Hindi-Urdu
Hindustani (; Devanagari: ,
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* ; Perso-Arabic: , , ) is the '' lingua franca'' of Northern and Central India and Pakistan. Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi and Urdu. Thus, the lang ...
, also known as Hindustani, has three noun cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative)
and five pronoun cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and oblique). The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular,
Ergative, and
Genitive. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel -ā (the
semblative and the
genitive postpositions) also decline according to number, gender, and case.
Nouns
All the case declension paradigms for nouns are shown below.
Some masculine words ending in -ā (like ''pitā'' and ''kartā'') retain 'ā' throughout their declension, only adding endings -õ and -o in oblique plural and vocative plural respectively.
Pronouns
The declension of all the pronouns of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below:
Personal Pronouns
Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative Pronouns
1 Rarely used in Urdu.
Possessive Pronouns
Note: The formal 2nd person pronoun आप آپ (āp) does not have possessive pronoun forms, instead the genitive postposition का کا (kā) is used with the oblique case to form the possessive pronoun.
Postpositions
The case-marking postpositions of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below on the left, and the declensions of the genitive and semblative postpositions are on the right:
Verbs
In the table below, ø represents the verbal root and suffixes are added to the verb roots to construct different participles and other verbal forms.
See also
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Hindustani grammar
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Hindustani phonology
Hindustani language, Hindustani is the ''lingua franca'' of northern India and Pakistan, and through its two standardized Register (sociolinguistics), registers, Hindi and Urdu, a co-official language of India and co-official and national langua ...
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Hindustani etymology
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Hindustani orthography
Hindustani (standardized Hindi and standardized Urdu) has been written in several different scripts. Most Hindi texts are written in the Devanagari script, which is derived from the Brāhmī script of Ancient India. Most Urdu texts are written ...
References
Hindustani language
Hindi
Urdu
Central Indo-Aryan languages
Declension
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindi-Urdu declension