The recorded history of Rockland County, New York begins on February 23, 1798, when the county was split off from

Orange County, New York Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 401,310. The county seat is Goshen. This county was first created in 1683 and reorganized with its present boundaries in 1798. Orange ...

and formed as its own administrative division of the state of New York. It is located north-northwest of

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...

, and is part of the

New York Metropolitan Area The New York metropolitan area, also commonly referred to as the Tri-State area, is the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass, at , and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. The vast metropolitan area ...

. The

county seat A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is in use in Canada, China, Hungary, Romania, Taiwan, and the United States. The equivalent term shire town is used in the US st ...

is the hamlet of New City. The name comes from ''rocky land'', an early description of the area given by settlers. Rockland is New York's southernmost county west of the

Hudson River The Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the New York Harbor between N ...

. It is suburban in nature, with a considerable amount of scenic designated parkland. Rockland County does not border any of the New York City boroughs, but is only north of

Manhattan Manhattan (), known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state ...

at the counties' (New York and Rockland) two respective closest points (Palisades, New York, in Rockland and Inwood Park in Manhattan) Most of the early settlers were

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

, with a sprinkling of

Huguenot The Huguenots ( , also , ) were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Be ...

and Quaker families. The settlers lived almost entirely off the land,

farming Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled peopl ...

–

berries A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. Typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit, although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples are strawberries, rasp ...

, fruits and

vegetables Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans or other animals as food. The original meaning is still commonly used and is applied to plants collectively to refer to all edible plant matter, including the flowers, fruits, stems ...

, as well as

hunting Hunting is the human practice of seeking, pursuing, capturing, or killing wildlife or feral animals. The most common reasons for humans to hunt are to harvest food (i.e. meat) and useful animal products ( fur/ hide, bone/tusks, horn/antler, ...

fishing Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are often caught as wildlife from the natural environment, but may also be caught from stocked bodies of water such as ponds, canals, park wetlands and reservoirs. Fishing techniques inclu ...

, and

trapping Animal trapping, or simply trapping or gin, is the use of a device to remotely catch an animal. Animals may be trapped for a variety of purposes, including food, the fur trade, hunting, pest control, and wildlife management. History Neolithi ...

. Early attempts to settle the county by the Dutch were generally unsuccessful, and in 1664 they handed over the territory to the English. Yet the Dutch did leave a legacy in place names like

Dunderberg Mountain Dunderberg Mountain is a mountain on the west bank of the Hudson River at the southern end of the Hudson Highlands. It lies just above Jones Point, New York, within Bear Mountain State Park and the town of Stony Point in Rockland County, New Yo ...

, Sparkill and High Tor, as well as a small collection of unique sandstone houses like the 1700 DeWint House, built in Tappan and still exists, which later served as

George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of ...

’s headquarters. During the

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of t ...

, Rockland County was a strategic crossroads, camping ground and vital link between the northern and southern

colonies In modern parlance, a colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule. Though dominated by the foreign colonizers, colonies remain separate from the administration of the original country of the colonizers, the '' metropolitan state'' ...

. Troops often used Kings Ferry at Stony Point and

Dobbs Ferry Dobbs Ferry is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States. The population was 10,875 according to the 2010 United States Census. In 2019, its population rose to an estimated 11,027. The village of Dobbs Ferry is located in, and is a p ...

at Snedens Landing in Palisades. The first post office in Rockland County was established at New Antrim, now Suffern, on October 4, 1797. By 1800, the total population of the newly created County of Rockland was nearly 6,400. The land was cleared, homes, schools and churches were built and

sawmills A sawmill (saw mill, saw-mill) or lumber mill is a facility where logs are cut into lumber. Modern sawmills use a motorized saw to cut logs lengthwise to make long pieces, and crosswise to length depending on standard or custom sizes (dimensi ...

and

gristmills A gristmill (also: grist mill, corn mill, flour mill, feed mill or feedmill) grinds cereal grain into flour and middlings. The term can refer to either the grinding mechanism or the building that holds it. Grist is grain that has been separat ...

erected along the numerous creeks. By 1828, Native Americans had virtually disappeared from the county and

slavery Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to perf ...

existed in a diminished form.

History

Major André, von drey Americanern angehalten zu Tarrytown am 23ten Septembr

Joshua Hett Smith House from The Picturesque Hudson 1915

The area that became Rockland County was originally inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Native Americans, including

Munsee The Munsee (or Minsi or Muncee) or mə́n'si·w ( del, Monsiyok)Online Lenape Talking Dictionary, "Munsee Indians"Link/ref> are a subtribe of the Lenape, originally constituting one of the three great divisions of that nation and dwelling along ...

s, or

Lenni Lenape The Lenape (, , or Lenape , del, Lënapeyok) also called the Leni Lenape, Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in the United States and Canada. Their historical territory inclu ...

. The

Tappan tribe The Tappan were a Lenape people who inhabited the region radiating from Hudson Palisades and New York – New Jersey Highlands in at the time of European colonialization in the 17th century. Etymology The exonym ''Tappan'' is likely a derivation ...

had a particularly noteworthy presence in the area, extending from present-day Nyack, south to Sparkill and Tappan, down the

Hackensack River The Hackensack River is a river, approximately 45 miles (72 km) long, in the U.S. states of New York (state), New York and New Jersey, emptying into Newark Bay, a back chamber of New York Harbor. The drainage basin, watershed of the ri ...

valley through present-day

Bergen County, NJ Bergen County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of New Jersey.Edgewater, NJ. In 1609,

Henry Hudson Henry Hudson ( 1565 – disappeared 23 June 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century, best known for his explorations of present-day Canada and parts of the northeastern United States. In 1607 and 16 ...

was the first major Dutch explorer to arrive in the area. Hudson, thinking he had found the legendary "

Northwest Passage The Northwest Passage (NWP) is the sea route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The eastern route along the Arc ...

", sailed on the '' Half Moon'' up the river that would one day bear his name, passing through the area that is now

Haverstraw Haverstraw is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of the Town of Clarkstown and the Town of Ramapo; east of Orange County; south of the Town of Stony Point; and west of the Hudson River. The town runs from the w ...

before exploring north towards what is now Albany. In the years before 1664 when the area was formally a Dutch colony called

New Netherland New Netherland ( nl, Nieuw Nederland; la, Novum Belgium or ) was a 17th-century colonial province of the Dutch Republic that was located on the east coast of what is now the United States. The claimed territories extended from the Delmarva P ...

, present-day Rockland did not have formal European settlements. However, individuals did explore the area and made transactions with

for land with the idea that it could have future use. For example, in 1640, Dutch Captain David Pietersz. de Vries purchased from natives the area where the

Sparkill Creek Sparkill Creek, is a tributary of the Hudson River in Rockland County, New York and Bergen County, New Jersey in the United States. It flows through the Sparkill Gap in the Hudson Palisades, which was created by a fault line which provided the o ...

flows into the Hudson River. In 1664, the British Crown assumed control of New Netherland from the Dutch. In June of 1664, the Berkeley- Carteret land grant established the

colony of New Jersey The Province of New Jersey was one of the Middle Colonies of Colonial America and became the U.S. state of New Jersey in 1783. The province had originally been settled by Europeans as part of New Netherland but came under English rule after th ...

, dividing present-day Rockland and Bergen Counties into separate political areas. The northern border of New Jersey was placed in a straight line from the Delaware River at present-day

Port Jervis Port Jervis is a city located at the confluence of the Neversink and Delaware rivers in western Orange County, New York, United States, north of the Delaware Water Gap. Its population was 8,775 at the 2020 census. The communities of Deerpark, ...

to the Hudson River at 41 degrees even North latitude, where the Palisades Cliffs pause and give way to Sneden's Landing in Orangetown. The state line remains there to this day, though various disagreements along the exact border were had over the years. In the 1670s, permanent Dutch settlers began to arrive with land grants, starting with the Tappan area. These settlers were eager to escape "city life", moving from

to Rockland. A number of unique, Dutch-style red sandstone houses still stand, and many place names in the county reveal their Dutch origin. In 1683, when the Duke of York (who became King

James II of England James VII and II (14 October 1633 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II, and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685. He was deposed in the Glorious Re ...

) established the first twelve counties of New York, present-day Rockland County was part of

Orange County Orange County most commonly refers to: *Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area Orange County may also refer to: U.S. counties *Orange County, Florida, containing Orlando *Orange County, Indiana *Orange County, New ...

, known then as "Orange County South of the Mountains". Orangetown was created at the same time under a royal grant, originally encompassing all of modern Rockland County. Around this time, as the English began to colonize Nyack and Tappan, the Native Americans began to leave Rockland in search of undisturbed land further north. The natural barrier of the

Ramapo Mountains The Ramapo Mountains are a forested chain of the Appalachian Mountains in northeastern New Jersey and southeastern New York, in the United States. They range in height from in New Jersey, and in New York. Several parks and forest preserves en ...

and the size of the county made carrying out governmental activities difficult. At one point, two governments were active, one on each side of the Ramapo Mountains, so Rockland split off from Orange in 1798 to form its own county. That same year, the county seat was transferred from Tappan to New City, where a new courthouse was built. Haverstraw was separated from Orangetown in 1719, and became a town in 1788; it included the present-day Clarkstown, Ramapo, and Stony Point. Clarkstown and Ramapo became towns in 1791, followed by Stony Point in 1865. Lenapehoking

During the

American Revolution The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revoluti ...

, when control of the Hudson River was viewed by the

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

as strategic to dominating the American territories, Rockland had skirmishes at Haverstraw, Nyack, and Piermont, and significant military engagements at the Battle of Stony Point, where General "Mad"

Anthony Wayne Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745 – December 15, 1796) was an American soldier, officer, statesman, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He adopted a military career at the outset of the American Revolutionary War, where his mil ...

earned his nickname.

had headquarters for a time at John Suffern's tavern, the later site of the village of Suffern. British Major John André met with American traitor Benedict Arnold near Stony Point to buy the plans for the

fortification A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ''fortis'' ("strong") and ''facere' ...

s at

West Point The United States Military Academy (USMA), also known Metonymy, metonymically as West Point or simply as Army, is a United States service academies, United States service academy in West Point, New York. It was originally established as a f ...

. André was captured with the plans in

Tarrytown Tarrytown is a village in the town of Greenburgh in Westchester County, New York. It is located on the eastern bank of the Hudson River, approximately north of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, and is served by a stop on the Metro-North Hu ...

on his way back to the British lines; he was brought to Tappan for trial in the Tappan church, found guilty, hanged, and buried nearby. Still another important chapter in the story of the Revolution was written on May 5, 1783, when General Washington received Sir Guy Carleton at the DeWint House, where they discussed terms of a peace treaty. Two days later, Washington visited Sir Guy aboard a British war vessel. On this day, the king's navy fired its first salute to the flag of the

United States of America The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territo ...

. In the decades following the Revolution, Rockland became popular for its stone and bricks. Many buildings in New York City were built with bricks made in Rockland. These products, however, required quarrying in land that many later believed should be set aside as a preserve. Many unsuccessful efforts were made to turn much of the

Hudson Highlands The Hudson Highlands are mountains on both sides of the Hudson River in New York state lying primarily in Putnam County on its east bank and Orange County on its west. They continue somewhat to the south in Westchester County and Rockland Count ...

on the northern tip of the county into a forest preserve.

Union Pacific Railroad The Union Pacific Railroad , legally Union Pacific Railroad Company and often called simply Union Pacific, is a freight-hauling railroad that operates 8,300 locomotives over routes in 23 U.S. states west of Chicago and New Orleans. Union Paci ...

president

E. H. Harriman Edward Henry Harriman (February 20, 1848 – September 9, 1909) was an American financier and railroad executive. Early life Harriman was born on February 20, 1848, in Hempstead, New York, the son of Orlando Harriman Sr., an Episcopal clergyman ...

, though, donated land and large sums of money for the purchase of properties in the area of Bear Mountain. Bear Mountain/ Harriman State Park became a reality in 1910 when Harriman's widow donated his lands to the state, and by 1914, more than an estimated one million people a year were coming to the park. After

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

, Rockland County became the most important sausage-making hub in New York. Rockland remained semirural until the 1950s, when the

Palisades Interstate Parkway The Palisades Interstate Parkway (PIP) is a limited-access highway in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York. The parkway is a major commuter route into New York City from Rockland and Orange counties in New York and Bergen County in New ...

, Tappan Zee Bridge, and other major arteries were built. In the decades that followed, the county became a maturely developed suburb of New York City. As people moved up from the five boroughs (particularly the Bronx in the early years) the population flourished from 89,276 in 1950 to 338,329 in 2020. A 379% Increase.

Historical settlements

In the 19th century, the following settlements were created in these towns. Several have been renamed, some expanded and others disappeared. The naming of settlements mostly derived from the person who owned the land and/or the geography of the location. Currently Rockland County is one of 24 areas in New York State designated a Preserve America Community. * Clarkstown ** Cedar Grove Corner – North of the hamlet of Rockland Lake, East of New City. ** Clarksville – Renamed Nyack Turnpike, then Mont Moor and presently West Nyack. ** Durant – small settlement of private residences one mile (1.6 km) south of New City. In the 20th century, a railroad station named after

Thomas C. Durant Thomas Clark Durant (February 6, 1820 – October 5, 1885) was an American physician, businessman, and financier. He was vice-president of the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) in 1869 when it met with the Central Pacific railroad at Promontory Sum ...

, organizer and builder of the

, was the third stop of the

New Jersey and New York Railroad The New Jersey and New York Railroad (NJ&NY) was a railroad company that operated north from Rutherford, New Jersey, to Haverstraw, New York beginning in the mid-to-late 19th century.Please see the 1891 maps of West Haverstraw and Haverstraw ...

. Durant's daughter
Heloise Durant Rose
was the founder of the Rockland County Welfare Society and of the Dante League of America. ** Dutch – North of Nanuet, New York, Nanuet, South of Spring Valley ** Kakiat (Hackyackawet) - East of Mechanicsville/

Viola ; german: Bratsche , alt=Viola shown from the front and the side , image=Bratsche.jpg , caption= , background=string , hornbostel_sachs=321.322-71 , hornbostel_sachs_desc=Composite chordophone sounded by a bow , range= , related= *Violin family ...

, West of New City. Kakiat means neck of land between two hills. ** Quaspeck – Located at the foot of Hook Mountain at the southern end of Rockland Lake. The original patent, which included is dated 1694. The creation of

Rockland Lake State Park Rockland Lake State Park is a state park located in the hamlets of Congers and Valley Cottage in the eastern part of the Town of Clarkstown in Rockland County, New York, United States. The park is located on a ridge of Hook Mountain above t ...

ended the community. ** Rockland Lake – formerly known as Slaughterer's Landing. A thriving community in Rockland Lake State Park made up of the many workers at the

Knickerbocker Ice Company The Knickerbocker Ice Company was an ice company based in New York State during the 19th century. Early history Knickerbocker Ice Company, an Ice trade company, was founded by John J. Felter, John G. Perry, and Edward Felter in 1831 on the easter ...

, which owned numerous pieces of property. The hamlet included a number of hotels, Knickerbocker Fire House – established 1862, school, stores and the stone-crushing mill. ** Sickletown – A hamlet named after the Sickles family located along the east and west side of Sickletown Road, also named after them. A few of the sandstone homes, mostly Pre-Revolutionary, built by the members of the Sickles family remain. *

** Archerville – Later changed to Samsondale. North of Haverstraw Village, South of Bensons Corners. Samsondale Iron Works was established in 1832. ** Bensons Corners – North of

Garnerville Garnerville, previously known as Calicotown, is a hamlet in the town of Haverstraw, Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of New York City; east of Mount Ivy; south of Stony Point and west of West Haverstraw. Most of the hamlet ...

. ** Diamond Valley – A farming community southeast of Johnsontown. ** Johnsontown (Town of West Haverstraw) – Founded in the late 18th century by the Johnson brothers who came to the mountain area looking for timber to use for shipbuilding. It stretched along what is now known as Lake Sebago and Lake Kanawauke making it the largest settlement in the western part of the state park. ** Meads Corner – South of Garnerville. Snedens Landing

* Orangetown ** Middletown – A hamlet midway between the pioneers settled at Ramapo and Tappan. ** Muddy Brook –

Pearl River The Pearl River, also known by its Chinese name Zhujiang or Zhu Jiang in Mandarin pinyin or Chu Kiang and formerly often known as the , is an extensive river system in southern China. The name "Pearl River" is also often used as a catch-a ...

proper. ** Orangeville Mills – Orangeville was a hamlet west from Blauvelt, formerly known as Blauveltville. ** Pascack – A hamlet, often called ''"South Spring Valley"'' settled in the first half of the 18th century. ** Sneden's Landing – Now known as Palisades. Mollie Sneden operated her ferry service from here during the

. ** Upper Grandview * Ramapo ** Alexis Station – Hamlet. ** Bulsontown – Hamlet. ** Cassady's Corners – South of Mechanicsville/Viola. ** Forshays Corners – North of Viola. ** Furmanville – North of Sherwoodville, South of Ladentown. ** Mechanicsville – present-day Viola. ** Monsey - Hamlet. ** Ladentown – 18th-century settlement within the Village of Pomona. ** Pine Meadow – present site of Pine Meadows Lake. Mostly heavy forest, boulders, swamps and streams. Community, southeast of Johnsontown, populated mainly by farmers, wood-cutters and basket-weavers. James H. Conklin built a cabin which was posted as a historic site before it was vandalized and ultimately destroyed. Only the root cellar remains. ** Sandyfield – was submerged when swampy Beaver Pond was dammed to create Lake Welch by the

Palisades Interstate Park Commission The Palisades Interstate Park Commission (PIPC) was formed in 1900 by Governors Theodore Roosevelt of New York and Foster Voorhees of New Jersey in response to the quarrying operations along the Palisades Cliffs of New Jersey. The Palisades, a Na ...

. ** Sherwoodville – North of Mechanicsville/Viola in the Village of Montebello. ** Saint John's-in-the-Wilderness – Located about a mile from Sandyfield. It once was a thriving mission established in 1880. It is the only private land within the Harriman State Park. ** Sterlington – One mile east of Sloatsburg. The name was adopted when the post office opened in 1882. Th
Sterling Mountain Railway
transported ore to the furnaces at Sterling which was known as Sterling Junction or Pierson's Depot. Sterlington ceased when the railway ceased operation. ** Woodburn – Hamlet. ** Woodtown – Founded in the early 18th century. Between Pine Meadow and Ladentown, southeast of Johnsontown. * Stony Point ** Caldwells Landing – formerly known as Gibraltar. North of

Tomkins Cove Tomkins Cove is a hamlet in the Town of Stony Point, Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of Stony Point; east of Harriman State Park; south of Doodletown and west of the Hudson River. It is located north-northwest of New Yo ...

, South of Iona Island. ** Doodletown – in Harriman State Park is now a ghost town. ** Grassey Point – Renamed North Haverstraw on August 21, 1834. Renamed back to Grassy Point on September 10, 1836. The 1939 3-cent United States postage stamp commemorates the hundredth anniversary of baseball depicting the old baseball diamond at Grassy Point. The background of the stamp shows St. Joseph's Church and the Grassy Point school which was one of the last one-room schools in Rockland closing in 1963. ** Iona Island (I own an island) – formerly known as Waggons (Weyant's) Island. It is said that it has always been a "picnic and pleasure ground visited annually by thousands from New York and other neighboring cities". Access is now restricted by the

. ** Jones Point – a hamlet located in the town of Stony Point. ** Mountville – An alternate name for the southern end of Doodletown. West of Stony Point. ** Willow Grove – Contains part of the former New York State

Letchworth Village Letchworth Village was a residential institution located in Rockland County, New York, in the hamlet of Thiells built for the physically and mentally disabled of all ages, from the newborn to the elderly. Opened in 1911, Letchworth Village at its ...

facility. *

– A landmark for British forces during the American Revolutionary War, The formation of the Dunderberg Spiral Railway Corporation in 1889 and

Thomas Edison Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventi ...

, in 1890, began to establish an

iron mine Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, or deep purple to rusty red. The iron is usually found in the f ...

by acquiring nearly on the north slope of Dunderberg. * Buckberg Mountain – The site of Washington's Lookout, an observation point used by General George Washington and Colonel "Mad" Anthony Wayne to plan a surprise attack on British troops in the Battle of Stony Point. The post overlooked Haverstraw Bay and afforded views of the Hudson River to the north and south.

Historical places of Rockland County

See

National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockland County, New York List of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockland County, New York This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Rockland County, New York. The lo ...

Historical places and events

* Cereo, first baby food, was manufactured by Macy Deming at the Haring Adams (Deming) House in Tappan. *The Christ Episcopal Church of Piermont – 416 Valentine Avenue in Sparkill – is Rockland's first established Episcopal Church. This stone church was built in 1865. The first service was held in 1847 in a converted warehouse. *The Congregation of the Sons of Jacob, 37 Clove Avenue in the Village of Haverstraw begun in 1877 is the oldest Jewish congregation in Rockland County. * Doodletown settlement is now a ghost town. *Dr. Davies Farm, in Congers was owned by a relative of Meriwether Lewis (of the

Lewis and Clark Expedition The Lewis and Clark Expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the United States expedition to cross the newly acquired western portion of the country after the Louisiana Purchase. The Corps of Discovery was a select gr ...

). * Haverstraw King's Daughters Village Library – The oldest public library in Rockland County. *Josephine Hudson House in the hamlet of Rockland Lake belonged to the first woman to work in the Knickerbocker Ice Company. Money is currently being raised to preserve the house. *Julius Braunsdorf, industrial developer & founder of

was the inventor of carbon arc light bulbs and electric generators and installed the first indoor lighting in the world in

U.S. Capitol The United States Capitol, often called The Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the seat of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, which is formally known as the United States Congress. It is located on Capitol Hill at ...

in Washington, D.C. *

– established 1831 in Valley Cottage at Rockland Lake had the cleanest and purest ice in the area and became known as the "Icehouse of New York City". * Lafayette Theatre – 97 Lafayette Ave in Suffern is Rockland's only surviving movie palace. * New Hempstead Presbyterian Church, known as The English Meeting House was the first English-speaking church west of the Hudson River in New York State. * New Hope Christian Church, established in 1824 and the only continuing congregation that was once part of Classis Hackensack of the True Reformed Dutch Church. *The Orangetown Resolutions were adopted in Tappan when Great Britain increased its taxes on tea and crops, prompting protest from local patriots on Monday, July 4, 1774, two years to the date before adopting the

Declaration of Independence A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood or proclamation of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of th ...

. *The first railroad line across Rockland County was built in 1841 and ran from Piermont to Ramapo. * St. John's in the Wilderness is the only private land within the Harriman State Park. * St. Paul's Episcopal Church – 26 South Madison Ave in Spring Valley was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. *St. Peter's Catholic Church, 115 Broadway in the Village of Haverstraw is the first

Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

in Rockland County. The first Mass was celebrated on November 14, 1847. * Tallman was named after Tunis Tallman, a direct descendant of Rockland's oldest family. *

Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991. He was the Supreme Court's first African-A ...

won a disparity case regarding integration of the schools of Hillburn, 11 years before his landmark case of

Brown v. Board of Education ''Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka'', 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segrega ...

, on behalf of the

African-American African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of ensl ...

parents. * Tolstoy Foundation of

Valley Cottage, New York Valley Cottage is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Clarkstown, New York, United States. It is located northeast of West Nyack, northwest of Central Nyack east of Bardonia, south of Congers, northwest of Nyack, and west of ...

, founded in 1939 by Alexandra Lvovna Tolstoy, youngest daughter of

Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-refor ...

American Revolutionary War and War of 1812

Two important battles took place in Rockland County during the

– the capture by the British of

Fort Clinton Fort Clinton was an American Revolutionary War fort erected by the Continental Army on the west bank of the Hudson River in 1776. Protecting the chain It was one of a pair of fortifications which straddled the confluence of Popolopen Creek, st ...

at Bear Mountain in October 1777 and the victorious attack by General "Mad Anthony" Wayne's army on the British fort at Stony Point in July 1779. Rockland was also the site of the first formal recognition of the new nation by the British. On May 5, 1783, General George Washington received the British Commander, Sir Guy Carleton, at the 1700 DeWint House to discuss the terms of the peace treaty. On May 7, 1783, Sir Guy Carleton received General George Washington aboard his vessel ''Perseverance''. On this day, the King's Navy fired its first salute to the flag of the United States of America. During the

War of 1812 The War of 1812 (18 June 1812 – 17 February 1815) was fought by the United States, United States of America and its Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous allies against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom ...

against the

British Empire The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts e ...

, Rockland turned out more soldiers in proportion than any other county in the state. Four Union generals and four Medal of Honor recipients lived in Rockland. *Abraham P. Stephens - Corporal in Captain Theunis Cooper's Company of Colonel Benjamin J. Gurnee's Regiment

95th New York Volunteer Infantry

* The 95th New York Volunteer Infantry, nicknamed "Warren Rifles", fought in the American Civil War under the commandment of Ulysses S. Grant, Major General James S. Wadsworth, James Samuel Wadsworth and General Brigadier general (United States), Brigadier General Edmund Rice (general). The companies were recruited principally: A, B, C, D, G and H in New York city; E in Brooklyn and New York city; F at Haverstraw; I at Sing Sing; and K at Carmel, New York, Carmel, Peekskill, Sing Sing and White Plains, New York, White Plains. The infantry joined in the action of the Railroad cut on the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, First Day, Battle of Gettysburg. They fought many battles including Battle of Mine Run, Overland Campaign, Grant's Overland Campaign, Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Battle of North Anna, Battle of Cold Harbor and the Siege of Petersburg. They saw the war to the end including engagements in the Battle of Globe Tavern, Battle of the Weldon Railroad, Battle of Hatcher's Run, and the Appomattox Campaign. **Ira M. Hedges - private

Rockland County's historical and notable people from the past

Historical figures who came to Rockland County

Aaron Burr – 3rd Vice President of the United States.
Alexander Hamilton portrait by John Trumbull 1806

Alexander Hamilton – 1st United States Secretary of the Treasury.
Pach Brothers - Benjamin Harrison

Benjamin Harrison – 23rd President of the United States.

Millard Fillmore – 13th President of the United States.
FDR in 1933

Franklin Delano Roosevelt – then governor of the State of New York and afterwards the 32nd President of the United States.
George Clinton, engraved by John Chester Buttre

George Clinton, engraved by John Chester Buttre

George Clinton (vice president), George Clinton – First (and longest-serving) elected Governor of New York, and then 4th Vice President of the United States.
Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington

Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington

– 1st President of the United States (1776–1783) Approximately 20 times.
President Grover Cleveland Restored

Grover Cleveland – 22nd and 24th President of the United States.
Harry S. Truman – 33rd President of the United States.
Martha Washington – The 1st First Lady of the United States.
Martin Van Buren edit

Martin Van Buren – 8th President of the United States.
President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904

Theodore Roosevelt – 26th President of the United States. Former President Herbert Hoover became the first honorary chairman of Tolstoy Foundation in

, in 1939 and served in this capacity until his death in 1964.

Other historical figures who came to Rockland County

* Comte de Rochambeau – A French aristocrat, soldier, and a Marshal of France who participated in the

. * General "Mad" Anthony Wayne earned his nickname leading 1,350 Continental Army troops in a surprise attack against the 544 man British garrison at Stony Point. * Henry Lee III – An early American patriot who served as the 9th Governor of Virginia and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 19th district. He was also the father of Confederate States of America, Confederate general Robert E. Lee. * Marquis de Lafayette – Revolutionary War hero and a leader of the Garde Nationale during the French Revolution Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States (1824-25), visited in 1824. * Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He accompanied President Martin Van Buren when Van Buren came to call on Mrs. Gertrude Oblenis of West Nyack. Thurgood-marshall-2

– Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Other historical figures who lived in Rockland County

* John Charles Frémont (January 21, 1813July 13, 1890), was an American military Commissioned officer, officer, List of explorers, explorer, the first candidate of the History of United States Republican Party, Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform opposing slavery. During the 1840s, that era's penny press accorded Frémont the sobriquet ''The Pathfinder''. It remains in use, and he is sometimes called "The Great Pathfinder". He is buried at Rockland Cemetery at Sparkill. * Henry Honychurch Gorringe (August 11, 1841 – July 7, 1885) was a United States naval officer who attained national acclaim for successfully completing the removal of Cleopatra's Needle (New York), Cleopatra's needle from Alexandria, Egypt to Central Park, New York City. He is buried at Rockland Cemetery at Sparkill.

The Clarksville Witch 1816

Witch_trials_in_New_York#Jane_Kanniff, Jane (Naut) Kannif, the widow of a Scotch physician, lived in a small house on Germonds Road in West Nyack. She devoted herself to the care of her only child, a son by a previous marriage, named Tobias Lowrie. She treated, with great results, neighbors that came to her with herbs and methods she learned from her late husband. But "Naut Kannif", as she was called, seemed to have been exceedingly eccentric. According to the people at that time she dressed oddly, had strange hairdos and was unsociable. She was regarded as insane – worse yet – a Witchcraft, witch in an era of superstition. It was decided to take "Naut" to Auert Polhemus's grist mill and using his great flour scales weigh her against the old Holland Dutch family Bible, iron bound, with wooden covers and iron chain to carry it by. If outweighed by the Bible, she must be a witch beyond any doubt, and must suffer accordingly. She was taken to the mill against her most earnest protest, put on the scales, and weighed. Weighing more than the Bible, the committee released her. This was the last witch trial in the state of New York.

Hangings in Rockland County

There are three recorded hangings in Rockland County. They all took place in the 18th century. * Claudius Smith – (1736 – January 22, 1779) was a notorious Loyalist guerrilla leader during the American Revolution. * British Major John André – (May 2, 1750 – October 2, 1780) was a British army officer hanged as a spy during the American Revolutionary War. * Isaac Jones, 24 years old was hanged on Oct 5, 1792 for a bar room brawl killing.

Early industries

The earliest of its industries was the growing of foodstuffs for the great city. Iona Island, New York, Iona Island, known as Weyant's Island became famous with the noted Iona grape as well as hundreds of fruit trees and vines. Besides agriculture, boat building was one of the early industries until after the American Civil War. Johnsontown in Haverstraw was the seat of the first boat building. Nanuet ran a lumber business. The Appalachian people, mountain people in Ladentown made baskets, Barrel, beer barrel hoops, bowls, chairs, Ladle (spoon), ladles and Wooden spoon, spoons they made from the wood and reeds found in the mountain to sell or take to New York City to be sold. Mills, both saw and grist, were among the first industries of the county. As early as 1792, tanneries were in existence. Theill's Corners, named after a Danes, Dane who came to the locality previous to the Revolution erected a forge. Water power of the Minisceongo was used for grinding grist in 1793; A 120-foot dam was constructed across the Ramapo River. By 1813, The Ramapo Works, owned by the Pierson brothers were producing a million pounds of nail (fastener), nails annually. The addition of a cotton mill in 1814, and later woolen mills, nearly doubled the size of the Works, which in 1822 were incorporated under the name "Ramapo Manufacturing Company." During its heyday, the Pierson nail factory was a powerful economic stimulus to the region because of its links to existing agricultural and commercial trade. Ramapo developed into an agricultural marketplace and a locale for manufacturing innovations. Garnerville was the home of the John Suffern Paper Mill in 1850, and print cotton textile factories. West Haverstraw, once known as Samsondale, was where a large rolling mill was started in 1830; Ramapo built its early reputation in the iron industry. Iron mining was opened up by an English company in 1768 and in 1771 a nickel mine. Because of the proximity of iron mines, numerous metal products were made – plows, Hoe (tool), hoes, railings, nails, machinery, even Round shot, cannonballs. The Ramapo Wheel and Foundry Company, organized in 1873, took the prize among all competitors for the productions of their wheels at the Vienna Exposition of 1873. Grey and red sandstones were quarried in great quantities, Building stone from local quarries went into the old Capitol at Albany, Fort Lafayette and the old Trinity Church (Manhattan), Trinity Church in New York destroyed in the Great Fire of New York (1776), and the first building at Rutgers College. In 1838 Calvin Tomkins and his brother Daniel purchased approximately of land, located in a cove north of the Stony Point promontory, limestone was found in usable quantities suitable for burning along the river shore for the purpose of making lime. Rockland factories made shoes, straw hats, silk and cotton cloth, sulfur matches, Tobacco pipe, smoking pipes and pianos. But the greatest of the industries was the making of brick followed by the ice-harvesting. The first bricks, made for public market, were baked in 1810 on the banks of the Minisceongo, but not until James Wood, of England, set up a brick kiln at Haverstraw, in 1817, was the first successful plant erected. Wood developed the modern way of mixing coal dust with the clay, in 1828, which revolutionized the manufacture of brick. Commonly referred to as "Bricktown", Haverstraw was famous for its brick-making, which was a major industry for the village. Brick-making was so popular due to the clay formed by the Hudson River's water and the rich soil that lined Haverstraw's waterfront, that it was nicknamed the "Brickmaking Capital of the World". Many of the old brownstone and brick structures that were constructed in New York City in the late 1890s-early 1900s were composed of bricks manufactured by Haverstraw. At one point, in the early 20th century, there were more than forty brick-making factories lining the Hudson River within the village. Although brick-making involved all the ethnic groups, 60 percent of the brickyard workers were African-Americans. Rockland Lake, a beautiful sheet of water a half mile back from the Hudson, at an elevation of more the 150 feet above that river was and is the most notable natural lake and the source of one of the largest branches of the Hackensack River. The lake, known to have had the cleanest and purest ice in the area, was harvested by The Knickerbocker Ice Company established 1831. The company harvested thousands of tons of ice from the lake annually and once harvested 1 million tons of ice. The wooden storehouse's walls were insulated with sawdust to keep the ice blocks frozen until they were shipped in the summer. By 1834, the company owned a dozen steamboats, 75 ice barges and employed about 3,000 to ship ice countrywide. The stored ice was placed on inclined railroad cars, transported down the mountainside, placed on barges on the

and shipped to New York City. Slaughter's Landing was used as the shipping point for the Ice harvested at Rockland Lake. So much ice was shipped that Rockland Lake became known as the "Icehouse of New York City".

Early Sports

Transportation during the earlier years

Stagecoach

Roads were primitive and transporting products from the western end of the county to the Hudson River was very difficult. After legislative approval, it took 17 years to complete the New_York_State_Route_59#History, Nyack Turnpike, a cross-country carriage road which connected Nyack to Suffern. The stagecoach which crossed the Ramapo Pass, was heavily traveled in winter when the Hudson River froze over to travel between Albany, New York and New York City.

Historic steamboats

With the lack of roads, travel was largely confined to sloops, which made regular trips up and down the river. Steamboats were built to travel up and down the Hudson, carrying both passengers and freight. Steamboats provided much of the transportation to New York City. Steamboat navigation in Rockland started with a local steam vessel named the "Orange" referred by some as "Pot-Cheese" in reference to her beauty and others “The Flying Dutchman" because of her speed. She provided regular schedule between Nyack and New York. The North River Steamboat or North River (often erroneously referred to as Clermont) is widely regarded as the world's first commercially successful steamboat. It was not until twenty years later that a boat was used that could be depended on to make a round trip in one day attracting competition from steamboats later built at Haverstraw and Tappan. To facilitate steamboat traffic from Tappan Landing, a road was built over the marshes to the end of a 500-foot pier, which within a few years became the terminus of the Erie Railroad#New York & Erie Railroad, New York & Erie Railroad. The construction of this road was an invaluable aid in the development of the county. It caused the building of Piermont with its lone pier which made possible the founding of a half dozen villages and opened the way to the utilization of the mineral and agricultural resources of Rockland. Other railroads followed. The first steamer bringing passengers to the railroad for the historic trip from Piermont to Ramapo was named "''South American''" and the steamer "''Utica''" brought passengers from New York City on the opening of the Erie railroad to Goshen, New York. Hudson River Day liners included PS Alexander Hamilton, PS Chauncey Vibbard, PS Washington Irving Prominent Hudson River steamboats included Robert R. Livingston (chancellor), Chancellor Livingston (1816), James Kent (jurist), James Kent (1823), DeWitt Clinton (1828), Robert L. Stevens (1835), Rip Van Winkle (1845), Isaac Newton (1846), Daniel Drew (1860), Thomas Cornell (politician), Thomas Cornell (1863), Chauncey Vibbard (1864), Dean Richmond(1864), Charles W. Morse (1904), Henry Hudson, Hendrick Hudson (1906), Robert Fulton (1909) constructed or engines built by Allaire Iron Works, Cornelius H. DeLamater, Harlan and Hollingsworth, John Stevens (inventor, born 1749), Jonh Stevens, W. & A. Fletcher Company, West Point Foundry.

Historic railroads

In 1833, a charter was given to the New York and Erie Railroad, which had trains running in the county by 1840. New York and Erie Railroad was completed in 1851 becoming the longest railroad in the US stretching 483 miles from Piermont to Dunkirk, New York, Dunkirk on Lake Erie and the second-longest railroad in the world. The President of the United States, Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States and the Secretary of State, Daniel Webster, along with a score of national and state officials, boarded the train at the Piermont Pier for the first trip. Back in the 19th century railroads, Freight train, freight and Train, passenger lines, were instrumental for the development, growth and prosperity of Rockland County. Many of the hamlets and villages were built near the Depots. Most of the Post Offices were built near the stations. Passengers traveling to New York City would board Steamboat, steamers at Piermont. The first five locomotives were "''Eleazar Lord''", "''Piermont''", ""''Rockland''", "''Orange''" and "''Ramapo''" respectively. (A) New Jersey and New York Railroad, The New Jersey & New York Railroad – 1875 (B) New City Branch NJ&NY Railroad (C) Erie Railroad Piermont Branch −1870 (D) Northern Branch, Northern Railroad of NJ – 1859 (E) West Shore Railroad, New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railroad −1883 (F) Main Line (NJ Transit), Main Line (G) Wikipedia:WikiProject Trains/ICC valuations/Sterling Mountain Railway, Sterlington Mountain Railway – May 18, 1864. Erie Herald

Rockland County places of interest

Rockland County's rocks

* Indian Rock – This 17,300-ton Proterozoic granite gneiss is .8–1.2 billion years old. Originating between the Ramapo Mountains and Hudson Highlands, this glacial erratic was deposited in Montebello by the Laurentide Ice Sheet approximately 21,000 years ago. * Maria's Rock – Front lawn of Pfizer/Wyeth – (Lederle Laboratories), North Middletown Road in Pearl River – An 18th-century legend tells of a little girl named Maria who wandered from her home in nearby Tappan and died of hunger and exposure. Tradition says that villagers found her bones near the massive boulder. * Spook Rock is the largest of the cluster of rocks located on Spook Rock Road and Highview Avenue in Airmont. The Tappan and Warawankogs of the Lenni-Lenape Wolf Tribes, an Algonquian peoples, Algonquian people, worshipped the sun, moon, stars, and a spirit called Manitou. Story has it that a Dutch farmer's daughter was sacrificed at this site and her ghost appears on the anniversary of her death.

The Dunderberg Spiral Railway

A pleasure railroad partially constructed in 1890–1891 and never finished. The first part of the ride would have taken the cars up two inclined planes to the summit above the Hudson River, where visitors could disembark to enjoy the scenery. Then the cars would have coasted by gravity down a nine-mile (14 km) scenic railway, making two spirals and three switchbacks. It would have been to this day the biggest roller coaster ever constructed.

Piermont hand-cranked drawbridge

The Piermont hand-cranked drawbridge was originally built in 1880 by The King Bridge Company, King Iron Bridge Company, a Cleveland company in the state of Ohio that constructed more than 10,000 bridges over six decades. The hand-cranked drawbridge is used as a pedestrian walkway providing a link to Tallman Mountain State Park. This bridge is the only hand-cranked drawbridge in Rockland County and perhaps in the United States. Back in the day, fishermen on sloops heading up and down the creek got out of their vessel, cranked up the drawbridge, sailed across, got out of their vessel and cranked down the drawbridge for vehicular traffic. The whole bridge was dismantled piece by piece, sent off-site for restoration and restored to its original state after a complete forensic analysis. Allan King Sloan, the great-great-grandson of the company's founder, provided some of the information that is on the historical marker nearby and attended the dedication ceremony on August 7, 2009.

Art gallery

Historic paintings

The following artists studied at the Hudson River School: * Jasper Francis Cropsey (February 18, 1823 – April 23, 1900)

Books and publications

* Anderson, Jane McDill., ''Rocklandia: A collection of facts and fancies, legends and ghost stories of Rockland County life'' 1977 * Baracks, Clarence., ''Growing up in New City, New York in the early 1920s'' * Bedell, Cornelia F., (Compiled and privately printed) ''Now and then and long ago in Rockland County'' Copyright 1968, Historical Society of Rockland County. * Buckman, David Lear., ''Old Steamboat Days on the Hudson River'' Copyright 1990, J. C. Fawcett, Inc., * Budke, George H., ''Rockland County during the American Revolution, 1776–1781''. New York. The Rockland County Public Librarians Association. 1976 * Cohen, David Steven ''The Ramapo Mountain People'' Rutgers University Press 1974 * Cole, David D.D., ''History of Rockland County'': (New York) 1976, Historical Society of Rockland County. *
original 1884 edition
* Gonyea, Maryellen., ''Stony Point in Words and Pictures'', ed. NCL RR 974.728 STO * Gottlock, Barbara H., Gottlock Wesley., ''New York's Palisades Interstate Park'' (NY) (Images of America) * Green, Frank Bertangue. MD.
''The History of Rockland County''
(New York) 1886, A. S. Barnes. * Knight, Robert P., ''Centennial history of Pearl River, New York'' Pearl River Centennial Committee 1973 * Kuykendall, Eugene L., ''Historic Sloatsburg, 1738–1998, The Way it Was, Is and Can Be'', Sloatsburg Historical Society, 1998. * Lucanera, Viola M., ''The role of Orangetown in the Revolution'' (Rockland County bicentennial publication) * Penford, Saxby Vouler., ''The first hundred years of Spring Valley'': Written in commemoration of the Spring Valley Centennial, 1842–1942 (Social Science Research Foundation. Publications) * Penford, Saxby Voulaer., "Romantic Suffern - The History of Suffern, New York, from the Earliest Times to the Incorporation of the Village in 1896", Tallman, N.Y., 1955, (1st Edition) * Pritchard, Evan T., ''Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York''. published by Council Oak Books, 2002 * Scott, John ''A Short history of the West Nyack Area'' The West Nyack free library, June 7, 1970. * Smeltzer-Stevenot, Marjorie., ''Footprints in the Ramapos: Life in the Mountains Before the State Parks'' * Stalter Elizabeth., Doodletown: ''Hiking through history in a vanished hamlet on the Hudson'' * Talman, Wilfred Blanch., ''How things began in Rockland and places nearby'' * Talman, Wilfred Blanch., Fabend, Firth Haring Ed. ''Tappan, 300 Years, 1686–1986'' Tappantown Historical Society, (1989) * Watts, Gardner F., ''A short history of Suffern and the Ramapaugh area: With emphasis on Revolutionary days and ways'' (Rockland County bicentennial publication) (1972) * Zimmerman, Linda., ''Rockland County: Century of History'' * Zimmerman, Linda., ''Rockland County Scrapbook'' Published by Eagle Press, 2004 * American Revolution Bicentennial Committee of Sloatsburg: ''Bicentennial History of Sloatsburg'', New York 1776–1976, * ''America's Bicentennial, 1776–1976'', Haverstraw Commemorative Edition. [NCL 974.728 HAV]. * ''Celebrate Clarkstown 1791–1991''. Clarkstown, New York: Clarkstown Bicentennial Commission, 1991. * The Nyacks Historical Society of the Nyacks and the Nyack Library, Arcadia Publishing of Maine October, 2005 * ''Nyack in the 20th century: A Centennial Journal'' by the Historical Society of the Nyacks, published in 2000 * ''Suffern: 200 years, 1773–1973'' Bicentennial Committee, Suffern, New York Published in 1973. * Portrait of West Nyack S-E-A-R-C-H Foundation of West Nyack, N.Y. 10994 LIC 73-83686 Zingaro Printing Corporation – 1973.

References

External links

Rockland History
from its official website *
''Rockland Review'' weekly newspaper

''Rockland County Times'' Official RC Newspaper since 1888
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