The Holothyrida are a small order of
mites
Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods). Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic analysis does not show clear evid ...
in the superorder
Parasitiformes. No fossils are known. With body lengths of more than they are relatively large mites, with a heavily
sclerotized body. It is divided into three families, Allothyridae, Holothyridae, and Neothyridae. In a 1998 experimental study, members of the family Allothyridae were found to ignore living animals but readily fed on the body fluids of death
arthropods
Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a Segmentation (biology), segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and Arth ...
.
The order has a distribution largely confined to former
Gondwana
Gondwana () was a large landmass, often referred to as a supercontinent, that formed during the late Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) and began to break up during the Jurassic period (about 180 million years ago). The final stages ...
n landmasses. They are the
sister group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree.
Definition
The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram:
Taxon A and t ...
to
Ixodida (ticks).
[Dobson & Barker 1999]
Systematics
Allothyridae
Allothyridae
van der Hammen, 1972 —
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, New Zealand
* ''
Allothyrus''
van der Hammen, 1961
:* ''
Allothyrus australasiae''
(Womersley, 1935)
:* ''
Allothyrus constrictus''
(Domrow, 1955)
* ''
Australothyrus''
van der Hammen, 1983
:* ''
Australothyrus ocellatus''
van der Hammen, 1983
Holothyridae
Holothyridae
Thorell, 1882 Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean islands, New Guinea, New Caledonia
* ''
Sternothyrus''
Lehtinen, 1995
** ''
Sternothyrus braueri''
(Thon, 1905) —
Seychelles
* ''
Lindothyrus''
Lehtinen, 1995
** ''
Lindothyrus elongatus''
Lehtinen, 1995 —
Lord Howe Island
** ''
Lindothyrus rubellus''
Lehtinen, 1995 —
New Caledonia
)
, anthem = ""
, image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg
, map_alt = Location of New Caledonia
, map_caption = Location of New Caledonia
, mapsize = 290px
, subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...
* ''
Indothyrus''
Lehtinen, 1995
** ''
Indothyrus greeni''
Lehtinen, 1995 —
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
* ''
Haplothyrus''
Lehtinen, 1995
**''
Haplothyrus expolitissimus''
(Berlese, 1924) — New Caledonia
** ''
Haplothyrus hyatti''
Lehtinen, 1995 — unknown locality
* ''
Holothyrus''
Gervais, 1842 —
Mauritius
** ''
Holothyrus coccinella''
Gervais, 1842
** ''
Holothyrus legendrei''
Hammen, 1983
* ''
Hammenius''
Lehtinen, 1981
** ''
Hammenius armatus''
(Canestrini, 1897) —
Tamara Island __NOTOC__
Tamara may refer to:
People
* Tamara (name), including a list of people with this name
* Tamara (Spanish singer) (born 1984)
* Tamara, stage name of Spanish singer Yurena (born 1969)
* Tamara, stage name of Macedonian singer Tamara Tod ...
(
Aitape
Aitape is a small town of about 18,000 people on the north coast of Papua New Guinea in the Sandaun Province. It is a coastal settlement that is almost equidistant from the provincial capitals of Wewak and Vanimo, and marks the midpoint of the ...
): New Guinea
** ''
Hammenius berlesei''
(Lehtinen, 1995) — New Guinea
** ''
Hammenius braueri''
(Thon, 1906)
** ''
Hammenius fujuge''
Lehtinen, 1981 —
New Guinea (Central District, Oro Province)
** ''
Hammenius grandjeani''
(Hammen, 1961) —
Mount Bosavi: New Guinea
** ''
Hammenius holthuisi''
van der Hammen, 1983
** ''
Hammenius ingii''
Lehtinen, 1981 — New Guinea
** ''
Hammenius insularis''
Lehtinen, 1995 —
Louisiade Archipelago: New Guinea
** ''
Hammenius longipes''
(Thorell, 1882) — Fly River, New Guinea (?)
** ''
Hammenius mendi''
(Lehtinen, 1995) —
Strickland River: New Guinea
** ''
Hammenius montanus''
Hammen, 1983 —
Irian Jaya
** ''
Hammenius niger''
(Thon, 1906)
Neothyridae
Neothyridae
Lehtinen, 1981 Northern South America and the Caribbean
* ''
Diplothyrus''
Lehtinen, 1999 Brazil, French Guiana
** ''
Diplothyrus schubarti''
Lehtinen, 1999
** ''Diplothyrus lecorrei''
Klompen 2010
** ''Diplothyrus lehtineni''
Vázquez & de Araújo & Feres 2016
* ''
Neothyrus''
Lehtinen, 1981 Peru
** ''
Neothyrus ana''
Lehtinen, 1981
*''
Caribothyrus''
Kontschán & Mahunka 2004 Dominican Republic
**
''Caribothyrus barbatus'' Kontschán & Mahunka 2004
Footnotes
References
*Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog
Holothyrida* Bruce Halliday
Order Holothyrida*Lehtinen, Pekka T. (1995): Revision of the old world Holothyridae (Arachnida : Anactinotrichida : Holothyrina). ''Invertebrate Taxonomy'' 9(4): 767-826.
*Walter, D. E. & Proctor, H. C. (1998): Feeding behaviour and phylogeny: observations on early derivative Acari. ''Exp. Appl. Acarol'' 22: 39-50.
*Dobson, S. J. & Barker, S. C. (1999): Phylogeny of the hard ticks (Ixodidae) inferred from 18S rRNA indicates that the genus ''
Aponomma
''Aponomma'' is a genus of ticks belonging to the family Ixodidae
The Ixodidae are the family of hard ticks or scale ticks, one of the three families of ticks, consisting of over 700 species. They are known as 'hard ticks' because they have a s ...
'' is paraphyletic. ''Mol. Phylogenet. Evol'' 11: 288-295
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1139948
Parasitiformes
Arachnid orders