''Honestiores'' and ''humiliores'' are two categories of the population of

Ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 B ...

, of high and low status, respectively. This included a variety of populations. Such as peasants,

artisans An artisan (from french: artisan, it, artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates material objects partly or entirely by hand. These objects may be functional or strictly decorative, for example furniture, decorative art, s ...

freed slaves A freedman or freedwoman is a formerly enslaved person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, enslaved people were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their captor-owners), emancipation (granted freedom a ...

citizens Citizenship is a "relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection". Each state determines the conditions under which it will recognize persons as its citizens, and ...

peregrini In the early Roman Empire, from 30 BC to AD 212, a ''peregrinus'' (Latin: ) was a free provincial subject of the Empire who was not a Roman citizen. ''Peregrini'' constituted the vast majority of the Empire's inhabitants in the 1st and 2nd centur ...

, or

tenant farmers A tenant farmer is a person (farmer or farmworker) who resides on land owned by a landlord. Tenant farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management, ...

. Higher status groups such as

equestrians Equestrianism (from Latin , , , 'horseman', 'horse'), commonly known as horse riding (Commonwealth English) or horseback riding (American English), includes the disciplines of riding, Driving (horse), driving, and Equestrian vaulting, vaulting ...

or certain politicians would be part of the ''Honestiores''. ''Humiliores'' would be subject to harsher legal penalties such as corporal punishment or

public humiliation Public humiliation or public shaming is a form of punishment whose main feature is dishonoring or disgracing a person, usually an offender or a prisoner, especially in a public place. It was regularly used as a form of judicially sanctioned puni ...

. While the ''Honestiores'' were exempt from such punishments. In law, the ''humiliores'' consisted of groups considered to be more humble. The ''humiliores'' were seen as lazy and dishonest. They were loathed by the ''honestiores.'' The ''honestiores'' were considered the more honorable class. They consisted of groups such as senators and the rich. The ''honestiores'' made up around 1% of the Roman population. The differences between the ''Honestiores'' and the ''Humiliores'' may have been an exclusively legal distinction. The division first appeared near the end of the 2nd century AD.

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Literature

* * Social class in ancient Rome Ancient Rome Ancient Rome by period Roman law {{Expand language, langcode=ru, otherarticle=Honestiores и humiliores, topic=, date=March 2018