Hippeastreae is a
tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...
of plants belonging to the
subfamily Amaryllidoideae
Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae ''s.s.'', amaryllids) is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. The most recent APG classification, APG III, takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then ...
of the Amaryllis
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
(
Amaryllidaceae
The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus ''Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryllis fa ...
). Species in this tribe are distributed in South America. Flowers are large and showy,
zygomorphic
Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower, in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts.
Uncommonly, flowers may have no axis of symmetry at all, typically because their parts are spirall ...
, with the stamens in varying lengths, inflorescence bracts are often fused basally (along one side). The seeds are flattened, winged or D-shaped. Reported basic
chromosome
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...
numbers are ''x''= 8-13, 17, and higher. All the species in this tribe present a remarkable aesthetic interest and horticultural value.
Taxonomy
Meerow et al. (1999) provide a history of the treatment of the genera of Amaryllidaceae, including Hippeastreae, from the mid-twentieth century. While
morphological phylogeny has been frustrated by the perversive
homoplasy
Homoplasy, in biology and phylogenetics, is the term used to describe a feature that has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages over the course of evolution. This is different from homology, which is the term used to characterize ...
typical of the Amaryllidaceae, application of molecular phylogenetics to the Amaryllidaceae did not indicate clear tribal divisions but rather broad
biogeographical clades
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
. However the American clade resolved the tribe Hippeastreae. A later examination of the deeper relationships of the American genera suggested the two subclades, Andean and hippeastroid and within the latter separated the Brazilian
Griffineae
The tribe Griffineae (in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae) includes 2 genera with 22 species from South America which are actually endemic to Brazil. A typical character of the representatives of the tribe are the flowers - ...
as sister to the remaining hippeastroids. The larger and more diverse grouping of hippeastroids formed two smaller monophyletic groups. The smaller contained ''
Hippeastrum
''Hippeastrum'' () is a genus of about 90 species and over 600 hybrids and cultivars of perennial herbaceous bulbous plants. They generally have large fleshy bulbs and tall broad leaves, generally evergreen, and large red or purple flowers. ...
'' (with the exception of ''
Hippeastrum blumenavium''), but also a ''
Rhodophiala
''Rhodophiala'' was a genus of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae). It consisted of about 30 South American species distributed in southern Brazil, Argentina, and, speci ...
''. With the exception of ''Rodophilia'' (Brazil) all specimens were from Chile and Argentina. The second group corresponded to those genera variously included in tribe Zephyrantheae (Traub) or subtribe Zephyranthinae (Müller-Doblies), but only including some ''
Zephyranthes
''Zephyranthes'' is a genus of temperate and tropical plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae, native to the Western Hemisphere and widely cultivated as ornamentals. Following the expansion of the genus in 2019, which n ...
'' species. The hippeastroid clade is predominantly
diploid and extra-Andean by comparison to the Andean clade which is predominantly tetraploid, and contain those genera traditionally included in Hippeastreae. The precise position of Griffineae remained unresolved since its sister status to Hippeastrae was weak, leaving the possibility that it could be sister to the whole American clade. The tribe consists of 10–13 genera and about 180 species.
Phylogeny
The placement of Hippeastreae within subfamily Amaryllidoideae is shown in the
following cladogram, where this tribe is shown as a
sister group to the
Griffineae
The tribe Griffineae (in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae) includes 2 genera with 22 species from South America which are actually endemic to Brazil. A typical character of the representatives of the tribe are the flowers - ...
, forming the Hippeastroid subclade, of two American
clades
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
:
Subdivision
The genera of the tribe Hippeastreae have been treated in a number of different ways over the years.
Traub (1963) in his monograph on the Amaryllidacea distributed those genera now considered in this tribe over a number of other tribes (see Table, below), while
Dahlgren ''et al.'' included them all under Hippeastrae for the first time. The concept of subtribes came from the Müller-Doblies' (1996), who had three subtribes, Griffinineae, Hippeastrinae and Zephyranthinae.
Consequently, it has been customary to describe the tribe Hippeastreae as consisting of two subtribes:
* subtribe
Hippeastrinae
Hippeastrinae is a subtribe of plants classified under the tribe Hippeastreae. It belongs to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae).
Description
Terrestrial bulbous perennial herbaceous plants, although th ...
- includes species of medium height and often with many flowers in each inflorescence and inflorescence bracts are different in size and fused basally. Genera that have been placed in this subtribe include ''Placea'', ''
Hippeastrum
''Hippeastrum'' () is a genus of about 90 species and over 600 hybrids and cultivars of perennial herbaceous bulbous plants. They generally have large fleshy bulbs and tall broad leaves, generally evergreen, and large red or purple flowers. ...
'', ''
Phycella
''Phycella'' is a genus of herbaceous, perennial bulbous flowering plants belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. The genus consists of five species distributed from central Chile to northwestern Argentina.
Taxonomy ...
'' (includes ''Famatina''), ''
Eithea
''Zephyranthes'' is a genus of temperate and tropical plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae, native to the Western Hemisphere and widely cultivated as ornamentals. Following the expansion of the genus in 2019, which no ...
'' (=''
Griffiniopsis''), ''
Rhodophiala
''Rhodophiala'' was a genus of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae). It consisted of about 30 South American species distributed in southern Brazil, Argentina, and, speci ...
'', and ''
Traubia
''Traubia'' is a genus of Chilean plants in the Amaryllis family. Only one species is recognized, ''Traubia modesta'',Moldenke, Harold Norman. 1963. Plant Life 19: 55. as ''Traubia chilensis'' native to northern and central Chile.Marticorena, C ...
''. (Some authors use the spelling Hippeastrineae)
* subtribe
Zephyranthinae - includes species of small height with solitary flowers. Inflorescence bracts are fused forming a tube surrounding the pedicel of the flower. Genera in this subtribe are ''
Sprekelia
''Sprekelia'' was a genus of Mesoamerican plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. ''Sprekelia'' plants are sometimes called Aztec lilies or Jacobean lilies although they are not true lilies. This genus is now submerged in ''Z ...
'', ''Habranthus'', ''Cooperia'', and ''
Zephyranthes
''Zephyranthes'' is a genus of temperate and tropical plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae, native to the Western Hemisphere and widely cultivated as ornamentals. Following the expansion of the genus in 2019, which n ...
''. (Some authors use the spelling Zephyranthinea)
In the study of Meerow ''et al.'' (2000) based on
molecular markers A molecular marker is a molecule, sampled from some source, that gives information about its source. For example, DNA is a molecular marker that gives information about the organism from which it was taken. For another example, some proteins can be ...
Zephyranthinae (Zephyranthae of Traub) were clearly
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
, largely due to the polyphyly of ''Zephyranthes'' itself. This subgroup has been broadly characterised as having a
chromosome number
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectivel ...
, x=6, but with considerable variation. Other polyphyletic genera included ''Rodophiala'' and ''Habranthus''. Hippeastreae also include ''Haylockia'', ''
Rhodolirion
''Rhodolirium'' is a small South American genus in the tribe Hippeastreae of the family Amaryllidaceae. Although originally described by Philippi in 1858 it has long remained buried in other taxa, principally ''Hippeastrum'' and more recently '' ...
'' and ''Tocantinia''.
A more focused study of Hippeastreae alone in 2014, resolved two major
clades
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...
:
* Clade A: ''Traubia'', ''Placea'', ''Phycella'', ''Rhodolirium'', and ''Famatina maulensis'' (now ''
Phycella maulensis
''Phycella'' is a genus of herbaceous, perennial bulbous flowering plants belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. The genus consists of five species distributed from central Chile to northwestern Argentina.
Taxonomy ...
'')
* Clade B: ''Rhodophiala'', ''Habranthus'', ''Haylockia'', ''Hippeastrum'', ''Sprekelia'', ''Zephyranthes'', and the remainder of ''Famatina''.
However it also showed that of the 13 genera, two are
monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...
(''Haylockia'' and ''Traubia''). Of the remaining 11 genera, based on
Internal transcribed spacer
Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is the spacer DNA situated between the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and large-subunit rRNA genes in the chromosome or the corresponding transcribed region in the polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript.
I ...
(ITS)
sequences
In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed and order matters. Like a set, it contains members (also called ''elements'', or ''terms''). The number of elements (possibly infinite) is called t ...
the only
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
non-monotypic genera were ''Hippeastrum'' (about 60 species) and ''Sprekelia'' (2 species). But on
chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) analysis, not even these genera were monophyletic. This brings into question the existing generic classification within Hippeastreae.
Consequently, the authors proposed the following nomenclature:
* Subtribe
Traubiinae
'' Phycella cyrtanthoides''
Traubiinae is a subtribe of plants classified under the tribe Hippeastreae. It belongs to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae).
Description
Bulbous perennial herbaceous plants ...
(Clade A)
D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies
* Subtribe
Hippeastrinae
Hippeastrinae is a subtribe of plants classified under the tribe Hippeastreae. It belongs to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae).
Description
Terrestrial bulbous perennial herbaceous plants, although th ...
(Clade B)
A major generic recircumscription was published in 2019, although the basic subdivision into the two above subtribes remained unchanged.
Subtribes
Subtribe
Traubiinae
'' Phycella cyrtanthoides''
Traubiinae is a subtribe of plants classified under the tribe Hippeastreae. It belongs to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae).
Description
Bulbous perennial herbaceous plants ...
D. & U. Müll.-Doblies (Clade A) includes about 20
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...
Chilean taxa, but only about 10% of the species within tribe Hippeastreae. Characterisation includes a
haploid chromosome number
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectivel ...
, x=8, lack of
polyploidy
Polyploidy is a condition in which the biological cell, cells of an organism have more than one pair of (Homologous chromosome, homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have Cell nucleus, nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they ha ...
and a
capitate
The capitate bone is a bone in the human wrist found in the center of the carpal bone region, located at the distal end of the radius and ulna bones. It articulates with the third metacarpal bone (the middle finger) and forms the third carpomet ...
stigma. 4 genera.
Subtribe
Hippeastrinae
Hippeastrinae is a subtribe of plants classified under the tribe Hippeastreae. It belongs to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae).
Description
Terrestrial bulbous perennial herbaceous plants, although th ...
Walp.
Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers (26 December 1816 in Mühlhausen – 18 June 1853 in Berlin) was a German botanist. This botanist is denoted by the List of botanists by author abbreviation, author abbreviation Walp. when Author citation (botany), citing a ...
(Clade B), by contrast has a variable chromosome number, x=6–11, with frequent
aneuploidy
Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. A cell with any ...
and polyploidy. Although there are no unique
synapomorphies, most taxa exhibit a trifid or trilobed stigma, although in a few it is capitate. 2 genera.
Historical circumscription
Tribe Hippeastreae has included various numbers of genera over the years, some of which were monotypic.
Genera
, the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (or APweb) is a website dedicated to research on angiosperm phylogeny and taxonomy.
The site is hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden website and maintained by researchers, Peter F. Stevens and Hilary M. Davis ...
(APweb) accepted only six genera in the tribe Hippeastrae:
[Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)]
"Amaryllidaceae genera"
''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 2022-03-30. shown here as amended by Garcia et al 2019.
* Subtribe Traubiinae:
** ''
Eremolirion''
Nic.Garcia (now ''Paposoa'')
** ''
Phycella
''Phycella'' is a genus of herbaceous, perennial bulbous flowering plants belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. The genus consists of five species distributed from central Chile to northwestern Argentina.
Taxonomy ...
''
Lindlley
** ''
Pyrolirion
''Pyrolirion'', commonly known as fire lilies or flame lilies, is a small genus of herbaceous, bulb-forming South American plants in the Amaryllis family, native to Chile, Peru, and Bolivia.
Description
''Pyrolirion'' have thin linear leaves ...
''
Herbert (now part of a separate tribe,
Eustephieae
Eustephieae is a tribe (in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae), where it forms part of the Andean clade, one of two American clades.
Taxonomy
Phylogeny
This tribe was resurrected from the Stenomesseae in 1995 by Meero ...
)
** ''
Rhodolirium
''Rhodolirium'' is a small South American genus in the tribe Hippeastreae of the family Amaryllidaceae. Although originally described by Philippi in 1858 it has long remained buried in other taxa, principally ''Hippeastrum'' and more recently '' ...
'' ''
s.str.
''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the word sense, sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any p ...
''
Phil.
** ''
Traubia
''Traubia'' is a genus of Chilean plants in the Amaryllis family. Only one species is recognized, ''Traubia modesta'',Moldenke, Harold Norman. 1963. Plant Life 19: 55. as ''Traubia chilensis'' native to northern and central Chile.Marticorena, C ...
''
Moldenke
* Subtribe Hippeastrinae
** ''
Hippeastrum
''Hippeastrum'' () is a genus of about 90 species and over 600 hybrids and cultivars of perennial herbaceous bulbous plants. They generally have large fleshy bulbs and tall broad leaves, generally evergreen, and large red or purple flowers. ...
''
Herbert
** ''
Zephyranthes
''Zephyranthes'' is a genus of temperate and tropical plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae, native to the Western Hemisphere and widely cultivated as ornamentals. Following the expansion of the genus in 2019, which n ...
''
Herbert
Genera that have been synonymized with other genera in the tribe according to APweb include:
[
*''Cooperia'' Herbert = '']Zephyranthes
''Zephyranthes'' is a genus of temperate and tropical plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae, native to the Western Hemisphere and widely cultivated as ornamentals. Following the expansion of the genus in 2019, which n ...
''
*''Famatina'' Ravenna = ''Zephyranthes''
*''Habranthus'' Herbert = ''Zephyranthes''
*''Haylockia'' Herbert = ''Zephyranthes''
*''Placea'' Miers = ''Phycella
''Phycella'' is a genus of herbaceous, perennial bulbous flowering plants belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. The genus consists of five species distributed from central Chile to northwestern Argentina.
Taxonomy ...
''
*''Rhodolirium
''Rhodolirium'' is a small South American genus in the tribe Hippeastreae of the family Amaryllidaceae. Although originally described by Philippi in 1858 it has long remained buried in other taxa, principally ''Hippeastrum'' and more recently '' ...
'' Philippi = ''Phycella''
*''Rhodophiala
''Rhodophiala'' was a genus of herbaceous, perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae). It consisted of about 30 South American species distributed in southern Brazil, Argentina, and, speci ...
'' C. Presl = ''Phycella''
*''Sprekelia
''Sprekelia'' was a genus of Mesoamerican plants in the Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. ''Sprekelia'' plants are sometimes called Aztec lilies or Jacobean lilies although they are not true lilies. This genus is now submerged in ''Z ...
'' Heister = ''Zephyranthes''
*''Tocantina'' Ravenna = ''Hippeastrum
''Hippeastrum'' () is a genus of about 90 species and over 600 hybrids and cultivars of perennial herbaceous bulbous plants. They generally have large fleshy bulbs and tall broad leaves, generally evergreen, and large red or purple flowers. ...
''
Distribution and habitat
Hippeastreae have a major center of diversification in central Chile and western (Andean) Argentina, together with minor centres in eastern Brazil, the north east of Argentina and with more distant centers in Mexico, the Greater Antilles
The Greater Antilles ( es, Grandes Antillas or Antillas Mayores; french: Grandes Antilles; ht, Gwo Zantiy; jam, Grieta hAntiliiz) is a grouping of the larger islands in the Caribbean Sea, including Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, a ...
and southern United States (''Habranthus
''Habranthus'' (copperlily) was a formerly recognized genus of tender herbaceous flowering bulbs in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the family Amaryllidaceae. It is now included within a more broadly circumscribed genus ''Zephyranthes''. The gen ...
'', ''Zephyranthes'').
Uses
The economic significance of the tribe lies in its horticultural
Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...
usage.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Books
*
*
*
** Volume 1: Monocotyledonae (1926)
** Volume 2: Dicotyledonae (1934)
*
*
(excerpts)
*
Articles
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Websites
*
*
*
*
External links
Amaryllidaceae project at eMonocot
{{Taxonbar, from=Q5768271
Amaryllidoideae
Asparagales tribes