{{more footnotes, date=February 2012 Hwawon (in

Hangul The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul, . Hangul may also be written as following South Korea's standard Romanization. ( ) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The le ...

: 화원, in

Hanja Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom. (, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, ...

: 畵員) is the term for any government artist during

Joseon dynasty Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and r ...

. The terminology technically includes several painters, which are in different ranks, called ''Seonhwa'', ''Seonhoe'', ''Hwasa'' and ''Hoesa''.

Status

The organization setup belongs to Dohwaso, which had a total of twenty people for Hwawon according to

Gyeongguk daejeon ''Gyeongguk daejeon'' (translated as the State Code or the National Code) is a complete code of law that comprises all the laws, customs and decrees released since the late Goryeo Dynasty to the early Joseon Dynasty. Sorted according to the releva ...

. In 1785, however, during the reign of Jeongjo 9, the system became modified, general personnel raised by 30. Under the supervisation of Dohwaseo, it gained several times of modification concerning its setup. Although, for many painters, becoming governmental officers was highly limited chances to gain, Hwawon could take not only his seat but also further opportunities, which allowed them to work after retirement, with certain payment. Those positions were referred as Seobanche Ajik (in Hangul: 서반체아직, in Hanja: 西班遞兒職).

Appointment

Promotion of Hwawon was determined by official competition, whether the painter is newly chosen or not. If one does not pass on the examination, no promotion for higher seat was given for anyone however long he worked as a member in Dohwaseo. Five patterns of examination normally account for drawing juk (bamboo), sansoo (Mountain and River), figure, Yeongmo and finally flowers and grasses. For applicants, they were permitted to take 2 out of 5, distinguished by 4 ranks, while generally credits for juk and sansoo highest. The methodologies Dohwaseo picked up were intended to adopt more skillful and competent painter. For social position, most of Hwawons were not

Yangban The ''yangban'' () were part of the traditional ruling class or gentry of dynastic Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. The ''yangban'' were mainly composed of highly educated civil servants and military officers—landed or unlanded aristocrats ...

(aristocrates) but

Jungin The ''jungin'' or ''chungin'' () were the upper middle class of the Joseon Dynasty in medieval and early modern Korean society. The name "jungin" directly means "middle people". This privileged class of commoners consisted of a small group of p ...

(middle class) or offspring from wedlocks. Since the 16th century, the occupation became solid trade business of certain family.A classic Korean painting Who drew and What drew?
KEB

Occupation

Hwawons were in charge of painting portraits of kings and queens and also of several royal families, higher subjects. When it came to national-level courtesy, worship, the terminology for the painting became Ui-Gwaedo (의궤도, 儀軌圖). Depending on each jobs, surveyed maps for palaces, maps or folding screens can also be drawn.

Notes

* Cho Jeong Yuk, 2011, A day of Hwawon in Joseon dynasty (Korean) * Lee Seong Mi, 2005, Artistic culture during Joseon Dynasty (Korean) Joseon dynasty Joseon painters

Status

Appointment

Occupation

See also

Notes