Hosn Niha is an

archaeological site An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology an ...

in Lebanon composed of some temples and buildings in the outskirts of the village of Niha, that hold significant archaeological value. Anthropologists (like Yasmine) have predicted that the temples found at this site were previously used by a cult during the

Greco-Roman The Greco-Roman civilization (; also Greco-Roman culture; spelled Graeco-Roman in the Commonwealth), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were di ...

period, though only limited work has been done on the site. The Roman settlement was eventually completely abandoned after the Arab conquest of the region. Much of the area and its buildings were destroyed during the

Lebanese Civil War The Lebanese Civil War ( ar, الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية, translit=Al-Ḥarb al-Ahliyyah al-Libnāniyyah) was a multifaceted armed conflict that took place from 1975 to 1990. It resulted in an estimated 120,000 fatalities a ...

. The site stretches across land near the

Bekaa Valley The Beqaa Valley ( ar, links=no, وادي البقاع, ', Lebanese ), also transliterated as Bekaa, Biqâ, and Becaa and known in classical antiquity as Coele-Syria, is a fertile valley in eastern Lebanon. It is Lebanon's most important ...

for a total of 550 meters at an altitude of 1350 meters. The site is noteworthy for the numerous tombs scattered around the area. Anthropologists have discovered that there were different types of tombs, which they assumed were assigned to people based on their ranking within the culture. Due to the recent growing interest in the site, more studies have been conducted.

Discovery

The earliest written mentions of the site come from European travelers in the nineteenth century. Recently, Jean Yasmine conducted detailed studies of the sanctuary and its architecture. Yasmine's work focused on mapping the sanctuary's layout. He was able to identify residences found within the village. He used different methods of research, such as surveying at landscape and built-up archaeology levels. His findings included the discovery of different tombs placed across the site and the important building nicknamed " La Grande Residence." This building contained many valuable pottery artifacts that helped archaeologists develop further research and hypotheses about the culture's values and beliefs.

Geography

The Hosn Niha site was discovered near the

Beqaa Valley The Beqaa Valley ( ar, links=no, وادي البقاع, ', Lebanese ), also transliterated as Bekaa, Biqâ, and Becaa and known in classical antiquity as Coele-Syria, is a fertile valley in eastern Lebanon. It is Lebanon's most important ...

and lies at the base of a steep slope. It is surrounded by large agricultural fields that are still being used today. Archaeologists discovered a sanctuary with two temples inside, with one being larger than the other. This sanctuary also contains a church and several cult rooms. A smaller sanctuary and two big quarries were also found further down nearing the village of Niha. An ancient trade route was discovered along the valley, running from the east towards Niha, another archaeological site found nearby.

Location

Because of the site's location and steep slope, the village is sheltered while still receiving a large amount of sunlight. A river that flows through the village once provided the inhabitants with a sufficient water source. Anthropologists also discovered a spring not too far from the sanctuary. The site has some drawbacks. Since it is at such a high altitude, the winters can be very harsh. Winters reach extremely low temperatures and produce large snowfalls. The snow may have had a particularly large impact on the village's survival -according to Newson & Young- because it could block trade routes coming from and going to the sanctuary complex.

Findings

The village of Niha is home to four Roman temples that were constructed between the 1st and 3rd century AD (when the area was called Pagus Augustus). The lower two temples are located on the edge of the village, and the other two temples are about 2 km above the village in what is known as "Hosn Niha". Located at an elevation of 1,400 m (4,600 ft) with difficult road access, these two temples of Hosn Niha are not restored. Architectural evidence at the site indicates that it was transformed into a small fort during the medieval period (hence the name of Hosn, that means fort in Arab language). *''Upper Great Temple''. Built on a podium facing toward the east, the "Upper Great Temple" of Hosn Niha is composed of a portico with four columns, leading to a cella, and then to an elevated adytum. Today, the temple site is reasonably well preserved – most of its walls are intact, but its columns are no longer standing. The altar in front of the temple was destroyed by a Byzantine Basilica that was built over it. The Basilica has three naves and a semi-circular apse to its east end. The lower portions of the Basilica walls remain visible today. *''Lower Small Temple''. The second "Lower Small Temple" opens to the south and was accessed through a stairway that is almost completely destroyed today. The stairway leads to a portico with two columns, and then to a small cella with a small niche at its end, which used to hold the statue of the god or goddess. Many ancient findings are reported in the area, from pottery to tombs & sanctuaries.

Pottery

Disturbances created from outside forces brought sherds of pottery to the surface. These pieces of pottery were an incredible finding because they gave archaeologists better insight about the people who once inhabited the area. After studying the fragments, Yasmine was able to determine that they were created in the first century AD and held extreme value to the culture, until the site was abandoned in the seventh century AD. These pottery sherds helped archaeologists -according to Yasmine- strengthen their assumptions of their existence during the Greco-Roman era.

Tombs

Before becoming an active archaeological site, the tombs had been targeted by looters for items of value that were buried with their owners. In addition to a nearby cemetery, excavators found a variety of tombs, including communal tombs, individual cast tombs, and stone

sarcophagi A sarcophagus (plural sarcophagi or sarcophaguses) is a box-like funeral receptacle for a cadaver, corpse, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried. The word ''sarcophagus'' comes from ...

. Rock-cut tombs were the more common type found at the site. Interestingly, many of these tombs had entryways built into them. These entryways were usually created for people to place their offerings to the dead.

Cist A cist ( or ; also kist ; from grc-gre, κίστη, Middle Welsh ''Kist'' or Germanic ''Kiste'') is a small stone-built coffin-like box or ossuary used to hold the bodies of the dead. Examples can be found across Europe and in the Middle East ...

tombs usually include multiple tombs arranged closely together. This layout led excavators to believe that these people were buried near each other because they were within the same family.

Sanctuaries

The double sanctuary was also an important structure to the site. This sanctuary consisted of several dormitory rooms and rooms that were specifically meant for sacrifices and rituals. Many of the altars found within these rooms have symbols of bulls' heads and garlands, which supports the hypothesis that this culture practiced sacrificial rituals. Larger rooms with larger altars are speculated Newson, Young, Paul, Ruth (2011). "Archaeological assessment of the site at Hosn Niha Preliminary report 2011-2012": 257–280 – via Anth 3SS instructor to be a "male god's" room. The smaller attached room was usually assigned to the god's companion or partner, according to Newson.