Hoxhaism () is a variant of

anti-revisionist Anti-revisionism is a position within Marxism–Leninism which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Where Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from his predecessor Joseph Stalin, t ...

Marxism–Leninism Marxism–Leninism is a List of communist ideologies, communist ideology which was the main communist movement throughout the 20th century. Developed by the Bolsheviks, it was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, its Soviet satellite state ...

that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revisionist movement, appearing after the ideological dispute between the

Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Ci ...

and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978. The ideology is named after

Enver Hoxha Enver Halil Hoxha ( , ; 16 October 190811 April 1985) was an Albanian communist politician who was the authoritarian ruler of Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985. He was First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1941 unt ...

, a notable Albanian communist leader, who served as the

First Secretary First Secretary may refer to: * First minister, a leader of a government * Secretary (title), a leader of a political party (especially Communist parties), trade union, or other organization * First Secretary (diplomatic rank), a role within an emba ...

of the Party of Labour.

Overview

Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...

, the organization of the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

under

Stalinism Stalinism is the means of governing and Marxist-Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953 by Joseph Stalin. It included the creation of a one-party totalitarian police state, rapid industrialization, the the ...

, and fierce criticism of virtually all other

communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a ...

groupings as revisionist—it defines currents such as

Eurocommunism Eurocommunism, also referred to as democratic communism or neocommunism, was a trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties which said they had developed a theory and practice of social transformation more rele ...

as anti-communist movements. Critical of the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...

, the

, China, and

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label= Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavij ...

, Enver Hoxha labeled the latter three " social imperialist" and condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the

Warsaw Pact The Warsaw Pact (WP) or Treaty of Warsaw, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republi ...

in response. Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue

socialism Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the ...

by different paths, dictated by the conditions in those countries, although Hoxha personally held the view that

Titoism Titoism is a political philosophy most closely associated with Josip Broz Tito during the Cold War. It is characterized by a broad Yugoslav identity, workers' self-management, a political separation from the Soviet Union, and leadership in t ...

was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice. The Albanians succeeded in ideologically winning over a large share of anti-revisionists, mainly in

Latin America Latin America or * french: Amérique Latine, link=no * ht, Amerik Latin, link=no * pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived ...

(such as the Popular Liberation Army and the

Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador The Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador ( es, Partido Comunista Marxista-Leninista del Ecuador) is an anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party in Ecuador, founded August 1, 1964, following a split from the Communist Part ...

as well as the Revolutionary Communist Party of Brazil), but they also had a significant international following in general. Following the fall of the

People's Socialist Republic of Albania The People's Socialist Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë, links=no) was the Marxist–Leninist one party state that existed in Albania from 1946 to 1992 (the official name of the country was the People's R ...

in 1991, the Hoxhaist parties grouped themselves around an

international conference International is an adjective (also used as a noun) meaning "between nations". International may also refer to: Music Albums * ''International'' (Kevin Michael album), 2011 * ''International'' (New Order album), 2002 * ''International'' (The T ...

founded in 1994 and the publication ''Unity and Struggle''.

List of Hoxhaist parties

Active

* Albania: Communist Party of Albania, Reorganised Party of Labour of Albania * Bangladesh: Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist) * Benin: Communist Party of Benin,

Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Benin The Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Benin (french: Parti communiste marxiste-léniniste du Bénin) is a communist party in Benin led by Magloire Yansunnu. PCMLB was founded in Cotonou Cotonou (; fon, Kútɔ̀nú) is a city in Benin. Its ...

* Bolivia: Revolutionary Communist Party * Brazil: Revolutionary Communist Party * Burkina Faso:

Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party (french: Parti communiste révolutionnaire voltaïque, PCRV) is a communist party in Burkina Faso. It was founded on 1 October 1978, following a split in the Voltaic Communist Organization (OCV). The PCRV ...

* Chile: Chilean Revolutionary Communist Party * Colombia:

Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist) ( es, Partido Comunista de Colombia (Marxista-leninista), ''PC de C (M-L)''), is a Colombian anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party that splintered from the main Colombian Communist ...

( Popular Liberation Army) * Côte d'Ivoire:

Revolutionary Communist Party of Côte d'Ivoire The Revolutionary Communist Party of Ivory Coast (french: Parti Communiste Révolutionnaire de Côte d'Ivoire, PCRCI) is a communist party in Ivory Coast. It has been led by Achy Ekissi since 1990. Its youth wing is the Communist Youth of Ivor ...

* Denmark: Workers' Communist Party * Dominican Republic: Communist Party of Labour * Ecuador:

( Group of Popular Combatants) * France:

Workers' Communist Party of France The Workers' Communist Party of France (french: Parti communiste des ouvriers de France, PCOF) is a political party of France. The party publishes the monthly newspaper ''La Forge'' and is an active participant in the International Conference o ...

* Greece:

Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–1955 The Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–1955 ( el, Κίνηση για την Ανασύνταξη του ΚΚΕ 1918–1955), is an anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party in Greece. It is bett ...

* India: Revolutionary Democracy Organization * Iran: Labour Party of Iran * Italy: Communist Platform * Mali: Malian Party of Labour * Mexico:

Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist) ( es, Partido Comunista de México (Marxista-Leninista)), is an anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party in Mexico which upholds the line of Joseph Stalin and Enver Hoxha. The party i ...

* Nicaragua: Marxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement * Peru: Communist Party of Peru (Marxist-Leninist) * Serbia: Revolutionary Alliance of Labour of Serbia * Spain:

Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) The Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) ( es, Partido Comunista de España (marxista-leninista)) is an anti-revisionist Anti-revisionism is a position within Marxism–Leninism which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the refor ...

Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction) Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction) ( es, Partido Marxista-Leninista (Reconstrucción Comunista), originally es, Reconstrucción Comunista, RC) is a Marxist–Leninist political party operating in Spain, officially registered sinc ...

* Togo:

Communist Party of Togo The Communist Party of Togo (french: Parti communiste du Togo, abbreviated PCT) is a communist party in Togo. It publishes the newspaper ''Révolution'' and has a youth wing, the Communist Youth Organisation of Togo (OJCT). History The party ...

* Tunisia: Workers' Party * Turkey:

Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey The Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey ( tr, Türkiye Devrimci Komünist Partisi, TDKP) is a clandestine communist party in Turkey. TDKP considers itself to be the continuation of the People's Liberation Army of Turkey ( tr, Türkiye Halk Ku ...

, Marxist–Leninist Communist Party * United Kingdom: Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) * United States: American Party of Labor * Uruguay: Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Uruguay * Venezuela: Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela

Historical

* Albania: Party of Labour of Albania * Bolivia: Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) of Bolivia * Canada:

Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist) The Communist Party of Canada (french: Parti communiste du Canada) is a federal political party in Canada, founded in 1921 under conditions of illegality. Although it does not currently have any parliamentary representation, the party's can ...

* Denmark: Communist Party of Denmark/Marxist–Leninists * Ethiopia: Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray, Tigray People's Liberation Front, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front * Faroe Islands: Advancement for the Islands (Marxist–Leninist) * Germany:

Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists The Communist Party of Germany/Marxists–Leninists (german: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands/Marxisten-Leninisten, KPD/ML) was a clandestine communist party active in West Germany and East Germany during the Cold War. It was founded in 1 ...

Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen) The Communist Party of Germany (Red Dawn) (german: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands - Roter Morgen) was a minor communist political party in Germany. It was founded in December 1985 in Hamburg by members of the Communist Party of Germany/Marxi ...

* Greece: Organisation of Communists Marxists–Leninists of Greece * Iceland:

Communist Unity (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Unity (Marxist–Leninist) ( Icelandic: ''Einingarsamtök kommúnista (marx-lenínistar)'') was an Icelandic Maoist Party formed in the late 1973, mainly by Icelandic students who had studied in Norway. The party viciously opposed what ...

* Ireland: Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist) * Japan:

Japanese Communist Party (Left Faction) The is a Marxist–Leninist–Maoist communist party in Japan. It was founded in 1969 centered on the Yamaguchi Prefecture Committee of the Japanese Communist Party, under the leadership of those who supported . Currently Maoist, it suffe ...

* Netherlands:

Workers Party of the Netherlands (build-up organisation) Workers Party of the Netherlands (build-up organisation) ( nl, Arbeiderspartij van Nederland (opbouworganisatie), abbreviated APN(o)) was a communist party in the Netherlands. APN(o) was founded in 1980, following a split from the Communist Worker ...

* New Zealand: Communist Party of New Zealand * Norway: Communist Workers League, Marxist–Leninist League,

Marxist–Leninist Group Revolution Marxist–Leninist Group Revolution ( no, ML-Gruppa Revolusjon) is a communist party in Norway. It is formed in 1987 by former members of Marxist-Leninist League. Marxist–Leninist Group Revolution' had an anti-revisionist stance and was oriente ...

* Portugal: Communist Party (Reconstructed) * Spain:

* Suriname:

Communist Party of Suriname The Communist Party of Suriname ( nl, Kommunistische Partij van Suriname) was a communist party in Suriname. It was founded in 1973. The party was pro-Albanian in its political position. The party ran candidates in the 1977 Surinamese election unde ...

* Sweden: Communist Party in Sweden * Trinidad and Tobago: Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago * Turkey: Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist – Movement * United Kingdom: Communist League of Great Britain * United States: Revolutionary Organization of Labor,

Marxist–Leninist Party, USA The Marxist–Leninist Party, USA (MLP) was an anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party arising out of a series of communist and workers' groups that began in 1967 and lasted until 1993 when it dissolved. It was founded as the America ...

* Venezuela:

Red Flag Party The Red Flag Party ( es, Partido Bandera Roja) is a communist party in Venezuela. Formed in 1970 by anti-revisionist members of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR), the party initially supported the ideology of Enver Hoxha and the Party o ...

References

External links