Hyderabadi Muslim

Hyderabadi Muslims, also referred to as Hyderabadis are a community of Deccani people, who are part of a larger ethnic group of Urdu-speaking Muslims, from the area that used to be the princely state of Hyderabad in the regions of Marathwada, Telangana, and Kalyana-Karnataka.

While the term "''Hyderabadi''" commonly refers to residents in and around the South Indian city of Hyderabad, regardless of ethnic origin, the term "''Hyderabadi Muslims''" more specifically refers to the native Urdu speaking ethnic Muslims of the erstwhile princely state. The collective cultures and peoples of Hyderabad Deccan were termed "''Mulki''", (countryman), a term still used today. The native language of the Hyderabadi Muslims is Hyderabadi Urdu, which is a dialect of the Deccani language.

With their origins in the Bahmani Sultanate and then the Deccan sultanates, Hyderabadi culture and cuisine became defined in the latter half of the reign of the Asif Jahi Dynasty in Hyderabad. The culture exists today mainly in Hyderabad, Aurangabad, Parbhani, Nanded, Raichur, Bidar, Gulbarga, and among the Hyderabadi Muslim diaspora around the world, in particular, Pakistan, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, USA, Canada and the United Kingdom.

History

The Deccan plateau acted as a bulwark sheltering South India from the invasions, political turmoil, that affected North India. This allowed the Muslim-ruled state of Hyderabad to develop a distinctive culture during the Qutb Shahi dynasty, brief Mughal rule and later the Asaf Jahi dynasty of the Nizams.

According to ''Time'', the seventh Nizam was the richest man in the world during the late 1940s, and fifth richest person of all time according to ''Forbes'' magazine after adjustment for inflation and currency purchasing power parity.

The Nizam was the Muslim ruler of the vast princely Hyderabad State. The capital city of Hyderabad was primarily Urdu-speaking Muslim until the Hyderabad Campaign (1948), incorporation of Hyderabad into India and the subsequent rise to dominance of the native Telugu-speaking Hindu people of Telangana. The state's economy was agrarian, and Hyderabad was primarily a government and administrative hub, run mostly (but far from exclusively) by Muslims. The aristocracy, ''jagirdars'' and ''deshmukhs'' (wealthy landowners), and even minor government officials, could afford to hire servants, usually also Muslims, in a social order similar to the class system of Victorian era, Victorian England. The Nizam allied himself with the British early on, with ensuing political stability.

After the fall of the Mughal Empire in Indian Rebellion of 1857, 1857, many Muslim writers, poets, scholars, musicians and other eminent personalities migrated from Delhi to Hyderabad in hope of seeking patronage of the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizam or the nobility. Muslims continued to emigrate to the state seeking employment in the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizam's court, army, Hyderabad Civil Service or educational institutions. Among those who spent significant time in Hyderabad are writers Dagh Dehlvi, Fani Badayuni, Josh Malihabadi, Ali Haider Tabatabai, religious scholar Shibli Nomani, Shilbi Nomani and classical musicians Tanrus Khan and Bade Ghulam Ali Khan.

After Independence Day (India), Indian independence from the British Raj, Hyderabad State, under the rule of the Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII, seventh Nizam lasted for a year, until 18 September 1948, when the Indian Army launched Indian integration of Hyderabad, Operation Polo Hyderabadi military forces who wished for Hyderabad State to remain independent. The Indian army soon decided to intervene. The liberation inadvertently resulted in the 1948 Hyderabad Massacre, massacre of thousands of Muslims.

Hyderabadi Muslims Identity after Integration

The Indian integration of Hyderabad, Integration of Hyderabad, into the dominion of India, other than the shock of the controversial massacre took a turn of an identity crisis for the Hyderabadi Muslim people. Thousands of Hyderabadi Muslims emigrated from the then Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014), integrated Indian state of Andhra Pradesh to Pakistan, the UK, the U.S. and Canada, resulting in a large diaspora.

The people who migrated to Pakistan were now placed under a new term called Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people), Muhajir, along with other Urdu speaking immigrants from present day India. The Muhajir people began to dominate politics and business mainly in the metropolitan city of Karachi but their unique Hyderabadi Muslim Identity was lost, and has now evolved into a result of Karachi's booming cosmopolitan scene. The Hyderabadi Muslims who stayed in the integrated Andhra Pradesh were faced with new language issues, and a wave of immigration of more Telugu people from the coastal areas as well as other Indian states, especially after 1956.

After the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Indian reorganization of 1956, with states being divided on linguistic lines, Hyderabadi Muslims, in Telangana, Marathwada, and Kalyana-Karnataka were faced with the learning and emerging dominance of the indigenous Telugu, Marathi, and Kannada languages respectively, and their native language Dakhini became a home language while Urdu in the forefront of Politics in these regions became comparatively less widespread. The present day Hyderabadi Muslims know very little about their cultural heritage, especially those who aren't from Hyderabad city, or India. Hyderabadi Muslims are now seen as a result of Indian cosmopolitanism, and their history is being lost in Indian textbooks.

The relative isolation of Hyderabad until Hyderabad Campaign (1948), annexation to India, its distinctive dialect of Urdu and the strong web of interconnecting family relationships that still characterizes Hyderabadi Muslims, sometimes leads to charges of parochialism from other Indian Muslim communities, but it also ensures a Hyderabadi Muslim identity endures among the Indian diaspora.

Demographics and distribution

The largest concentration of Hyderabadi Muslims is in the Old City (Hyderabad, India), old city of Hyderabad. After the Partition of India and the Operation Polo, Incorporation of Hyderabad by India, the Muslims of the state lost their privileged status, so significant numbers chose to migrate to other countries such as Pakistan, the Arab States of the Persian Gulf, the United States, UK, Canada and Australia.

A section of Muslims in Hyderabad are of Hadhrami people, Hadhrami Arab origin, who came to serve in the Nizam's military. They are known as Chaush and mostly reside in the Barkas, Hyderabad, Barkas neighbourhood of Hyderabad. Opposed to the popular belief, they are not considered a part of Hyderabadi Deccani Muslims. There are also some Siddis who are of African descent.

In Pakistan, most of the Hyderabadi migrants are settled in the southern port city of Karachi. According to a 2003 Estimate, the population of the Hyderabadi population in Karachi was stated to be 200,000. The main neighbourhoods where the Hyderabadi migrants in Karachi initially settled were Hyderabad Colony, Bahadurabad, and Liaquatabad. In 2007, a replica of the famous Charminar monument in Hyderabad was built at the main crossing of Bahadurabad. Some notable Pakistani people who migrated from the former Hyderabad State include Abul A'la Maududi, Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui, Syed Mohammad Ahsan, Asif Iqbal Razvi, Waheed Yar Khan, and Anwar Maqsood. Sana Javed is a descendant of Hyderabadi Muslims (Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people), Muhajir) who migrated to Pakistan

Classification

Hyderabadi Muslims today, refer to the Urdu speaking Muslim community, from the 1801 landlocked princely state of Hyderabad, who developed a distinct cultural identity from other Dakhini Muslims. Even though the princely state of Hyderabad had once reached the southernmost points of India, it's the culture from the known landlocked territories of the Nizam, that constitutes Culture of Hyderabad, Hyderabadi Muslim culture, while the Dakhini Muslims of the Nawab of the Carnatic, Carnatic, and the Circars, developed their own distinct culture, and culinary tradition. The Chaush community, even though they speak Urdu, and live in the erstwhile Hyderabad State, are usually not considered Hyderabadi Muslims, since they came recently to the region. Even though they absorbed many Hyderabadi Muslim cultural features, namely language and cuisine (Chaush cuisine has more Arab influences), they're a more homogeneous group, of Hadhrami Arab ancestry, and reside in close knit Chaush communities such as the Barkas, Hyderabad, Barkas neighborhood of Hyderabad. This is compared to most Hyderabadi Muslims, who have ancestries from various ethnic origins, most notably from Northern India, are less a homogeneous group.

Culture

Hyderabadi Muslims, are noted for their hospitable nature also known as Culture of Hyderabad, Deccani Tehzeeb. While Hyderabadi Muslims take pride in their "Nawabi" language, literature, poetry, architecture, and cuisine, the performing arts are often overlooked, especially regarding Hyderabadi culture. In fact, the culture of the Hyderabadi Muslims is being lost. The founding of the city of Hyderabad can be attributed to Ali who is popularly known as Hyder meaning The Lion and four minartes of Charminar represents four caliphs. Tales of the legendary dancers Taramati, and Premamati, are also an insight into the rich culture under the Qutb Shahi dynasty, Qutb Shahi era. Mah Laqa Bai, Mah Laqa Bhai, a prominent Hyderabadi Muslim poet of the 18th century, patronized the Kathak dance form in the courts of the Nizam, which is now being lost amongst Hyderabadi Muslims.

Apart from these, a traditional Hyderabadi Muslim wedding is identified by various local traditional elements, such as the traditional garb, Sherwani for the groom and Khara dupatta, Khada Dupatta along with jewelry for the bride, as well as Hyderabadi cuisine served at the ceremony.

Another cultural practice unique to the region is ''Tasmia Qwani'' also known as ''Bismillah Ceremony'', family ceremony in which a Muslim child is initiated to read the Quran. It is also characterized by local elements.

Communal Harmony, known as Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb, is integral to the Culture of Hyderabad.

Other than musical forms of art, Hyderabadi Muslims have taken great honour in the writing, and reading of poetry, and annual Mushairas and Mehfils take place around the world, which has become a symbol of unity for Hyderabadi Muslims, and Urdu poets alike, continuing an ancient tradition.

Language and literature

One of the most identifiable markers of Hyderabadi Muslim culture is the Hyderabadi Urdu, local dialect of Urdu, called Hyderabadi Urdu which in itself is a form of Dakhini. It is distinct by its mixture of vocabulary from Turkish language, Turkish, Persian language, Persian and Arabic, as well in some vocabulary from Telugu language, Telugu and Marathi language, Marathi that are not found in the standard dialect of Urdu. In terms of pronunciation, the easiest way to recognize a Hyderabadi Urdu is use of "nakko"(no) and "hau"(yes); whereas in standard Urdu its "nahi" for (no) and "haa" for (yes).

Though Hyderabadi Urdu or Dakhini are the native languages of the Hyderabadi Muslim people, most people can speak standard Urdu, and often put Urdu as their mother tongue on censuses, as Dakhini is not a recognized language as such. Along with the languages they learn from birth, they can speak Hindi, which is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu, and taught in most Indian schools. Hyderabadi Muslims can also speak the majority languages spoken in the regions they live, namely Telugu language, Telugu, Marathi language, Marathi, and Kannada. The other important characteristic of the natives is cultural refinement in terms of interpersonal communication, referred to as ''meethi boli'' (sweet and civilised speech). ''Tameez'', ''tehzeeb'' and ''akhlaq'' (etiquette, custom, and tradition) are considered very important and guests are treated well with a lot of ''mehmaan nawaazi'' (hospitality).

The Qutb Shahi dynasty, Qutb Shahs were regarded as the great patrons of Urdu, Persian language, Persian and Telugu language, Telugu language. The region saw a growth of Deccani Urdu literature, the ''Deccani Masnavi'' and ''Diwan (poetry), Diwan'' composed during those periods are among the earliest available manuscripts in the Urdu language. The literary work of this region is influenced with the regional Marathi language, Marathi, Telugu language, Telugu, and Kannada in parallel with Arabic language, Arabic and Persian language, Persian including the adoption of poetic meters and a great quantity of renovated words. The Fifth Sultan of the dynasty, Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah was himself an List of Urdu poets, Urdu poet.

The period of Asaf Jahi Dynasty, Nizams saw a growth of literary growth since after printing was introduced in Hyderabad. In 1824 AD, the first collection of Urdu ''Ghazals'' named ''Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa'' (Mahlaqa's garden of flowers) written by Mah Laqa Bai, was printed and published from Hyderabad.

After the Revolt of 1857, many Urdu writers, scholars and poets who lost their patronage at Delhi made Hyderabad their home, that grew and brought reforms in the literary and poetry work. Scholars continued to migrate to Hyderabad during the reign of Asaf Jah VI and his successor Asaf Jah VII. These included Shibli Nomani, Dagh Dehlvi, Fani Badayuni, Josh Malihabadi, Ali Haider Tabatabai, Zahir Dehlvi and many others.

The reign of Mir Osman Ali Khan, Nizam VII saw many reforms in literary work. For the first time in history the Nizams introduced Urdu as a language of court, administration and education. Other notable poets, scholars and writers of the early 20th century are Amjad Hyderabadi, Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Sayyid Shamsullah Qadri, Mohiuddin Qadri Zore and Sulaiman Areeb. Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad, although not a Muslim himself, was steeped in Hyderabadi Muslim Culture and wrote poetry under the pen name ''Shad''.

In 2017, Urdu was declared the second official language of the state of Telangana (after Telugu language, Telugu). This move was praised by many, especially Muslims of Hyderabad who spoke Urdu as their mother tongue.

Music

Though, the once great dance traditions among the Hyderabadi Muslims are almost lost, two distinct, cultural practices are still popular, namely Marfa (music), Marfa, and Dholak ke Geet. Marfa (music), Marfa was brought by the Siddi and Chaush peoples, of Africa and Yemen, who were deployed in the army of the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizams. This music, is accompanied by the beating drums of a great tradition, which were once popular in national celebrations of the dissolved Hyderabad State, Hyderabad state, is still popular among Hyderabadi Muslims in weddings. ''Dholak ke geet'' is also one such tradition. ''Dholak ke geet'' are songs, that have been orally passed down from generation to generation since the time of the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizams, and is sung at weddings, accompanied by a Dholak drum.

''Qawwali'' is also popular among the community, and is performed regularly at Dargah, ''dargahs'' such as Dargah Yousufain and Pahadi Shareef, Dargah Pahadi Shareef. It used to be patronized by the Nizams as well as the nobility. The great classical musicians such as Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Inayat Khan, Tanrus Khan, Ustad Tanrus Khan, Munshi Raziuddin and Qawwal Bahauddin Khan, Bahauddin Khan used to perform at the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizam's court. The contemporary Qawwali, ''qawwals'' Ateeq Hussain Khan and the Warsi Brothers reside in Hyderabad and perform regularly in the city.

Cuisine

The native cooking style of the community is the Hyderabadi cuisine, which evolved during the Asaf Jahi period. It is heavily influenced by Mughlai cuisine, Mughal, Turkish cuisine, Turkish, and Arabic cuisine, Arab along with the influence of the native Telugu cuisine, Telugu and Marathwada cuisines. It comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices, herbs and natural edibles.

Some famous Hyderabadi cuisine (dishes) that are served at weddings are: Hyderabadi Biryani, Hyderabadi Haleem, Haleem, Khubani ka Mitha, Gil-e-Firdaus, Double Ka Meetha, Luqmi, Kaddu ki Kheer (A type of Kheer), Mirchi ka Salan and Baghare Baigan.

Other popular food items are: Chakna, Tamate ka Kut, Khatti Dal, Dalcha, Shirmal, Rawghani Roti, nihari, pasande, Pathar-ka-Gosht, Pathar Ka Ghosht, Naan, Dum Ka Murgh, Khagina, Khichdi, Nargisi Kheema, Shaami, Kofte, Tala Hua Ghosht, Poori, Kheer, Sheer Khorma, Til ka Khatta, Til ki Chutney and Qubuli, Shikampur, Tahari, Khichdi. The Arab dishes Mandi (food), Mandi and Shawarma are also popular.

The dishes are tied to events, such as Hyderabadi Haleem, made almost exclusively during the month of Ramadan, and Sheer Khorma which is especially made on the day of Eid al-Fitr, Eid-ul-Fitr. Tala huwa gosht, Talawa Gosht is prepared on Fridays.

Irani café, Irani chai is enjoyed throughout the city, along with Osmania biscuits. Irani cafes found all over Hyderabad serve these along with lukhmi, samosa and other snacks.

Clothing and jewellery

''Khada Dupatta''

The ''Khada Dupatta'' or ''Khara Dupatta'' (uncut veil) is an outfit composed of a ''kurta'' (tunic), ''chooridaar'' (ruched pair of pants), and 6-yard ''dupatta'' (veil) and is traditionally worn by Hyderabad brides. Sometimes the ''kurta'' is sleeveless and worn over a ''koti'' resembling a choli. The bride also wears a matching ''ghoonghat'' (veil) over her head. The accompanying jewellery is:

*''Tika'' (a medallion of uncut diamonds worn on the forehead and suspended by a string of pearls)
*''Jhoomar'' (a fan shaped ornament worn on the side of the head)
*''Nath'' (a nose ring with a large ruby bead flanked by two pearls)
*''Chintaak'' also known as Jadaoo Zevar (a choker studded with uncut diamonds and precious stones)
*''Kan phool'' (earrings that match the ''Chintaak'' and consist of a flower motif covering the ear lobe and a bell shaped ornament that is suspended from the flower. The weight of precious stones and gold in the ''Karan phool'' is held up by ''sahare'' or supports made of strands of pearls that are fastened into the wearers hair.)
*''Satlada'' (neck ornament of seven strands of pearls set with emeralds, diamonds and rubies)
*''Ranihaar'' (neck ornament of pearls with a wide pendant)
*''Jugni'' (neck ornament of several strands of pearls with a central pendant)
*''Gote'' (Shellac bangles studded with rhinestones and worn with gold coloured glass bangles called ''sonabai'')
*''Payal'' (ankle bracelets)
*''Gintiyan'' (toe rings)

''Sherwani''

The ''Sherwani'' is the traditional men's garb of Hyderabad. It is a coat-like tunic with a tight-fitting collar (hook & eyelet fastening), close-fitting in the upper torso and flaring somewhat in its lower half. It usually has six or seven buttons, often removable ones made from gold sovereigns for special occasions. The material is usually silk or wool. A groom may use gold brocade for his wedding sherwani, but otherwise good taste dictates understated colors, albeit with rich and textured fabrics. The sherwani is usually worn over a silk or cotton ''kurta'' (long shirt) and ''pyjamas'' (baggy pants with a drawstring at the waist).

The ''Sherwani'' is closely associated with Hyderabad, although it has spread since to the rest of India and to Pakistan. Former Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru adapted its design and turned it into his trademark ''Nehru Jacket'', further popularizing the garment.

''Attar''

Ittar, Attar, or ''Ittar'' is a traditional perfume made from botanical sources. It is still available in the bazaars near Charminar and at the Moazzam Jahi Market, Moazam Jahi Market. Many of the older generations still prefer ''attar'' over modern perfumes.

Religion

The majority of Hyderabadi Muslims are Sunni Muslims with Sufi influences and the minority is Twelver Shia and Ismaili Sunni Muslims mostly follow the Hanafi jurisprudence. Islam in Hyderabad, with historical patronizing by the rulers, has a strong Sufi influence. Tablighi Jamaat has also been active since the late 1950s, with its headquarters at Jama Masjid Mallepally. Salafi movement within Sunni Islam is also influential in some areas. Bismillah ceremony is an Islam initiation ceremony held for children, unique to the region.

Mourning of Muharram is observed by the Shia Islam, Shia minority. Processions are held every year and are attended by both Shia and Sunni Muslims, since the time of the Qutb Shahi dynasty as well as the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizams. Though Asaf Jahs (Nizams), rulers of erstwhile Hyderabad State, were Sunni Muslims, they continued to patronise the observance of Muharram. It was during their time that special colonies for Shias were built in Darulshifa and surrounding areas. It was during the Asaf Jahi period that several ashurkhanas were built.

Religious knowledge and its propagation flourished under the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizam with institutions like the world-famous Jamia Nizamia. The largest Mosque of Hyderabad, the Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad, Makkah Masjid gathers congregations of more than two hundred thousand on the occasions of Eid prayers and Jumu'atul-Wida, ''Jumu'at-al Wida''. (the last Friday of Ramadan)

Hyderabad has also produced many renowned religious scholars of representing different Islamic sects and trends, including Bahadur Yar Jung, Muhammad Hamidullah, Hashim Amir Ali, Sayyid Shamsullah Qadri, Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri, Abul Ala Maududi and M. A. Muqtedar Khan.

Politics

Hyderabadi Muslims of the old city region are aligned to the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen party, currently led by Asaduddin Owaisi. The party dominates the politics in Hyderabad's Old City (Hyderabad, India), Old City, and consistently wins seats for the Lok Sabha (Lower House of Indian Parliament) and the Telangana Legislative Assembly. The party claims to represent the interests of Muslims by campaigning for greater protection of minority rights across the country. A rival breakaway faction of the AIMIM is the Majlis Bachao Tehreek that also claims to represent the interests of Muslims in Hyderabad headed by Majeed Ullah Khan Farhat and his more prominent younger brother Amjed Ullah Khan. Whereas, those of the new city region prefer voting for the TRS.

Hyderabadi Muslims actively participated in the 1857 rebellion, such as Maulvi Allauddin, Turrebaz Khan.

Notable people

See also

* Andhra Muslims
* Islam in India
* Deccani language
* Deccanis
* Annexation of Hyderabad

Notes

References

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyderabadi Muslims
Hyderabadi Muslims,
People from Hyderabad, India, *
Urdu-speaking people
People from Hyderabad State
Culture of Hyderabad, India
Islamic culture, Hyderabad, Muslim culture
Muslim communities of India
Islam in Hyderabad, India
Social groups of Telangana
Social groups of Pakistan