune FinderHymn tune search by melody
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hymn Tune
*
Religious music
Hymnology
Christian music genres