![Himno Apolo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Himno_Apolo.jpg)
The Delphic Hymns are two musical compositions from
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece ( el, Ἑλλάς, Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity ( AD 600), that comprised a loose collection of cult ...
, which survive in substantial fragments. They were long regarded as being dated circa 138 BC and 128 BC, respectively, but recent scholarship has shown it likely they were both written for performance at the Athenian Pythaides in 128 BC. If indeed it dates from ten years before the second, the First Delphic Hymn is the earliest unambiguous surviving example of notated music from anywhere in the western world whose composer is known by name. Inscriptions indicate that the First Delphic Hymn was written by
Athenaeus, son of Athenaeus, while
Limenius
Limenius ( grc-gre, Λιμήνιος; fl. 2nd century BC) was an Athenian musician and the creator of the Second Delphic Hymn in 128 BC. He is the earliest known composer in recorded history for a surviving piece of music, or one of the two earli ...
is credited the Second Delphic Hymn's composer.
History
Both Delphic Hymns were addressed to
Apollo
Apollo, grc, Ἀπόλλωνος, Apóllōnos, label=genitive , ; , grc-dor, Ἀπέλλων, Apéllōn, ; grc, Ἀπείλων, Apeílōn, label=Arcadocypriot Greek, ; grc-aeo, Ἄπλουν, Áploun, la, Apollō, la, Apollinis, label= ...
, and were found inscribed on stone fragments from the south outer wall of the
Athenian Treasury
The Athenian Treasury (Greek: Θησαυρός των Αθηναίων) at Delphi was constructed by the Athenians to house dedications and votive offerings made by their city and citizens to the sanctuary of Apollo. The entire treasury including ...
at
Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The oracle ...
in 1893 by
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
archaeologist
Théophile Homolle, while
Henri Weil
Henri Weil (August 27, 1818 – November 5, 1909) was a French philologist.
Biography
Born to a Jewish family in Frankfurt, he was educated at the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Leipzig. He went to France, and continued his studies at Paris, ...
restored the Greek text and
Théodore Reinach
Théodore Reinach (3 July 186028 October 1928) was a French archaeologist, mathematician, lawyer, papyrologist, philologist, epigrapher, historian, numismatist, musicologist, professor, and politician.
Academic career
Educated at the Lycée Con ...
transcribed the music to modern
notation
In linguistics and semiotics, a notation is a system of graphics or symbols, characters and abbreviated expressions, used (for example) in artistic and scientific disciplines to represent technical facts and quantities by convention. Therefore, ...
.) Reconstruction of the fragments was facilitated by the fact that the First Hymn uses vocal notation, and the second one employs instrumental notation. It was long believed that all that could be told of the composer of the First Hymn is that it was written by an
Athenian
Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...
, around 138 BC, since the heading of the inscription giving the name of the composer is damaged and difficult to read. However, careful reading of this inscription shows that it cannot be the ethnic "Athenaîos" (from Athens), but rather names "
Athēnaios Athēnaiou" (Athénaios son of Athénaios) as the composer. The Second Delphic hymn has been dated to precisely 128 BC; evidently it was first performed in the same year. The name of the composer has also survived, both in the heading of the hymn and in a separate inscription:
Limēnios, son of Thoinos, an Athenian. The occasion of the performance of both hymns was a Pythaid, a special religious procession of the Athenians towards Delphi held on specific occasions, usually after certain omens.
First Delphic Hymn
![First Delphic Hymn,1st & 2nd verse](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/First_Delphic_Hymn%2C1st_%26_2nd_verse.jpg)
Both hymns are
monophonic
Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction (often shortened to mono) is sound intended to be heard as if it were emanating from one position. This contrasts with stereophonic sound or ''stereo'', which uses two separate audio channels to reproduc ...
(consisting of a single melodic line), but are differentiated by their notation. The First Hymn is in so-called vocal notation and it is in the
cretic
A cretic (; also Cretic, amphimacer and sometimes paeon diagyios)Squire, pp. 142, 384. is a metrical foot containing three syllables: long, short, long ( ). In Greek poetry, the cretic was usually a form of paeonic or aeolic verse. ...
(quintuple)
meter
The metre (British spelling) or meter (American spelling; see spelling differences) (from the French unit , from the Greek noun , "measure"), symbol m, is the primary unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), though its prefi ...
throughout.
The First Delphic Hymn falls into two large parts, a
Paean
A paean () is a song or lyric poem expressing triumph or thanksgiving. In classical antiquity, it is usually performed by a chorus, but some examples seem intended for an individual voice (monody). It comes from the Greek παιάν (also πα ...
(lines 1–27), in three verses, and what might have been called a
Hyporchema The hyporchema ( el, ὑπόρχημα) was a lively kind of mimic dance which accompanied the songs used in the worship of Apollo, especially among the Dorians. It was performed by men and women. It is comparable to the ''geranos'' (γερανός) ...
or dance (lines 27–34). However, almost all of the last part is lost.
First verse
The image below shows the first verse of the hymn in conventional transcription. The letters above the words represent the notes of music. Various modern recordings of the music can be found in External links (see below).
![Paianmittext](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Paianmittext.png)
In this verse the singers call on the
Muses
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Muses ( grc, Μοῦσαι, Moûsai, el, Μούσες, Múses) are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the p ...
(goddesses of music and dance) to leave their home on
Mount Helicon
Mount Helicon ( grc, Ἑλικών; ell, Ελικώνας) is a mountain in the region of Thespiai in Boeotia, Greece, celebrated in Greek mythology. With an altitude of , it is located approximately from the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth. ...
and to join in the song in honour of Apollo. This part has been translated by Armand D'Angour as follows:()
Ten different notes in all are used in this first verse. The fourth note from the bottom (written ''mu'' in the Greek alphabet or the note C in the conventional modern transcription) is the so-called ''mesē'', or central note, to which the music most often returns. Music with this ''mese'' was said to be in the
Phrygian mode
The Phrygian mode (pronounced ) can refer to three different musical modes: the ancient Greek ''tonos'' or ''harmonia,'' sometimes called Phrygian, formed on a particular set of octave species or scales; the Medieval Phrygian mode, and the modern ...
. There are more notes above the ''mese'' than below it. F and B below the ''mese'' are not used, and the lowest note, here E, is used only in the first section of the hymn. The note immediately above the ''mese'' D (written ''lambda'' in Greek) occurs only in one place in section one, in bar 24, but is much more extensively used in verse 2.
![First Delphic Hymn section A pattern](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/First_Delphic_Hymn_section_A_pattern.png)
According to Pöhlmann and West, an archaic
pentatonic
A pentatonic scale is a musical scale with five notes per octave, in contrast to the heptatonic scale, which has seven notes per octave (such as the major scale and minor scale).
Pentatonic scales were developed independently by many ancie ...
effect is produced in the lowest tetrachords by avoiding the ''lichanos'', while above the ''mese'' there is modulation between a conjunct chromatic tetrachord (C D D F) and a disjunct diatonic one (D E F G), extended by two more chromatic notes, A and A. (A
tetrachord
In music theory, a tetrachord ( el, τετράχορδoν; lat, tetrachordum) is a series of four notes separated by three intervals. In traditional music theory, a tetrachord always spanned the interval of a perfect fourth, a 4:3 frequency propo ...
is a series of four consecutive notes covering the interval of a fourth, e.g. C, B, A, G; the ''lichanos'' ("forefinger string") was the second note of a tetrachord going down; the "conjunct tetrachord" is the tetrachord whose lowest note is the ''mese''; and the "disjunct tetrachord" is the one whose lowest note is the string above the ''mese'').
Second verse
The second verse describes the presence of the delegation from Attica and the sacrifice of Arabian incense and young bulls that they are making. It also mentions the sound of the pipes (''
auloi
An ''aulos'' ( grc, αὐλός, plural , ''auloi'') or ''tibia'' (Latin) was an Music of ancient Greece, ancient Greek wind instrument, depicted often in Ancient Greek art, art and also attested by classical archaeology, archaeology.
Though ''a ...
'') and the lyre (''
cithara
The kithara (or Latinized cithara) ( el, κιθάρα, translit=kithāra, lat, cithara) was an ancient Greek musical instrument in the yoke lutes family. In modern Greek the word ''kithara'' has come to mean "guitar", a word which etymologic ...
'') accompanying the sacrifice.
In this verse there is a change of key; according to Pöhlmann and West it changes from the
Phrygian mode
The Phrygian mode (pronounced ) can refer to three different musical modes: the ancient Greek ''tonos'' or ''harmonia,'' sometimes called Phrygian, formed on a particular set of octave species or scales; the Medieval Phrygian mode, and the modern ...
to the Hyperphrygian. There is extensive use of the notes (D and D) immediately above the ''mese'', and there is also repeated use of the note B (written with the letter ''omicron'' in the Greek notation) immediately below the ''mese''. The strings Greek lyre (
cithara
The kithara (or Latinized cithara) ( el, κιθάρα, translit=kithāra, lat, cithara) was an ancient Greek musical instrument in the yoke lutes family. In modern Greek the word ''kithara'' has come to mean "guitar", a word which etymologic ...
) were not tuned in exactly the same way as those of a modern piano, and the intervals from C to D and from D to D were probably less than a modern semitone. Therefore, in this section the music wanders around a small group of closely spaced notes. The technical term for a group of closely spaced notes like this is a
pyknon
Pyknon (from el, πυκνόν), sometimes also transliterated as pycnon (from el, πυκνός close, close-packed, crowded, condensed; lat, spissus) in the music theory of Antiquity is a structural property of any tetrachord in which a composit ...
.
The text reads:
![Delphic Hymn 1 section 2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Delphic_Hymn_1_section_2.png)
The photograph below shows part of verse 2 and the beginning of verse 3 on the inscription, starting from the word "carrying arms" and ending at "Attica".
Third verse
![First Delphic Hymn,3nd verse](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/First_Delphic_Hymn%2C3nd_verse.jpg)
The third verse is rather fragmentary, with several gaps in the words and music, but enough survives to make sense of it. In this verse the singers address Apollo directly, and describe how he took over the prophetic tripod at Delphi after killing the snake that guarded it, and how once he thwarted an army of invading Gauls (see:
Brennus (3rd century BC)
Brennus (or Brennos) (died 279 BC at Delphi, Ancient Greece) was one of the Gauls, Gaulish leaders of the army of the Gallic invasion of the Balkans. While invading the Greek mainland he managed to momentarily reach as far south as Delphi in an at ...
).
This verse returns to the same key as the first. As in the first verse, the small intervals above and below the ''mese'' are once again not used. There are some octave leaps, and "the tone is bright and clear".
Second Delphic Hymn
![Second Delphic Hymn](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Second_Delphic_Hymn.jpg)
The Second Hymn is headed ''
Paean
A paean () is a song or lyric poem expressing triumph or thanksgiving. In classical antiquity, it is usually performed by a chorus, but some examples seem intended for an individual voice (monody). It comes from the Greek παιάν (also πα ...
and
Prosodion
Prosodion (Greek: ) in ancient Greece was a processional song to the altar of a deity, mainly Apollo or Artemis, sung ritually before the Paean hymn. It is one of the earliest musical types used by the Greeks. The prosodion was accompanied by the ...
to the God'' and is described as having been composed by
Limēnios son of Thoinos, an Athenian. It consists of ten sections in all, the first nine in
cretic
A cretic (; also Cretic, amphimacer and sometimes paeon diagyios)Squire, pp. 142, 384. is a metrical foot containing three syllables: long, short, long ( ). In Greek poetry, the cretic was usually a form of paeonic or aeolic verse. ...
metre constituting the
paean
A paean () is a song or lyric poem expressing triumph or thanksgiving. In classical antiquity, it is usually performed by a chorus, but some examples seem intended for an individual voice (monody). It comes from the Greek παιάν (also πα ...
, while the tenth in
aeolic
In linguistics, Aeolic Greek (), also known as Aeolian (), Lesbian or Lesbic dialect, is the set of dialects of Ancient Greek spoken mainly in Boeotia; in Thessaly; in the Aegean island of Lesbos; and in the Greek colonies of Aeolis in Anatolia ...
rhythms (
glyconic
Glyconic (from Glycon, a Greek lyric poet) is a form of meter in classical Greek and Latin poetry. The glyconic line is the most basic form of Aeolic verse, and it is often combined with others.
The basic shape (often abbreviated as gl) is as fol ...
s and
choriamb
In Greek and Latin poetry, a choriamb is a metron (prosodic foot) consisting of four syllables in the pattern long-short-short-long (— ‿ ‿ —), that is, a trochee alternating with an iamb. Choriambs are one of the two basic metra that do ...
ic
dimeter
In poetry, a dimeter is a metrical line of verse with two feet. The particular foot
The foot ( : feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In man ...
s) is the prosodion. Slightly more lines of the music have survived than in the first hymn, but there are also numerous gaps where the stone has been broken. The style and subject matter of the second hymn is similar to the first, but the musical notation is different. In this hymn the notes are written with the symbols used by instrumental players (see below).
Pöhlmann and West divide the hymn up into ten short sections, with frequent changes of key. As in the First Delphic Hymn, the song opens by calling on the Muses to come to Delphi to join in the song in honour of Apollo:
![2nd Delphic Hymn section 1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/2nd_Delphic_Hymn_section_1.png)
The first verse has been translated by J. G. Landels as follows:
The hymn goes on to describe how the sky and sea rejoiced at Apollo's birth on the island of
Delos
The island of Delos (; el, Δήλος ; Attic: , Doric: ), near Mykonos, near the centre of the Cyclades archipelago, is one of the most important mythological, historical, and archaeological sites in Greece. The excavations in the island are ...
, and how Apollo, after his birth, visited
Attica
Attica ( el, Αττική, Ancient Greek ''Attikḗ'' or , or ), or the Attic Peninsula, is a historical region that encompasses the city of Athens, the capital of Greece and its countryside. It is a peninsula projecting into the Aegean Se ...
; ever since which time the people of Attica have addressed Apollo as "Paian" (healer) (sections 2–5).
Just as in the first hymn, the singers then address Apollo directly calling on him to come, and remind him how he killed the
Python
Python may refer to:
Snakes
* Pythonidae, a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa, Asia, and Australia
** ''Python'' (genus), a genus of Pythonidae found in Africa and Asia
* Python (mythology), a mythical serpent
Computing
* Python (pro ...
which formerly guarded the Delphic tripod and how he once defeated an army of marauding Gauls with a snowstorm (sections 6–9).
The final part of the work is the
prosodion
Prosodion (Greek: ) in ancient Greece was a processional song to the altar of a deity, mainly Apollo or Artemis, sung ritually before the Paean hymn. It is one of the earliest musical types used by the Greeks. The prosodion was accompanied by the ...
, or processional hymn, with the metre changing from
cretic
A cretic (; also Cretic, amphimacer and sometimes paeon diagyios)Squire, pp. 142, 384. is a metrical foot containing three syllables: long, short, long ( ). In Greek poetry, the cretic was usually a form of paeonic or aeolic verse. ...
(– u –, with variants u u u – and – u u u) to
glyconic
Glyconic (from Glycon, a Greek lyric poet) is a form of meter in classical Greek and Latin poetry. The glyconic line is the most basic form of Aeolic verse, and it is often combined with others.
The basic shape (often abbreviated as gl) is as fol ...
(x x – u u – u –, with variant x x – u – u u –). (The symbol – stands for a long syllable, u for a short one, and x x for long-long, long-short, or short-long). In this part, the singers beg Apollo and his sister
Artemis
In ancient Greek mythology and religion, Artemis (; grc-gre, Ἄρτεμις) is the goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, nature, vegetation, childbirth, care of children, and chastity. She was heavily identified wit ...
("mistress of Cretan bows") to protect Athens as well as Delphi, and they close with a prayer for the continued dominion of the victorious Roman empire.
![Delphic Hymn 2 section 10 (Prosodion)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Delphic_Hymn_2_section_10_%28Prosodion%29.png)
The Second Hymn is composed in a different key from the First Hymn. The central note (''mese'') of the first section is D (in conventional notation), rather than C, making it the
Lydian mode
The modern Lydian mode is a seven-tone musical scale formed from a rising pattern of pitches comprising three whole tones, a semitone, two more whole tones, and a final semitone.
:
Because of the importance of the major scale in modern music ...
. Below the ''mese'' are the notes A and B, and above it are E, E, F, and G.
The notes used in the second section are different from the first section. B is replaced by B; E and the top G are not used, and a bottom E and a top A are added, so the range of notes is wider. One way of interpreting this is to assume that the music has moved into the Hypolydian mode. Mostly the melody moves up and down in small steps but there are some big jumps occasionally down to the bottom E.
According to Pöhlmann and West, the
modes
Mode ( la, modus meaning "manner, tune, measure, due measure, rhythm, melody") may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* '' MO''D''E (magazine)'', a defunct U.S. women's fashion magazine
* ''Mode'' magazine, a fictional fashion magazine which is ...
of the different sections as follows :
#
Lydian
#
Hypolydian
#
Hypolydian
#
Chromatic
Diatonic and chromatic are terms in music theory that are most often used to characterize scales, and are also applied to musical instruments, intervals, chords, notes, musical styles, and kinds of harmony. They are very often used as a pair, ...
Lydian
#
Hypolydian
#
Hypolydian
#
Chromatic
Diatonic and chromatic are terms in music theory that are most often used to characterize scales, and are also applied to musical instruments, intervals, chords, notes, musical styles, and kinds of harmony. They are very often used as a pair, ...
Lydian
#
Hypolydian
#
Lydian
#
Lydian
Musical notation
The musical symbols used for the hymns can be interpreted thanks to a treatise by
Alypius, a musicographer of
late antiquity
Late antiquity is the time of transition from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, generally spanning the 3rd–7th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin. The popularization of this periodization in English ha ...
(3rd century AD).
Two different notations of music were used, one a series of special signs, perhaps derived from an archaic alphabet, and the other simply the 24 letters of the Ionian alphabet. The first hymn uses the latter system and the Second Hymn the former. But it was possible to use both systems at the same time; if so, the special symbols were used for the instrumental accompaniment, and the Ionic alphabet for the song itself.
A suggested reason for the difference in notation in the two hymns is that the author of the first, Athenaios, is listed as a singer, while the author of the second, Limenios, was a
cithara
The kithara (or Latinized cithara) ( el, κιθάρα, translit=kithāra, lat, cithara) was an ancient Greek musical instrument in the yoke lutes family. In modern Greek the word ''kithara'' has come to mean "guitar", a word which etymologic ...
-player. One difference between the two notations is that the symbols in the first hymn are placed above the vowels, while those in the Second Hymn are mostly placed above the consonants which begin the syllables.
Aftermath
These hymns were thoroughly examined by musicologists and there have been many efforts to perform them with replicas of ancient musical instruments. The first modern public performance of the First Hymn was in June 1894, only one year after its discovery, during the international athletic convention in the Sorbonne University in Paris for the establishment of the modern Olympic Games.
See also
*
Musical system of ancient Greece
The musical system of ancient Greece evolved over a period of more than 500 years from simple scales of tetrachords, or divisions of the perfect fourth, into several complex systems encompassing tetrachords and octaves, as well as octave scales d ...
*
Hurrian songs
The Hurrian songs are a collection of music inscribed in cuneiform on clay tablets excavated from the ancient AmoriteDennis Pardee, "Ugaritic", in The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia'', edited by Roger D. Woodard, 5–6. (Cambrid ...
*
Oxyrhynchus hymn
The Oxyrhynchus hymn (or P. Oxy. XV 1786) is the earliest known manuscript of a Christian Greek hymn to contain both lyrics and musical notation. The papyrus on which the hymn was written dates from around the end of the 3rd century AD. It is on ...
*
Seikilos epitaph
The Seikilos epitaph is the oldest surviving complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world. The epitaph has been variously dated, but seems to be either from the 1st or the 2nd century CE. The song, the melo ...
Recordings
*
Arda Mandikian
Arda Mandikian (1 September 1924 – 8 November 2009) was a Greek-Armenian soprano opera singer. Mandikian launched her career in England. She took on leading roles in London and Edinburgh. In the 1980s she became the assistant director of the Gre ...
recorded these fragments at Delphi in 1950
* ''Musiques de l'Antiquité Grecque: De la Pierre au son''
Ensemble Kérylos directed by
Annie Bélis
Annie Bélis (born 1951) is a French archaeologist, philologist, papyrologist and musician. She is a research director at the French CNRS, specialized in music from classical antiquity, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
Career
A former student ...
. K617, 1996. K617-069.
* ''D'Euripide aux premiers chrétiens : musiques de l'antiquité grecque et romaine''
Ensemble Kérylos directed by
Annie Bélis
Annie Bélis (born 1951) is a French archaeologist, philologist, papyrologist and musician. She is a research director at the French CNRS, specialized in music from classical antiquity, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
Career
A former student ...
. 2016. Both Hymns are played, the first is performed by a baritone (Jan Jeroen Bredewold) with tympanon (Annie Bélis), the second by a bass-baritone (Frédéric Albou) with
Kithara
The kithara (or Latinized cithara) ( el, κιθάρα, translit=kithāra, lat, cithara) was an ancient Greek musical instrument in the yoke lutes family. In modern Greek the word ''kithara'' has come to mean "guitar", a word which etymologic ...
(Benoît Tessé) and Transverse
Aulos
An ''aulos'' ( grc, αὐλός, plural , ''auloi'') or ''tibia'' (Latin) was an ancient Greek wind instrument, depicted often in art and also attested by archaeology.
Though ''aulos'' is often translated as "flute" or "double flute", it was usu ...
(Nathalie Berland).
* ''Music of Ancient Greece''. OP and PO Orchestra, conducted by Christodoulos Halaris. Orata. ORANGM 2013.
* ''Music of the Ancient Greeks''. De Organographia (Gayle Stuwe Neuman, Philip Neuman, and William Gavin). Pandourion Records, 1997. PRDC 1001.
* ''Musique de la Grèce antique''. Atrium Musicæ de Madrid, Gregorio Paniagua, dir. Harmonia Mundi (France), 1979. HMA 1901015.
References
Sources
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
* Anderson, Warren, and
Thomas J. Mathiesen
Thomas James Mathiesen (born 30 April 1947) is an American musicologist, whose research focuses on Ancient music and the music theory of ancient and early music, early periods. A leading scholar of the Music of ancient Greece, music of Ancient G ...
.
001 001, O01, or OO1 may refer to:
*1 (number), a number, a numeral
*001, fictional British agent, see 00 Agent
*001, former emergency telephone number for the Norwegian fire brigade (until 1986)
*AM-RB 001, the code-name for the Aston Martin Valkyrie ...
"Limenius," ''
Grove Music Online
''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians. Along with the German-language ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', it is one of the largest reference works on the history and theo ...
'', edited by Laura Macy (Accessed 24 August 2005) (subscription access)
* Davison, Archibald T., and Willi Apel (eds.). 1949–50. ''Historical Anthology of Music''. Two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1949. .
* Weil, Henri. 1894. "Un Nouvel Hymn à Apollon". ''Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique'' 18:345–362.
*
West, M L[itchfield">rtinL[itchfield.html" ;"title="tchfield.html" ;"title="rtinL[itchfield">rtinL[itchfield">tchfield.html" ;"title="rtinL[itchfield">rtinL[itchfield 1992. ''Ancient Greek Music''. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. (cloth); (pbk).
External links
Four versions (spoken and sung) of the First HymnReconstructed recording of the First Delphic hymnby The Ensemble de Organographia
''Hymne à Apollon'' music scores of two versions of the First Hymn by Gabriel Fauré at IMSLP.
* Hackworth, Corey M. (2015)
"Reading Athenaios’ Epigraphical Hymn to Apollo: Critical Edition and Commentaries" Ohio State University PhD Dissertation.
Reconstructed recording of the Second Delphic HymnEnsemble Kérylosa music group directed by scholar Annie Bélis and dedicated to the recreation of ancient Greek and Roman music.
*
{{Ancient music
Delphi
Ancient Greek hymns
Ancient Greek music inscriptions
Greek religion inscriptions
Apollo
Culture of Ancient Athens