Hurricane Eugene (2011)

The 2011 Pacific hurricane season was a below average season in terms of named storms, although it had an above average number of hurricanes and major hurricanes. During the season, 13 tropical depressions formed along with 11 tropical storms, 10 hurricanes and 6 major hurricanes. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year.

Despite the decrease in storms, there were several intense and destructive hurricanes this season. Hurricane Beatriz killed four people in Southwestern Mexico. Hurricane Jova killed eight and caused $203.67 million (2011 USD) in damage to Western Mexico. Tropical Depression Twelve-E killed 30 people in Central America. Meanwhile, Kenneth became the strongest November storm at the time. Hurricane Hilary brought additional flooding to Southwestern Mexico.

Seasonal forecasts

On May 19, the Climate Prediction Center released its pre-season outlook. The scientists stated a 70% chance of a below-normal season, a 25% chance of a near-normal season and a 5% chance of an above-normal season. The climatologists expected 9–15 named storms, with 5–8 becoming hurricanes, and 1–3 becoming major hurricanes. The accumulated cyclone energy was expected to be 45 to 105% of the median. The below-normal activity forecast was because of increased wind shear and a high expectation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-neutral conditions (no El Niño or La Niña) throughout the peak months of July, August and September, together with lingering La Niña conditions at the beginning of the season.

Seasonal summary

The season got off to an active start with first storm, Adrian, becoming one of only a handful of tropical cyclones to attain Category 4 status in June. Four other storms, Dora, Eugene, Hilary, and Kenneth attained Category 4 status. Dora was the strongest storm of the year, peaking at 155 mph, just short of Category 5 status. The month of August was about average in terms of the number of storms, with the strongest of the month being Eugene. However, the first half of September had very little activity, due to the return of a La Niña event. Tropical Depression Eight-E was the only storm in the first half of September, when it dissipated on September 1.

Hilary became the second storm to form in September, becoming the fourth major hurricane of the season, during the afternoon hours of September 22. After Hilary, Jova unexpectedly became the fifth major hurricane of the season during the early morning hours of October 10. Tropical Depression Twelve-E killed 30 people in Central America when it made landfall near El Salvador on October 12. On November 19, Kenneth formed as a tropical depression and quickly strengthened into a hurricane two days later. Kenneth became the first major hurricane in November and latest-forming major hurricane in the eastern north Pacific basin in the satellite era, until being surpassed by Hurricane Sandra in 2015; the last to do so was Winnie in 1983, which only peaked at Category 1 hurricane status. Hurricane Kenneth, however, intensified to attain Category 4 status on November 22, which broke the record at the time.

The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2011 Pacific hurricane season as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the National Hurricane Center was 120.9 units. Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of .

Systems

Hurricane Adrian

In early June, a well-defined area of low pressure produced disorganized weather several hundred miles from the Pacific coast of Mexico. By June 7, the low developed sufficiently organized deep convection to be classified as a tropical cyclone, and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) designated it as Tropical Depression One-E at 1500 UTC, about south of Acapulco. Upon developing, the depression was located over warm sea surface temperatures, and upper-level wind shear in its vicinity was forecast to remain conducive for intensification. Caught in weak steering currents, the system further organized while moving little; it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Adrian later that day, with winds of .

Steady strengthening continued, and Adrian became a hurricane early on June 9 as it tracked toward the west-northwest along high pressure over Mexico. The storm subsequently entered a phase of rapid intensification, developing a distinct eye with good outflow aloft. That same day, Adrian attained major hurricane status several hundred miles off the coast of Cabo Corrientes; it peaked in intensity as a Category 4 storm shortly afterward, with sustained winds of . For several hours, the hurricane exhibited what appeared to be an annular structure, maintaining an unusually large eye and symmetric central dense overcast. As a result, eyewall replacement cycles were not expected to occur, and Adrian was forecast to remain well-organized and only slowly weaken in response to slightly cooler waters. However, the hurricane defied predictions and began devolving rapidly the next day, likely due to "an unexpectedly early increase of vertical wind shear coupled with marginal thermodynamics" as noted by the NHC. On June 11, Adrian was downgraded to tropical storm status, recurving toward the west as a tight swirl of low-level clouds with little to no deep convection near its center.
It further weakened to a tropical depression the next day, and by 1500 UTC Adrian remained without convection and was declassified as a tropical cyclone while decelerating to the northwest. The outer rainbands of Hurricane Adrian brought widespread rainfall in Mexico.

Hurricane Beatriz

On June 14, the NHC noted a large area of scattered showers and thunderstorms associated with a monsoon trough over the east Pacific, several hundred miles from the coast of Acapulco, Mexico. A quasi-stationary surface low formed in association with the activity, and over the subsequent days convection consolidated in the vicinity of an anticyclone over the southwestern Caribbean. Curved rainbands began developing around the center, and on June 19 the system acquired sufficient organization to be classified as a tropical depression. Turning toward the northwest along a weakness in the subtropical ridge to its north, the depression further strengthened within a favorable environment and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Beatriz at 1800 UTC that day, with winds of .

Late on June 20, Beatriz was upgraded to a hurricane, with winds of and a pressure of . Beatriz continued to strengthen and reached winds of and a pressure reading of while it neared the coast of Mexico. After moving along the coast, it weakened to a tropical storm and dissipated the next day. But the NHC noted that Beatriz's remnants still had a near 0% chance of redeveloping, as they remained almost stationary. But on June 23, convection dissipated, and Beatriz's remnants slowly began to accelerate to the west, as the remnant low dissipated rapidly. Late on June 24, the remnants of Hurricane Beatriz dissipated completely, to the southwest of the Baja California Peninsula.

Several landslides blocked off roads and a section of a roundabout was destroyed. In the community of Amatillo, three people were killed after being washed away by flood waters. Heavy rains from Beatriz caused the Sabana River to overflow its banks, placing 150 homes across 14 colonias under water.

Hurricane Calvin

On July 5, an area of showers and thunderstorms formed south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec associated with a broad area of low pressure. The system slowly organized, and the National Hurricane Center designated the system Tropical Depression Three-E on July 7. By the next day, the tropical depression gained enough organization to be named Calvin. Calvin strengthened into a hurricane and attained peak strength early on July 9 before rapidly weakening later that day. Calvin degenerated into a remnant low early on July 10. During the next 3 days, Calvin's remnants quickly moved to the west, while dissipating rapidly. On July 13, Calvin's remnants dissipated completely, just to the east of the Central Pacific Ocean.

Hurricane Dora

In the early morning hours of July 14, a tropical wave had moved off the Colombian coast. The wave gained convection as it moved into the southwestern Caribbean, and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began to monitor the disturbance, giving it a 10% chance of development into a tropical cyclone. Over the rest of the day, the storm continued to move westward until it moved ashore on the Nicaragua/Costa Rica border the next day. On July 16, the National Hurricane Center began monitoring the area of low pressure off the coast of Guatemala. Slowly organizing, the low-pressure area had gained enough strength to be declared Tropical Depression Four-E during the morning hours of July 18. Just three hours later, the system was upgraded to Dora, the fourth tropical storm of the 2011 Pacific hurricane season. Continuing to organize, Dora reached hurricane strength late on July 20, before rapidly intensifying into a major hurricane later the next day. Strengthening further, Dora reached a peak of early on July 21, making it a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. However, after entering cooler waters, Dora began to weaken the next day. On July 23, Dora was downgraded to a tropical storm, and the next day, Dora was no longer a tropical cyclone. As a remnant low, the circulation began to curve around the high-pressure area that had steered Dora for much of its existence on July 25. Early on July 26, the remnants of Hurricane Dora dissipated completely, over Central Baja California.

Hurricane Eugene

On early July 31, a tropical wave developed into a tropical depression in the eastern Pacific a few hundred miles south of Mexico. Meteorologists numbered it "Five-E". It was upgraded to Tropical Storm Eugene only 6 hours after becoming a tropical depression. On the afternoon of August 1, Eugene strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. The next day Eugene further strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane. Early on August 3 Eugene further strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane, making it the third major hurricane of the season. Eugene was expected to weaken after becoming a Category 3. However, on the afternoon of August 3, Eugene strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale with winds up to . Eugene only maintained Category 4 status briefly, and only six hours later, the hurricane weakened to a Category 3 with winds up to . Eugene quickly weakened on August 5 because of unfavorable conditions, dropping from Category 2 status to tropical storm status in only 18 hours. On August 6, Eugene became a post-tropical low as the center of the storm was void of strong convection. During the next few days, Eugene's remnants continued to move westward slowly, while weakening gradually. On August 10, the remnants of Hurricane Eugene dissipated roughly 980 mi (1,555 km) east of Hawaii.

Tropical Storm Fernanda

The tropical wave that spawned Tropical Storm Emily in the Atlantic Ocean crossed Central America into the East Pacific on August 6. Producing disorganized deep convection, a surface circulation became discernible on August 13, and the formation of showers and thunderstorms in curved bands around the circulation signified the formation of Tropical Depression Six-E by 18:00 UTC on August 15, about 1,400 nautical miles east-southeast of Hawai'i. An increase deep convection resulted in the depression strengthening into Tropical Storm Fernanda at 6:00 UTC the next morning. A relaxation in shear allowed Fernanda to become more organized and reach an intensity of 45 knots (50 mph) later that day. Fernanda initially moved west under the influence of a subtropical ridge, but it turned northwest through a weakness in the ridge on August 17 into more favorable conditions and strengthened to a peak intensity of 70 mph winds and a minimum pressure of 992 millibars at 6:00 UTC on August 18. Fernanda was the only named storm this season not to clear hurricane strength.

Shortly after reaching peak intensity, the storm crossed into the Central Pacific basin. Continuing west-northwestward, Fernanda began weakening late on August 18 as dry, stable air was entrained into its circulation and it encountered increasing south-southeasterly shear. Most of Fernanda's deep convection had dissipated by August 20, and it degenerated to a remnant low. The post-tropical low continued westward before dissipating the next day a couple hundred nautical miles south of the Hawaiian Islands.

Hurricane Greg

On the afternoon of August 16, a vigorous area of low pressure developed into Tropical Depression Seven-E. It was upgraded to Tropical Storm Greg 12 hours after formation. The storm steadily intensified over sea surface temperatures and it reached hurricane status late on August 17 with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph. Greg continued strengthening to attain peak winds of 85 mph and a pressure of 980 mbar. Soon afterward, the storm began to gradually weaken due to cooler waters and higher wind shear and on August 19, Greg weakened to tropical storm strength, with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph. The storm continued to weaken as it encountered unfavorable wind shear and as it began to traverse cooler waters, and on August 20 Greg had weakened to a tropical depression. Greg maintained tropical depression status until August 21, when it degenerated into a remnant low. During that day, Greg's remnants moved northeastward due to a High Pressure System. From late on August 22, until the early afternoon of August 23, Greg's remnants impacted Southern California, bringing overcast skies, even though the center of circulation itself moved southeastward slowly and was positioned far southwest of Southern California. Greg's remnants continued to drift westwards, as they weakened rapidly. Late on August 24, the remnants of Hurricane Greg dissipated completely, far west of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula.

Tropical Depression Eight-E

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) began to monitor an area of disturbed weather southwest of the Mexican Riviera in late August. Initially, poorly organized, environmental conditions were conductive for some development. Shortly thereafter, the cloud patterns improved and overall thunderstorm activity increased. Thunderstorm activity become more concentrated two days later while located south of Zinhuatnejo, and the NHC noted that the disturbance could become a tropical depression within hours. This held true, and at 1500 UTC August 31, the low was upgraded into a tropical depression, but no further intensification was anticipated.
Eight-E soon made landfall on Southwestern Mexico, and moved north-northwestwards, as it rapidly weakened. Eight-E dissipated to a remnant low several hours later, early on September 1. However, the remnants of Tropical Depression Eight-E survived, and they as they began moving westward, the remnants impacted Western Mexico. During the early afternoon of September 1, the remnants of Eight-E moved off the western coast of Western Mexico. During the next day, the remnants strengthened slightly in intensity, as it moved northwestward, towards the Baja California Peninsula. But late on September 2, the remnants of Tropical Depression Eight-E dissipated completely, just southeast of the peninsula.

Hurricane Hilary

A tropical disturbance gained enough organization early on September 21 to be declared as a tropical depression, the ninth of the season. Continuing to organize, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm several hours later. On September 22, the meteorologists declared Hilary as a Category 1 hurricane, becoming the seventh of the season. On September 22, it rapidly strengthened into a small, Category 4 hurricane, featuring a well-defined eye and very deep convection. It later reached a peak intensity of at 0600 UTC September 23 (11 p.m. AST September 22). However, the storm began to enter an area of higher wind shear and cooler ocean temperatures on September 24, and Hilary began to weaken. The hurricane weakened back down to a Category 3 hurricane early on September 25, but was later upgraded briefly to a Category 4 again the following afternoon. Several hours later, the storm was once again downgraded into a Category 3 hurricane, and during the afternoon hours of September 27, Hilary was further downgraded into a Category 2 hurricane. Early the following morning, Hilary weakened into a Category 1 hurricane, and weakened into a tropical storm on September 28. Losing a lot of its convection on September 30, the National Hurricane Center noted that Hilary had weakened into a tropical depression. Several hours later, after sustaining no deep convection atop its centre, Hilary was declared a remnant low, located several hundred miles away from any landmasses. Over the next 3 days Hilary's remnant low subsequently moved towards the southwest, before dissipating after 1200 UTC on October 3, about to the west of the southern tip of Baja California.

Tropical cyclone warnings and watches were also issued for portion of the coast. Large swells were also expected. A red (emergency) alert was issued for parts of the coast. Officials urged residents to be prepared to evacuate. The port of Acapulco was closed for small craft. A moderate to high alert of rain and wind was noted. The storm's outer bands