Huitzilihuitl or Huitzilihuitzin (
Nahuatl language; English: ''Hummingbird Feather'') (1370s – ''ca.'' 1417) was the second ''
Tlatoani'' or
king
King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king.
*In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the ...
of
Tenochtitlan. According to the Codex Chimalpahin, he reigned from 1390 to 1415, according to the Codex Aubin, he reigned from 1396 to 1417 and according to the Codex Chimalpopoca, he reigned from 1403 to 1417.
Biography
Family and childhood
Huitzilíhuitl was born in Tenochtitlan, and was the son of
Acamapichtli, first ''tlatoani'' of the
Mexica, and Queen
Tezcatlan Miyahuatzin, and had a half-brother
Itzcoatl. His maternal grandfather was
Acacitli. Only 16 years old when his father died, Huitzilihuitl was elected by the principal chiefs, warriors and priests of the city to replace him. At that time, the Mexica were tributaries of the
Tepanec city-state of
Azcapotzalco.
Reign
Huitzilíhuitl, a good politician, continued the policies of his father, seeking alliances with his neighbors. He founded the Royal Council or ''Tlatocan'' and established four permanent electors to advise the new king, in his inexperience, at the beginning of each reign.
[García Purón (1984, p.31)]
He married
Ayauhcihuatl, daughter of
Tezozómoc, the powerful ''tlatoani'' of Azcapotzalco,
and obtained a reduction of tribute payments to the symbolic level. Their son
Chimalpopoca would succeed his father as ''tlatoani''. After the death of Ayaucíhuatl, Huitzilíhuitl married a second time, to
Miahuaxihuitl. She bore him
Moctezuma I, who also succeeded to the throne as the fifth ''Huey Tlatoani'' of Aztecs.
During his reign, the weaving industry grew. It provided cotton cloth not only for Tenochtitlan, but also for Azcapotzalco and
Cuauhnāhuac. The Mexicas no longer had to dress in coarse ''
ayates" of
maguey fibers, but were able to change to soft, dyed cotton.
[García Purón (1984, p.32)]
Huitzilíhuitl also wanted to introduce potable water into the city, bringing it to the island from the mainland over the brackish water of the lake. But the nobles not approving the cost, he was unable to put his plan into operation. He constructed a fort on a rock on the island.
In 1409, the ruler of Texcoco,
Techotlala
Techotlalatzin (or Techotlala, removing the Classical Nahuatl honorific ''-tzin'') was the ruler (''tlatoani'') of the pre-Columbian Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco from 1357 or 1377 until his death in 1409. Techotlalatzin was the first ruler ...
, died and the throne passed to
Ixtlilxóchitl I. In the following years, relations between Ixtlilxóchitl and Tezozómoc of Azcapotzalco deteriorated, breaking into open hostilities c. 1416.
In spite of having given his daughter
Matlalchihuatzin in marriage to Ixtlilxóchitl, Huitzilíhuitl joined his father-in-law in making war on Texcoco.
[There is a problem with the chronology at this point. Huitzilíhuitl was 16 when he ascended to the throne. Under the more likely dating of his reign, that means he was born in 1379 or 1380. It is unlikely he was married to a close relative of Tezozómoc, a more powerful lord, before he became ''tlatoani'', because until then his prospects were uncertain. So in all likelihood his first child was born no earlier than late 1396, probably no earlier than 1397. Matlalcihuatzin's son Nezahualcóyotl was born in 1402. If she was Huitzilíhuitl's daughter, she would have been only 5 years old (give or take 1 year) when her son was born, perhaps younger. Even under the less likely dating of Huitzilíhuitl's reign, she would have been only 11 (or younger), give or take a year. And Huitzilíhuitl himself would have been 22±1 or 28±1, quite young to be a grandfather. Since the 1402 birth of Nezahualcóyotl seems well established, this casts doubt on the dates of Huitzilíhuitl's reign, or the age at which he took power, or his relationship to Matlalcihuatzin. If she were a sister or other relative rather than a daughter, that could resolve the conflict. ''Enciclopedia de México'' says sister, but many other sources say daughter.] He assisted in the conquest and sacking of the cities of
Tultitlan,
Cuauhtitlan,
Chalco,
Tollantzingo,
Xaltocan,
Otompa and
Acolman. Huitzilíhuitl profited from the booty of these conquests and also from the traffic of the canoes on the lakes surrounding Tenochtitlan.
Death
Huitzilíhuitl died, probably in 1417, before the end of the war between Azcapotzalco and Texcoco. His successor, his son Chimalpopoca, continued to support Tezozómoc and Azcapotzalco.
Personal life
Among his wives were Queen
Ayauhcihuatl, Queen
Cacamacihuatl, Queen
Miahuaxihuitl, and Queen
Miyahuaxochtzin.
See also
*
List of Tenochtitlan rulers
Notes
References
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
Huitzilihuitl entry on The Visual History Project*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Huitzilhuitl
Tenochca tlatoque
14th-century monarchs in North America
15th-century monarchs in North America
14th-century indigenous people of the Americas
15th-century indigenous people of the Americas
1370s births
1410s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
14th century in the Aztec civilization
15th century in the Aztec civilization