artificial neural network Artificial neural networks (ANNs), usually simply called neural networks (NNs) or neural nets, are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. An ANN is based on a collection of connected unit ...

s, a hybrid Kohonen self-organizing map is a type of

self-organizing map A self-organizing map (SOM) or self-organizing feature map (SOFM) is an unsupervised machine learning technique used to produce a low-dimensional (typically two-dimensional) representation of a higher dimensional data set while preserving the to ...

(SOM) named for the

Finnish Finnish may refer to: * Something or someone from, or related to Finland * Culture of Finland * Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland * Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people * Finnish cuisine See also ...

professor

Teuvo Kohonen Teuvo Kalevi Kohonen (11 July 1934 – 13 December 2021) was a prominent Finnish academic ( Dr. Eng.) and researcher. He was professor emeritus of the Academy of Finland.multilayer perceptron A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a fully connected class of feedforward artificial neural network (ANN). The term MLP is used ambiguously, sometimes loosely to mean ''any'' feedforward ANN, sometimes strictly to refer to networks composed of mu ...

is the back–end of the hybrid Kohonen SOM. The hybrid Kohonen SOM was first applied to

machine vision Machine vision (MV) is the technology and methods used to provide imaging-based automatic inspection and analysis for such applications as automatic inspection, process control, and robot guidance, usually in industry. Machine vision refers to m ...

systems for

image classification Computer vision is an interdisciplinary scientific field that deals with how computers can gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to understand and automate tasks that the hum ...

and

recognition Recognition may refer to: *Award, something given in recognition of an achievement Machine learning *Pattern recognition, a branch of machine learning which encompasses the meanings below Biometric * Recognition of human individuals, or biomet ...

. Hybrid Kohonen SOM has been used in weather prediction and especially in forecasting stock prices, which has made a challenging task considerably easier. It is fast and efficient with less classification error, hence is a better predictor, when compared to Kohonen SOM and

backpropagation In machine learning, backpropagation (backprop, BP) is a widely used algorithm for training feedforward neural network, feedforward artificial neural networks. Generalizations of backpropagation exist for other artificial neural networks (ANN ...

networks.Mark O. Afolabi and Olatoyosi Olude (2007)
Predicting Stock Prices Using a Hybrid Kohonen Self Organizing Map (SOM)
in 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences’, 2007, IEEE, pp. 48–56.

References

{{Reflist Artificial neural networks