Hoxhaism () is a variant of

anti-revisionist Anti-revisionism is a position within Marxism–Leninism which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Where Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from his predecessor Joseph Stalin, ...

Marxism–Leninism Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology which was the main communist movement throughout the 20th century. Developed by the Bolsheviks, it was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, its satellite states in the Eastern Bloc, and various co ...

that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revisionist movement, appearing after the ideological dispute between the

Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the China, People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victoriou ...

and the

Party of Labour of Albania The Party of Labour of Albania ( sq, Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë, PPSh), sometimes referred to as the Albanian Workers' Party (AWP), was the ruling and sole legal party of Albania during the communist period (1945–1991). It was founded o ...

in 1978. The ideology is named after

Enver Hoxha Enver Halil Hoxha ( , ; 16 October 190811 April 1985) was an Albanian communist politician who was the authoritarian ruler of Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985. He was First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1941 unt ...

, a notable Albanian communist leader, who served as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour.

Overview

Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...

, the organization of the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

under

Stalinism Stalinism is the means of governing and Marxist-Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953 by Joseph Stalin. It included the creation of a one-party totalitarian police state, rapid industrialization, the theory ...

, and fierce criticism of virtually all other

communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...

groupings as revisionist—it defines currents such as

Eurocommunism Eurocommunism, also referred to as democratic communism or neocommunism, was a trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties which said they had developed a theory and practice of social transformation more rele ...

as anti-communist movements. Critical of the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

, the

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

, and

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija ...

, Enver Hoxha labeled the latter three "

social imperialist As a political term, social imperialism is the political ideology of people, parties, or nations that are, according to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, "socialist in words, imperialist in deeds". In academic use, it refers to governments that enga ...

" and condemned the

Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia refers to the events of 20–21 August 1968, when the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was jointly invaded by four Warsaw Pact countries: the Soviet Union, the Polish People's Republic, the People's Rep ...

in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the

Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact (WP) or Treaty of Warsaw, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republic ...

in response. Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue

socialism Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the e ...

by different paths, dictated by the conditions in those countries, although Hoxha personally held the view that

Titoism Titoism is a political philosophy most closely associated with Josip Broz Tito during the Cold War. It is characterized by a broad Yugoslav identity, workers' self-management, a political separation from the Soviet Union, and leadership in the ...

was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice. The Albanians succeeded in ideologically winning over a large share of anti-revisionists, mainly in

Latin America Latin America or * french: Amérique Latine, link=no * ht, Amerik Latin, link=no * pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived f ...

(such as the

Popular Liberation Army The Popular Liberation Army ( es, Ejército Popular de Liberación, ''EPL'') is a Colombian anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist guerrilla group created in 1967. Most of its former members demobilized in 1991, forming the Esperanza, Paz y Libe ...

and the Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador as well as the Revolutionary Communist Party of Brazil), but they also had a significant international following in general. Following the

fall Autumn, also known as fall in American English and Canadian English, is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth. Outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March ( Southe ...

of the

People's Socialist Republic of Albania The People's Socialist Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë, links=no) was the Marxist–Leninist one party state that existed in Albania from 1946 to 1992 (the official name of the country was the People's R ...

in 1991, the Hoxhaist parties grouped themselves around an international conference founded in 1994 and the publication ''Unity and Struggle''.

List of Hoxhaist parties

Active

* Albania: Communist Party of Albania,

Reorganised Party of Labour of Albania The Reorganized Party of Labour of Albania ( sq, Partia e Punes e Shqiperise e Riorganizuar) is a communist party in Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë ...

* Bangladesh: Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist) * Benin:

Communist Party of Benin The Communist Party of Benin (french: Parti Communiste du Bénin) is an anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party in Benin. PCB was founded in 1977 by the Union of Communists of Dahomey. The party was initially called Communist Party o ...

, Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Benin * Bolivia: Revolutionary Communist Party * Brazil: Revolutionary Communist Party * Burkina Faso:

Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party (french: Parti communiste révolutionnaire voltaïque, PCRV) is a communist party in Burkina Faso. It was founded on 1 October 1978, following a split in the Voltaic Communist Organization (OCV). The PCRV ...

* Chile: Chilean Revolutionary Communist Party * Colombia: Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist) (

) * Côte d'Ivoire: Revolutionary Communist Party of Côte d'Ivoire * Denmark: Workers' Communist Party * Dominican Republic:

Communist Party of Labour The Communist Party of Labour ( es, Partido Comunista del Trabajo) is a communist party in the Dominican Republic. The party was founded in 1980, after the split from the Maoist Dominican Popular Movement. PCT upheld the political line of the Pa ...

* Ecuador: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador ( Group of Popular Combatants) * France: Workers' Communist Party of France * Greece: Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–1955 * India: Revolutionary Democracy Organization * Iran:

Labour Party of Iran The Labour Party of Iran (Toufan) ( fa, حزب کار ایران (توفان); translit.: ) is a Hoxhaist Communist party whose leadership is exiled in Germany. It is against the Iranian government and is a member of the International Confere ...

* Italy: Communist Platform * Mali:

Malian Party of Labour The Malian Party of Labour ( French: ''Parti malien du travail'', PMT) is a Marxist-Leninist party in Mali and a member of the coalition supporting the Alliance for Democracy in Mali of president Amadou Toumani Touré. Founded in 1965, it was prom ...

* Mexico: Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist) * Nicaragua:

Marxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement Popular Action Movement - Marxist–Leninist () is a Hoxhaist communist party in Nicaragua that surged out of a split from the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in the early 1970s. Since 1985 it is officially named the Marxist–Lenini ...

* Peru:

Communist Party of Peru (Marxist-Leninist) Several different far-left-oriented organizations in Peru refer to themselves as communist (''comunista'') parties, movements, organizations, groups, etc. Some are still active, under their original or other appellation, some have merged or spli ...

* Serbia: Revolutionary Alliance of Labour of Serbia * Spain:

Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) The Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) ( es, Partido Comunista de España (marxista-leninista)) is an anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party in Spain, founded in 2006 by the ''Statewide Coordination of Communist Organiza ...

, Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction) * Togo: Communist Party of Togo * Tunisia: Workers' Party * Turkey: Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey, Marxist–Leninist Communist Party * United Kingdom:

Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) The Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) (RCPB-ML) is a small British communist political party, previously named the Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) (CPE (ML)) on formation in 1972 until being reorg ...

* United States:

American Party of Labor The American Party of Labor is an American anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party founded in 2008. The party aims to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat and a commonly owned publicly planned economy for the future goal of ...

* Uruguay: Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Uruguay * Venezuela: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela

Historical

* Albania:

* Bolivia:

Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) of Bolivia A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the Socioeconomics, socio-economic goals of communism. The term ''communist party'' was popularized by the title of ''The Communist Manifesto, The Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (1 ...

* Canada:

Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist) The Communist Party of Canada (french: Parti communiste du Canada) is a List of federal political parties in Canada, federal political party in Canada, founded in 1921 under conditions of illegality. Although it does not currently have any p ...

* Denmark:

Communist Party of Denmark/Marxist–Leninists The Communist Party of Denmark/Marxist–Leninists ( da, Danmarks Kommunistiske Parti/Marxister-Leninister, ''DKP/ML'') was a political party in Denmark, that advocated revolutionary communism. The party was established in 1978 from the merger of ...

* Ethiopia:

Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray The Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray (MLLT) was a semi-clandestine Hoxhaist Communist Party that held a leading role in the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF) in the 1980s. The majority of the TPLF leadership held dual membership in t ...

Tigray People's Liberation Front The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF; ti, ህዝባዊ ወያነ ሓርነት ትግራይ, lit=Popular Struggle for the Freedom of Tigray), also called the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front, is a left-wing ethnic nationalist paramilitar ...

Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF; am, የኢትዮጵያ ሕዝቦች አብዮታዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ግንባር, translit=Ye’Ītiyop’iya Ḥizibochi Ābiyotawī Dīmokirasīyawī Ginibari) was an eth ...

* Faroe Islands: Advancement for the Islands (Marxist–Leninist) * Germany:

Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists The Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists (german: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands/Marxisten-Leninisten, KPD/ML) was a clandestine communist party active in West Germany and East Germany during the Cold War. It was founded in 1968 ...

, Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen) * Greece: Organisation of Communists Marxists–Leninists of Greece * Iceland: Communist Unity (Marxist–Leninist) * Ireland:

Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist) The Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist) was an anti-revisionist political party based in Ireland. It had strong links to the Party of Labour of Albania, Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) and Revolutionary Communist Party ...

* Japan: Japanese Communist Party (Left Faction) * Netherlands:

Workers Party of the Netherlands (build-up organisation) Workers Party of the Netherlands (build-up organisation) ( nl, Arbeiderspartij van Nederland (opbouworganisatie), abbreviated APN(o)) was a communist party in the Netherlands. APN(o) was founded in 1980, following a split from the Communist Worker ...

* New Zealand:

Communist Party of New Zealand The Communist Party of New Zealand (CPNZ) was a communist party in New Zealand which existed from 1921 to 1994. Although spurred to life by events in Soviet Russia in the aftermath of World War I, the party had roots in pre-existing revolutiona ...

* Norway: Communist Workers League, Marxist–Leninist League, Marxist–Leninist Group Revolution * Portugal:

Communist Party (Reconstructed) Communist Party (Reconstructed) ( pt, Partido Comunista Português (reconstruído)), initially known as Portuguese Communist Party (Reconstructed) ( pt, Partido Comunista Português (Reconstruído), links=no), was a political party in Portugal. H ...

* Spain:

* Suriname: Communist Party of Suriname * Sweden:

Communist Party in Sweden Kommunistiska Partiet i Sverige ( en, Communist Party in Sweden) was a pro-Hoxhaism, Albanian communist party in Sweden. KPS was formed in 1982. It was dissolved in 1993. In 1978 a pro-Albanian group had broken away from the Communist Party of S ...

* Trinidad and Tobago:

Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago The Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago was a pro-Albanian Marxist–Leninist political party in Trinidad and Tobago. The party was founded in 1979. One source claims it was founded by Hardial Bains, the leader of Communist Party of Canada ( ...

* Turkey: Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist – Movement * United Kingdom:

Communist League of Great Britain __NOTOC__ The Communist League of Great Britain was an anti-revisionist group in the United Kingdom. It origins were in the Communist Party of Great Britain, where a faction formed around Bill Bland. Initially Maoist, it joined the majority o ...

* United States: Revolutionary Organization of Labor, Marxist–Leninist Party, USA * Venezuela:

Red Flag Party The Red Flag Party ( es, Partido Bandera Roja) is a communist party in Venezuela. Formed in 1970 by anti-revisionist members of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR), the party initially supported the ideology of Enver Hoxha and the Party o ...

References

External links