The Hispaniolan euphonia (''Chlorophonia musica'') is a bird species in the finch family, Fringillidae that is endemic to the island of

Hispaniola Hispaniola (, also ; es, La Española; Latin and french: Hispaniola; ht, Ispayola; tnq, Ayiti or Quisqueya) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the West Indies, and th ...

in the

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...

Taxonomy

The Hispaniolan euphonia was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist

Johann Friedrich Gmelin , fields = , workplaces = University of GöttingenUniversity of Tübingen , alma_mater = University of Tübingen , doctoral_advisor = Philipp Friedrich GmelinFerdinand Christoph Oetinger , academic_advisors = , doctora ...

in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's ''

Systema Naturae ' (originally in Latin written ' with the ligature æ) is one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and introduced the Linnaean taxonomy. Although the system, now known as binomial nomen ...

''. He placed it with the manakins in the genus ''

Pipra ''Pipra'' is a genus of birds in the manakin family Pipridae. Taxonomy and species list The genus ''Pipra'' was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1764. The name was used by Ancient Greek authors such as Aristotle for a small ...

'' and coined the

binomial name In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

''Pipra musica''. The specific epithet is from Latin ''musicus'' meaning "musical" or "musician". Gmelin based his account on "L'organiste", a bird from

Saint-Domingue Saint-Domingue () was a French colony in the western portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, in the area of modern-day Haiti, from 1659 to 1804. The name derives from the Spanish main city in the island, Santo Domingo, which came to refer ...

, a French colony on the island of

, that had been described in 1778 by the French polymath the

Comte de Buffon Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (; 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopédiste. His works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including two prominent F ...

in his multi-volume work, ''Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux''. A hand-coloured engraving by François-Nicolas Martinet was published separately to accompany Buffon's text. The Hispaniolan euphonia was formerly placed in the genus '' Euphonia''. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2020 found that the "blue-hooded" euphonias, the Hispaniolan, elegant and

golden-rumped euphonia The golden-rumped euphonia (''Chlorophonia cyanocephala'') is a species of bird in the family Fringillidae, formerly placed in the Thraupidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, ...

s, formed a distinct clade that was sister to the genus ''

Chlorophonia ''Chlorophonia'' is a genus of finches in the family Fringillidae. The Chlorophonias are endemic to the Neotropics. They are small, mostly bright green birds that inhabit humid forests and nearby habitats, especially in highlands. The genus ' ...

''. To resolve the

paraphyly In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

these three species were moved from ''Euphonia'' to ''Chlorophonia''. The Hispaniolan euphonia was previously considered to be conspecific with the

Puerto Rican euphonia The Puerto Rican euphonia (''Chlorophonia sclateri''), or jilguero de Puerto Rico is a bird species in the finch family, Fringillidae that is endemic to the island of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. It was formerly considered as a subspecies of the ...

(''Chlorophonia sclateri'') and the

Lesser Antillean euphonia The Lesser Antillean euphonia (''Chlorophonia flavifrons'') is a bird species in the finch family, Fringillidae that is endemic to the Lesser Antilles. Distribution and habitat Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtr ...

(''Chlorophonia flavifrons''). The common name "Antillean euphonia" was used for the species complex. The complex was split based on the significant differences in plumage.

Distribution and habitat

It is found on the island of

, ( Dominican Republic and

Haiti Haiti (; ht, Ayiti ; French: ), officially the Republic of Haiti (); ) and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and ...

). Its natural habitats are

subtropical or tropical dry forest The tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest is a habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature and is located at tropical and subtropical latitudes. Though these forests occur in climates that are warm year-round, and may receive ...

subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF), also known as tropical moist forest, is a subtropical and tropical forest habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Description TSMF is generally found in large, discont ...

, and heavily degraded former forest.

References

External links

* (for Lesser Antilles islands & countries-(12 stamp issues))
Photo gallery
- VIREO
Artwork graphic (thumb)
- oiseaux

Antillean euphonia The Antillean euphonia (''Chlorophonia musica'') is a bird species in the finch family, Fringillidae (formerly in Thraupidae). It is found in all the main islands of the Lesser Antilles, as well as Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) and ...

Endemic birds of the Caribbean Birds of the Dominican Republic Birds of Haiti Birds described in 1789 Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN {{Fringillidae-stub