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Hybotidae, the typical dance flies, are a
family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
of
true flies Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced ...
. They belong to the
superfamily SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...
Empidoidea The Empidoidea are a large monophyletic superfamily of true flies, the sister taxon to the Muscomorpha (Cyclorrhapha). These two groups are sometimes united in the unranked taxon Eremoneura. There are some 10,000 known species within Empidoidea, ...
and were formerly included in the
Empididae __NOTOC__ Empididae is a family of flies with over 3,000 described species occurring worldwide in all the biogeographic realms but the majority are found in the Holarctic. They are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives in the Empido ...
as a
subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
. Some, such as '' Tachydromia'', are
predator Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill th ...
s that run around on the bark of trees in complex patterns, hence the common name. ''Tachydromia''
species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
are only about three millimeters long.


Description

Hybotidae share some similarities with the family
Dolichopodidae Dolichopodidae, the long-legged flies, are a large, cosmopolitan family of true flies with more than 7,000 described species in about 230 genera. The genus ''Dolichopus'' is the most speciose, with some 600 species. Dolichopodidae generally are ...
, when looking at rotation of genitalia and wing characteristics. Male terminalia are rotated dextrally between 45° and 90°, excluding segment 7. Hybotidae wings always have a simple R4+5 vein, where the costa either ends near or at M1/M1+2, or near or at R4+5/R5. Furthermore, it can be distinguished from Dolichopodidae by the point of vein Rs, which it at a distance from the humeral crossvein (h) equal to or longer than the length of h.


Systematics

The Hybotidae clearly form a lineage quite distinct from the
Empididae __NOTOC__ Empididae is a family of flies with over 3,000 described species occurring worldwide in all the biogeographic realms but the majority are found in the Holarctic. They are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives in the Empido ...
. Among the
Empidoidea The Empidoidea are a large monophyletic superfamily of true flies, the sister taxon to the Muscomorpha (Cyclorrhapha). These two groups are sometimes united in the unranked taxon Eremoneura. There are some 10,000 known species within Empidoidea, ...
, they represent a lineage more basal than the main radiation of Empididae and
Dolichopodidae Dolichopodidae, the long-legged flies, are a large, cosmopolitan family of true flies with more than 7,000 described species in about 230 genera. The genus ''Dolichopus'' is the most speciose, with some 600 species. Dolichopodidae generally are ...
, though they are not as ancient as the genera placed in the Atelestidae. By and large, the Hybotidae are
monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
. Among its
subfamilies In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
, the Hybotinae and Tachydromiinae certainly represent
clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
s. The status of the Ocydromiinae as a natural group is less clear, in particular whether the Trichininae should be included as
tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...
Trichinini or even in the Bicellariini or Oedaleini, or whether they are more distinct and warrant recognition as a separate subfamily. Based on the most recent phylogenetic studies, the relationship between Hybotidae and other members of Empidoidea is as follows. The placement of Hybotidae is emphasized in bold formatting.


Systematic list

The subfamilies with their tribes and selected
genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
are: Hybotinae Meigen, 1820 * '' Acarterus'' Loew, 1858 * '' Afrohybos'' Smith, 1967 * '' Ceratohybos'' Bezzi * '' Chillcottomyia'' Saigusa, 1986 * '' Euhybus''
Coquillett Daniel William Coquillett (23 January 1856, Pleasant Valley, Ill. – 7 July 1911 Atlantic City, New Jersey) was an American entomologist who specialised in Diptera. He wrote a revision of the dipterous family Therevidae and many other scientifi ...
, 1895
*†''
Eternia ''Masters of the Universe'' (sometimes referred to as the '' He-Man'' or ''She-Ra'' series) is a sword and planet-themed media franchise created by Mattel. The main premise revolves around the conflict between He-Man (the alter ego of Prince ...
'' Martins-Neto et al. 1992
Tremembé Formation Tremembé is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte. The population is 47,714 (2020 est.) in an area of 191.09 km². The elevation is 560 m. A shr ...
, Brazil,
Chattian The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the younger of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/Series. It spans the time between . The Chattian is preceded by the Rupelian and is followed by the Aquitanian (the lowest stage ...
* '' Hybos'' Meigen, 1803 * '' Lactistomyia'' Melander, 1902 * '' Lamachella'' Melander, 1928 * '' Neohybos'' Ale-Rocha & Carvalho, 2003 * '' Parahybos'' Kertész, 1899 *†'' Pseudoacarterus'' Waters 1989
Orapa Orapa is a town located in the Central District of Botswana. It is the site of the Orapa diamond mine, the largest diamond-producing mine in the world, and is considered to be the diamond capital of the country. Nearby is another kimberlite min ...
, Botswana,
Turonian The Turonian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the second age in the Late Cretaceous Epoch, or a stage in the Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 93.9 ± 0.8 Ma and 89.8 ± 1 Ma (million years ago). The Turonian is preceded by t ...
* '' Smithybos'' Ale-Rocha, 2000 * '' Stenoproctus'' Loew, 1858 * '' Syndyas'' Loew, 1857 * '' Syneches''
Walker Walker or The Walker may refer to: People *Walker (given name) *Walker (surname) *Walker (Brazilian footballer) (born 1982), Brazilian footballer Places In the United States *Walker, Arizona, in Yavapai County *Walker, Mono County, California * ...
, 1852
*†'' Syneproctus'' Solórzano-Kraemer et al. 2020
Dominican amber Dominican amber is amber from the Dominican Republic derived from resin of the extinct tree ''Hymenaea protera''. Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent, and it has a higher number of fossil incl ...
,
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...
Ocydromiinae * Tribe Bicellariini Bradley, Sinclair & Cumming, 2006 ** '' Bicellaria'' Macquart, 1823 ** '' Hoplocyrtoma'' ** '' Leptocyrtoma'' * Tribe Ocydromiini ** '' Leptodromiella'' Tuomikoski, 1936 ** '' Leptopeza'' Macquart, 1834 ** '' Ocydromia'' Meigen, 1820 ** '' Oropezella'' Collin, 1926 * Tribe Oedaleini Chvála, 1983 ** '' Allanthalia'' Melander, 1927 ** '' Anthalia''
Zetterstedt Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Sweden, Swedish Naturalism (philosophy) , naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera. Biography Zetterstedt studied at the Lund University, University of Lund, where ...
, 1838
** ''
Euthyneura Euthyneura is a taxonomic infraclass of snails and slugs, which includes species exclusively from marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the clade Heterobranchia. Euthyneura are characterised by several autapomorphies, but are n ...
'' Macquart, 1836 ** '' Oedalea'' Meigen, 1820 *†'' Ecommocydromia'' Schlüter 1978 Bezonnais amber, France,
Cenomanian The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the s ...
*†'' Pouillonhybos'' Ngô-Muller et al. 2020, Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian Trichininae (often included in Ocydromiinae) * ''
Trichina ''Trichinella'' is the genus of parasitic nematode, roundworms of the phylum nematode, Nematoda that cause trichinosis (also known as trichinellosis). Members of this genus are often called trichinella or trichina worms. A characteristic of Nema ...
'' Meigen, 1830 * '' Trichinomyia'' Tuomikoski, 1959 * Tribe Symballophthalmini Bradley, Sinclair & Cumming, 2006 ** '' Symballophthalmus'' Becker'', 1889'' * Tribe Drapetini Collin, 1961 ** '' Allodromia'' Smith, 1962 ** '' Atodrapetis'' Plant, 1997 ** '' Austrodrapetis'' Smith, 1964 ** '' Austrodromia'' Collin, 1961 ** '' Chaetodromia'' Chillcott & Teskey, 1983 ** '' Chersodromia'' Haliday in
Walker Walker or The Walker may refer to: People *Walker (given name) *Walker (surname) *Walker (Brazilian footballer) (born 1982), Brazilian footballer Places In the United States *Walker, Arizona, in Yavapai County *Walker, Mono County, California * ...
, 1851
** '' Crossopalpus''
Bigot Discrimination is the act of making unjustified distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong. People may be discriminated on the basis of race, gender, age, relig ...
, 1857
** '' Drapetis'' Meigen, 1822 ** '' Dusmetina'' Gil Collado, 1930 ** '' Elaphropeza'' Macquart, 1827 ** '' Isodrapetis'' Collin, 1961 ** '' Megagrapha'' Melander, 1928 ** '' Micrempis'' Melander, 1928 ** '' Nanodromia'' Grootaert, 1994 ** '' Ngaheremyia'' Plant & Didham, 2006 ** '' Pontodromia'' Grootaert, 1994 ** '' Sinodrapetis'' Yang, Gaimari & Grootaert, 2004 ** '' Stilpon'' Loew, 1859 *Tribe Tachydromiini ** '' Charadrodromia'' Melander, 1928 ** '' Dysaletria'' Loew, 1864 ** '' Pieltainia'' Arias, 1919 ** '' Platypalpus'' Macquart, 1827 ** '' Tachydromia'' Meigen, 1803 ** '' Tachyempis'' Melander, 1928 ** '' Tachypeza'' Meigen, 1830 * '' Archaeodrapetiops'' Martins-Neto et al. 1992 Tremembé Formation, Brazil, Chattian * '' Cretoplatypalpus'' Kovalev 1978
Taimyr amber Taymyr or Taimyr may refer to: Places *Taymyr Peninsula, a peninsula in Siberia *Taymyr Gulf *Taymyra, a river in the Taymyr Peninsula *Lake Taymyr *Taymyr Island, an island in the Kara Sea *Taymyr Autonomous Okrug, a former federal subject of Rus ...
, Russia,
Santonian The Santonian is an age in the geologic timescale or a chronostratigraphic stage. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 86.3 ± 0.7 mya (million years ago) and 83.6 ± 0.7 mya. The ...
,
Canadian amber Canadians (french: Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of ...
,
Campanian The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous Epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campanian s ...
* '' Electrocyrtoma'' Cockerell 1917
Burmese amber Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The ...
, Myanmar, Cenomanian * '' Mesoplatypalpus'' Grimaldi and Cumming 1999 Canadian amber, Campanian ''Incertae sedis'' * '' Trichinites'' Hennig 1970
Lebanese amber Lebanese amber is fossilized resin found in Lebanon and southwest Syria. It dates back approximately 130-125 million years to the Barremian of the Early Cretaceous. It formed on what was then the northern coast of Gondwana, believed to be a tropica ...
,
Barremian The Barremian is an age in the geologic timescale (or a chronostratigraphic stage) between 129.4 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago) and 121.4 ± 1.0 Ma). It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous Epoch (or Lower Cretaceous Series). It is preceded ...


References


External links

* *
Family description

Images
at Diptera.info

Key to UK genera {{Taxonbar, from=Q594004 Hybotidae, Brachycera families Articles containing video clips