![Ubol Ratana Dam](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Ubol_Ratana_Dam.jpg)
The estimated
hydropower
Hydropower (from el, ὕδωρ, "water"), also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to Electricity generation, produce electricity or to power machines. This is achieved by energy transformation, converting the Pot ...
potential of the lower
Mekong
The Mekong or Mekong River is a trans-boundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is the world's List of rivers by length, twelfth longest river and List of longest rivers of Asia, the third longest in Asia. Its estimated length is , ...
Basin (i.e., excluding
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
) is 30,000 MW,
while that of the upper Mekong Basin is 28,930 MW.
In the lower Mekong, more than 3,235 MW has been realized via facilities built largely over the past ten years, while projects under construction will represent an additional 3,209 MW. An additional 134 projects are planned for the lower Mekong, which will maximize the river's hydropower generating capacity.
The single most significant impact—both now and in the future—on the use of water and its management in the Mekong Region is hydropower.
Given current development trends in the region, power demands are expected to rise seven percent per year between 2010 and 2030,
yielding a substantial and potentially lucrative energy market. Hydropower is the favoured energy option for the Mekong's riparian countries.
The development of the Mekong River Basin is highly controversial, and is one of the most prominent components in the discussion about the river and its management. This debate occurs in both the academic literature, as well as the media, and is a focus for many activist groups.
Existing hydropower infrastructure
Table 1: Commissioned dams in the Mekong River Basin (15 MW installed capacity and above)
Hydropower infrastructure under construction
Table 2: Hydropower dams under construction in the Mekong River Basin (15 MW installed capacity and above)
Planned hydropower infrastructure
The CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems, which monitors dams development in the Mekong Region, distinguishes between "planned" dams—those for which bureaucratic processes to license, or enable the dam to be constructed (for example, feasibility studies, concession agreements,
environmental impact assessment
Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) is the assessment of the environmental consequences of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context, the term "environmental imp ...
s, power purchase agreements and other government authorisations); and "proposed" dams that have been suggested, but for which these processes have not commenced.
Table 3: Planned and Proposed Hydropower dams in the Mekong River Basin (15 MW installed capacity and above)
Proposed mainstream dams
Table 4: Dams on the Mekong Mainstream
COD = Commercial Operating Date.
Environmental impacts
A study by the Mekong River Commission (MRC) presented at the Third MRC International Conference in March 2018, concluded that hydropower development on the Mekong River will aggravate food insecurity and poverty in the region. The report forecasts that Thailand is expected to suffer the most economically and ecologically. According to the report, full scale dam development will decrease GDP growth for lower Mekong basin countries by US$29 billion. Thailand would have the greatest economic loss, as much as US$11 billion. Laos and Cambodia would each face losses of US$9 billion in GDP growth. Native fish stocks would be particularly hard hit: more than 900,000 tonnes of fish biomass, worth US$4.3 billion, would disappear by 2040 from the Mekong as a result of dams. Thailand would have the highest rate of fish loss, 55 percent, followed by Laos, 50 percent; Cambodia, 35 percent; and Vietnam, 30 percent. The creation of reservoirs would result in many parts of the Mekong becoming a lake ecosystem, unsuitable for many native aquatic species of the river environment and will eventually drive them to extinction. A Lao government executive dismissed the research findings as "just an estimation". He insisted that hydropower dams were crucial to solving poverty and that they would provide large economic benefits to the entire region.
Effective from 4 March 2021, a decree issued by the government of Laos requires all hydropower operators to inform authorities whenever dam reservoirs reach full capacity or when river levels fall to a critical level. The new guidelines aim to improve the management of hydropower dams and minimize flooding and water shortages.
Social Impacts
Social impacts such as livelihood and
food insecurity
Food security speaks to the availability of food in a country (or geography) and the ability of individuals within that country (geography) to access, afford, and source adequate foodstuffs. According to the United Nations' Committee on World F ...
largely effect riparian communities because of hydropower projects and these effects are multiplied by environmental issues of decreased water quality, decreased fish quantity and unstable water flow.
Loss of livelihood has become more significant as more dams are constructed along the Mekong River and this has become more evident by the change in the river's
biodiversity
Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic (''genetic variability''), species (''species diversity''), and ecosystem (''ecosystem diversity'') l ...
.
For example, fisherman in a town in northeastern Thailand (
Isan
Northeast Thailand or Isan (Isan/ th, อีสาน, ; lo, ອີສານ; also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issarn, Issan, Esan, or Esarn; from Pali ''īsānna'' or Sanskrit ईशान्य ''īśānya'' "northeast") consists of 20 provin ...
) estimate that their 2015 fish yield was only 30% of a normal year. The villagers of this same town also experience vulnerability in their cultural patterns as irregular flooding causes holidays and celebrations based on a water calendar to no longer coincide. Villages near dams experience other social issues alongside livelihood and
food insecurity
Food security speaks to the availability of food in a country (or geography) and the ability of individuals within that country (geography) to access, afford, and source adequate foodstuffs. According to the United Nations' Committee on World F ...
. A study of the Xe Pian Xe Namnoy Dam found that local communities face
forced relocation
Forced displacement (also forced migration) is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region. The UNHCR defines 'forced displacement' as follows: displaced "as a result of persecution, conflict, g ...
, economic loss, livelihood insecurities, PTSD, food insecurity, and
UXOs.
Due to PTSD and psychological impacts incurred, many villagers also hesitate to return to their former villages and the stress about the present has resulted in increased anxiety over the future. As for food insecurity, the changing of the river flow due to hydropower projects has severely influenced agriculture and aquaculture as necessary nutrients for rice cultivation and fishery production are limited. Issues of food and livelihood security are also faced by those relocated. In Laos, the
Nam Theun 2 Dam project moved 6300 people from 14 villages on the Nakai Plateau as part of the Resettlement Programme and another 155,000 people along the
Xe Bangfai River were identified as affected but were given less financial support.
The Nam Theun 2 Hydropower Company (NTPC) and the
GoL implemented the resettlement programme but the Livelihood Resettlement Program’s 5 pillars designed for livelihood (forestry, fisheries, agriculture, livestock and off-farm activities), showed consistent failure in providing benefits and instead led to increased poverty levels. The Livelihood Resettlement Program is also at odds with the community's cultural practices which has caused additional vulnerability.
The social impacts of hydropower projects permeate many different sectors of society and particularly those of riparian communities as they are not properly taken into account.
See also
*
Mekong
The Mekong or Mekong River is a trans-boundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is the world's List of rivers by length, twelfth longest river and List of longest rivers of Asia, the third longest in Asia. Its estimated length is , ...
*
Mekong Delta
The Mekong Delta ( vi, Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long, lit=Nine Dragon River Delta or simply vi, Đồng Bằng Sông Mê Kông, lit=Mekong River Delta, label=none), also known as the Western Region ( vi, Miền Tây, links=no) or South-weste ...
*
Stung Sen River
*
Se San
SE, Se, or Sé may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* Sé (album), ''Sé'' (album), by Lúnasa, 2006
* Se (instrument), a traditional Chinese musical instrument
Businesses and organizations
* Sea Ltd (NYSE: SE), tech conglomerate headquartered i ...
River
*
Tonle Sap
*
Nam Ngum Dam
Nam, Nam, or The Nam are shortened terms for:
* Vietnam, which is also spelled ''Viet Nam''
* The Vietnam War
Nam, The Nam or NAM may also refer to:
Arts and media
* Nam, a fictional character in anime series ''Dragon Ball''
* ''NAM'' (video ...
*
International Rivers
International Rivers is a non-profit, non-governmental, environmental, and human rights organization. Founded in 1985 by social and environmental activists, International Rivers works with policy and financial analysts, scientists, journalists, ...
*
Mekong River Commission
The Mekong River Commission (MRC) is an "...inter-governmental organisation that works directly with the governments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam to jointly manage the shared water resources and the sustainable development of the Mekon ...
*
Yali Falls Dam
The Yali Falls Dam is the second largest dam in Vietnam, located in Gia Lai and Kon Tum provinces on the ''Krong Poko'', a tributary of the '' Sesan River'', in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, about upstream of the Cambodian border. The -high ...
*
Greater Mekong Sub-region Academic and Research Network
*
GMS Environment Operations Center
References
External links
3S Rivers Protection NetworkAustralian Mekong Resource CentreCambodia National Mekong CommitteeDepartment of Energy Business (DEB), Ministry of Energy and Mines (Lao PDR)Department of Water Resources (Thailand)Electricité du LaosElectricity Authority of CambodiaElectricity Generating Authority of ThailandFisheries Action Coalition Team (Cambodia)GMS Academic and Research NetworkGreater Mekong Sub-regionGreater Mekong Subregion Environment Operations CenterGreater Mekong Sub-region Social Studies Center - International RiversLao National Mekong CommitteeLiving River SiamMekong Basin Research NetworkMekong Environment and Resource InstituteMekongInfoMekong InstituteMekong Program on Water, Environment and ResilienceMekong River CommissionMekong Wetlands Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use ProgrammeTheun-Hinboun Power CompanyNam Theun 2Probe InternationalSave the Mekong CampaignStimson Institute Mekong Policy ProjectSustainable Mekong Research Network (SUMERNET)TERRAThailand National Mekong CommitteeVietnam ElectricityVietnam National Mekong CommitteeWWF Greater Mekong Programme
{{Dams on Mekong River Basin
Mekong River
Hydropower
Greater Mekong Subregion