The high jump is a
track and field
Track and field is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running, jumping, and throwing skills. The name is derived from where the sport takes place, a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events ...
event in which competitors must jump unaided over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without dislodging it. In its modern, most-practiced format, a bar is placed between two standards with a crash mat for landing. Since ancient times, competitors have introduced increasingly effective techniques to arrive at the current form, and the current universally preferred method is the
Fosbury Flop, in which athletes run towards the bar and leap head first with their back to the bar.
The discipline is, alongside the
pole vault
Pole vaulting, also known as pole jumping, is a track and field event in which an athlete uses a long and flexible pole, usually made from fiberglass or carbon fiber, as an aid to jump over a bar. Pole jumping competitions were known to the Myc ...
, one of two vertical clearance events in the
Olympic athletics program. It is contested at the
World Championships in Athletics
The World Athletics Championships (until 2019 known as the World Championships in Athletics) are a biennial athletics competition organized by World Athletics (formerly IAAF, International Association of Athletics Federations). Alongside the Ol ...
and the
World Athletics Indoor Championships
The World Athletics Indoor Championships are a biennial indoor track and field competition served as the global championship for that version of the sport. Organised by the World Athletics, the competition was inaugurated as the ''World Indoor G ...
, and is a common occurrence at track and field meets. The high jump was among the first events deemed acceptable for women, having been held at the
1928 Olympic Games 1928 Olympics may refer to:
*The 1928 Winter Olympics, which were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland
*The 1928 Summer Olympics, which were held in Amsterdam
Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the capital and most po ...
.
Javier Sotomayor
Javier Sotomayor Sanabria (; born October 13, 1967) is a Cuban retired track and field athlete, who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder. The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; hi ...
(Cuba) is the current men's record holder with a jump of set in 1993 – the longest-standing record in the history of the men's high jump.
Stefka Kostadinova (Bulgaria) has held the women's world record of since 1987, also the longest-held record in the event.
Rules
![Yelena Slesarenko failing 2007](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Yelena_Slesarenko_failing_2007.jpg)
The rules set for the high jump by
World Athletics
World Athletics, formerly known as the International Amateur Athletic Federation (from 1912 to 2001) and International Association of Athletics Federations (from 2001 to 2019, both abbreviated as the IAAF) is the international governing body for ...
(previously named the IAAF
) are Technical Rules TR26 and TR27 (previously Rules 181 and 182
). Jumpers must take off from one foot. A jump is considered a failure if the jumper dislodges the bar, touches the ground, or breaks the plane of the near edge of the bar before clearance.
Competitors may begin jumping at any height announced by the chief judge, or may pass at their own discretion. Most competitions state that three consecutive missed jumps, at any height or combination of heights, will eliminate the jumper from contention. The victory goes to the jumper who clears the greatest height during the final.
Tie breaking
If two or more jumpers tie for any place, the tie-breakers are: 1) the fewest misses at the height at which the tie occurred; and 2) the fewest misses throughout the competition. If the event remains tied for first place (or a limited-advancement position to a subsequent meet), the jumpers have a jump-off, beginning at the next height above their highest success. Jumpers have one attempt at each height. If only one succeeds, he or she wins; if more than one does, these try with the bar raised; if none does, all try with the bar lowered. This process was followed at the
2015 World Championship men's event.
In the example jump-off above, the final cleared height is 1.88m, at which A B C and D each have one failure. D has two failures at lower heights compared to one each for the other three, who proceed to a jump-off at the next height above the final cleared height. C is eliminated in the second round of the jump-off 1.89m, then B wins in the third round.
A 2009 rule-change makes the jump-off optional, so that first place can be shared by agreement among tied athletes.
[; ] This rule led to shared gold in the
2020 Olympic men's event held in 2021.
History
![1912 Konstantinos Tsiklitiras2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/1912_Konstantinos_Tsiklitiras2.JPG)
The first recorded high jump event took place in Scotland in the 19th century. Early jumpers used either an elaborate straight-on approach or a
''scissors'' technique. In later years, the bar was approached diagonally, and the jumper threw first the inside leg and then the other over the bar in a scissoring motion.
Around the turn of the 20th century, techniques began to change, beginning with the Irish-American
Michael Sweeney's ''
Eastern cut-off
The eastern cut-off is a variant of the " scissors" high jump style
involving a layout. This enables the jumper to clear a higher bar
than with the traditional scissors style, while still landing on
the feet. The technique is generally credited ...
'' as a variation of the scissors technique. By taking off as in the scissors method, extending his spine and flattening out over the bar, Sweeney raised the world record to in 1895. Even in 1948,
John Winter of Australia won the gold medal of the
1948 London Olympics with this style. Besides, one of the most successful female high jumper,
Iolanda Balaș
Iolanda Balaș (, hu, Balázs Jolán, later ''Balázs-Sőtér Jolán''; 12 December 1936 – 11 March 2016) was a Romanian athlete, an Olympic champion and former world record holder in the high jump. She was the first Romanian woman to win an ...
of Romania, used this style to dominate women's high jump for about 10 years until her retirement at 1967.
Another American,
George Horine
George Leslie Horine (February 3, 1890 – November 28, 1948) was an American athlete who mainly competed in the high jump. He is credited with developing a technique called a forerunner to the western roll, a technique he developed due to the ...
, developed an even more efficient technique, the ''
Western roll
The Western roll was a high jump technique invented by George Horine of Stanford University. This technique was succeeded by the straddle.
History
It is said that George Horine came to invent the Western roll because the high jump pit at Stanfo ...
''. In this style, the bar again is approached on a diagonal, but the inner leg is used for the take-off, while the outer leg is thrust up to lead the body sideways over the bar. Horine increased the world standard to in 1912. His technique was predominant through the
1936 Berlin Olympics, in which the event was won by
Cornelius Johnson at .
American and Soviet jumpers were the most successful for the next four decades, and they pioneered the
straddle technique
The straddle technique was the dominant style in the high jump before the development of the Fosbury Flop. It is a successor of the Western roll, with which it is sometimes confused.
Unlike the scissors or flop style of jump, where the jumper ...
. Straddle jumpers took off as in the Western roll but rotated their torso, belly-down, around the bar, obtaining the most efficient and highest clearance up to that time. Straddle jumper
Charles Dumas
Charles Everett "Charlie" Dumas (February 12, 1937 – January 5, 2004) was an American high jumper, the 1956 Olympic champion, and the first person to clear 7 ft.(2.13 m)
While attending Compton College, near Los Angeles, D ...
was the first to clear 7ft (2.13m), in 1956. American
John Thomas pushed the world mark to in 1960.
Valeriy Brumel
Valeriy Nikolayevich Brumel (russian: Валерий Николаевич Брумель; 14 April 1942 – 26 January 2003)Great Russian Encyclopedia (2006), Moscow: Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya Enciklopediya Publisher, vol. 4, p. 243 was a Russian hi ...
of the Soviet Union took over the event for the next four years, radically speeding up his approach run. He took the record up to and won the gold medal of the
1964 Tokyo Olympics, before a motorcycle accident ended his career in 1965.
![1912 Platt Adams5](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/1912_Platt_Adams5.JPG)
American coaches, including two-time
NCAA
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a nonprofit organization that regulates student athletics among about 1,100 schools in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. It also organizes the athletic programs of colleges an ...
champion Frank Costello of the
University of Maryland
The University of Maryland, College Park (University of Maryland, UMD, or simply Maryland) is a public land-grant research university in College Park, Maryland. Founded in 1856, UMD is the flagship institution of the University System of M ...
, flocked to Russia to learn from Brumel and his coaches like
Vladimir Dyachkov. However, it would be a solitary innovator at
Oregon State University
Oregon State University (OSU) is a public land-grant, research university in Corvallis, Oregon. OSU offers more than 200 undergraduate-degree programs along with a variety of graduate and doctoral degrees. It has the 10th largest engineering co ...
,
Dick Fosbury
Richard Douglas Fosbury (born March 6, 1947) is an American retired high jumper, who is considered one of the most influential athletes in the history of track and field. Besides winning a gold medal at the 1968 Olympics, he revolutionized the h ...
, who would bring the high jump into the next century.
Taking advantage of the raised, softer, artificially-cushioned landing areas that were in use by then, Fosbury added a new twist to the outmoded Eastern cut-off. He directed himself over the bar head and shoulders first, going over on his back and landing in a fashion that would likely have resulted in serious injury in the old ground-level landing pits, which were usually filled with sawdust or sand mixtures.
Since Fosbury used his new style, called the
Fosbury Flop, to win the gold medal of the
1968 Mexico Olympics
The 1968 Summer Olympics ( es, Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1968), officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad ( es, Juegos de la XIX Olimpiada) and commonly known as Mexico 1968 ( es, México 1968), were an international multi-sport eve ...
, it has spread quickly, and soon "floppers" were dominating international high jump competitions. The first flopper setting a world record was the American
Dwight Stones
Dwight Edwin Stones (born December 6, 1953) is an American television commentator and a two-time Olympic bronze medalist and former three-time world record holder in the men's high jump. During his 16-year career, he won 19 national championshi ...
, who cleared in 1973. In the female side, the 16-year-old flopper
Ulrike Meyfarth
Ulrike Nasse-Meyfarth (; born 4 May 1956) is a German former high jumper. She won the Olympic title twice, in 1972 and 1984. She is the youngest Olympic champion ever in women's high jump, and at the time of her 1984 triumph, she also was the ...
from West Germany won the gold medal of the
1972 Munich Olympics at , which tied the women's world record at that time (held by the Austrian straddler
Ilona Gusenbauer
Ilona Maria Gusenbauer (née Majdan on 16 September 1947) is a retired Austrian high jumper. She competed at the 1968 and 1972 Olympics and finished in eighth and third place, respectively. She held the Women's high jump world record progression ...
a year before). However, it was not until 1978 when a flopper,
Sara Simeoni
Sara Simeoni (born 19 April 1953) is an Italian former high jumper, who won a gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics and twice set a world record in the women's high jump.
Biography
Sara Simeoni was born in Rivoli Veronese, in the province of V ...
of Italy, broke the women's world record.
Successful high jumpers following Fosbury's lead also included the rival of Dwight Stones, -tall
Franklin Jacobs of Paterson, New Jersey, who cleared , over his head (a feat equalled 27 years later by
Stefan Holm of Sweden); Chinese record-setters
Ni-chi Chin and
Zhu Jianhua
Zhu Jianhua (; born 29 May 1963) is a retired Chinese high jumper. His personal best of 2.39 metres is a former world record for the event, and is still the Chinese record.
In Helsinki 1983, Zhu became China's first man to win a medal in t ...
; Germans
Gerd Wessig
Gerd Wessig (, ; born 16 July 1959 in Lübz, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) was an East German high jumper who won the gold medal in the 1980 Summer Olympics, the first man ever to set a world record in the high jump at the Olympics.
Early li ...
and
Dietmar Mögenburg
Dietmar Mögenburg (, ; born 15 August 1961) is a (West) German former high jumper who won gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and at the 1982 European Championships in Athens.
Career
On 26 May 1980, at the age of 18, Mögenb ...
; Swedish Olympic medalist and former world record holder
Patrik Sjöberg
Jan Niklas Patrik Sjöberg (; born 5 January 1965) is a Swedish former high jumper. He broke the world record with in Stockholm on 30 June 1987. This mark is still the European record and ranks him third on the world all-time list behind Jav ...
; female jumpers
Ulrike Meyfarth
Ulrike Nasse-Meyfarth (; born 4 May 1956) is a German former high jumper. She won the Olympic title twice, in 1972 and 1984. She is the youngest Olympic champion ever in women's high jump, and at the time of her 1984 triumph, she also was the ...
of West Germany and
Sara Simeoni
Sara Simeoni (born 19 April 1953) is an Italian former high jumper, who won a gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics and twice set a world record in the women's high jump.
Biography
Sara Simeoni was born in Rivoli Veronese, in the province of V ...
of Italy.
In spite of this, the straddle technique did not disappear at once. In 1977, the 18-year-old Soviet straddler
Vladimir Yashchenko
Vladimir Ilyich Yashchenko (russian: Владимир Ильич Ященко) or Volodymyr Yashchenko ( uk, Володимир Ященко) (12 January 1959 – 30 November 1999) was a Ukrainian member of the Soviet national team and former w ...
set a new world record . In 1978, he raised the record to , and indoor, just before a knee injury ended his career effectively when he was only 20 years old. In the female side, the straddler
Rosemarie Ackermann
Rosemarie "Rosi" Ackermann (; born 4 April 1952) is a German former high jumper. On 26 August 1977 in Berlin, she became the first female high jumper to clear a height of 2 metres.
Biography
She was born in Lohsa, Saxony. As Rosemarie W ...
of East Germany, who was the first female jumper ever to clear , raised the world record from to during 1974 to 1977. In fact, from 2 June 1977 to 3 August 1978, almost 10 years after Fosbury's success, the men's and women's world records were still held by straddle jumpers Yashchenko and Ackermann respectively. However, they were the last world record holders using the straddle technique. Ackermann also won the gold medal of the
1976 Montreal Olympics, which was the last time for a straddle jumper (male or female) to win an Olympic medal.
In 1980, the Polish flopper, 1976 Olympic gold medalist
Jacek Wszoła
Jacek Roman Wszoła (born 30 December 1956 in Warsaw, Poland) is a retired Polish high jumper best known for winning gold and silver medals at the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics respectively. Wszoła is also a one-time world record holder with t ...
, broke Yashchenko's world record at . Two years before, the female Italian flopper
Sara Simeoni
Sara Simeoni (born 19 April 1953) is an Italian former high jumper, who won a gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics and twice set a world record in the women's high jump.
Biography
Sara Simeoni was born in Rivoli Veronese, in the province of V ...
, the long-term rival of Ackermann, broke Ackermann's world record at and became the first female flopper to break the women's world record. She also won the gold medal of the
1980 Moscow Olympics, where Ackermann placed fourth. Since then, the flop style has been completely dominant. All other techniques were almost extinct in serious high jump competitions after late 1980s.
Technical aspects
Technique and form have evolved greatly over the history of high jump. The Fosbury Flop is currently considered the most efficient way for competitors to propel themselves over the bar.
Approach
![Ruth Beitia Valence 2008](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Ruth_Beitia_Valence_2008.jpg)
For a Fosbury Flop, depending on the athlete's jump foot, they start on the right or left of the high jump mat, placing their jump foot farthest away from the mat. They take an eight- to ten-step approach, with the first three to five steps being in a straight line and the last five being on a curve. Athletes generally mark their approach in order to find as much consistency as possible.
The approach run can be more important than the takeoff. If a high jumper runs with bad timing or without enough aggression, clearing the bar becomes more of a challenge. The approach requires a certain shape or curve, the right amount of speed, and the correct number of strides. The approach angle is also critical for optimal height.
The straight run builds the momentum and sets the tone for a jump. The athlete starts by pushing off their takeoff foot with slow, powerful steps, then begins to accelerate. They should be running upright by the end of the straight portion.
The athlete's takeoff foot will be landing on the first step of the curve, and they will continue to accelerate, focusing their body towards the opposite back corner of the high jump mat. While staying erect and leaning away from the mat, the athlete takes their final two steps flat-footed, rolling from the heel to the toe.
Most great straddle jumpers run at angles of about 30 to 40 degrees. The length of the run is determined by the speed of the approach. A slower run requires about eight strides, but a faster high jumper might need about 13 strides. Greater speed allows a greater part of the body's forward momentum to be converted upward.
The J approach favored by Fosbury floppers allows for speed, the ability to turn in the air (
centripetal force
A centripetal force (from Latin ''centrum'', "center" and ''petere'', "to seek") is a force that makes a body follow a curved path. Its direction is always orthogonal to the motion of the body and towards the fixed point of the instantaneous c ...
), and a good takeoff position, which helps turn horizontal momentum into vertical momentum. The approach should be a hard, controlled stride so that the athlete does not fall from running at an angle. Athletes should lean into the curve from their ankles, not their hips. This allows their hips to rotate during takeoff, which in turn allows their center of gravity to pass under the bar.
Takeoff
The takeoff can be double-arm or single-arm. In both cases, the plant foot should be the foot farthest from the bar, angled towards the opposite back corner of the mat, as they drive up the knee on their non-takeoff leg. This is accompanied by a one- or two-arm swing while driving the knee.
Unlike the straddle technique, where the takeoff foot is "planted" in the same spot regardless of the height of the bar, flop-style jumpers must adjust their approach run as the bar is raised so that their takeoff spot is slightly farther out from the bar. Jumpers attempting to reach record heights commonly fail when most of their energy is directed into the vertical effort and they knock the bar off the standards with the backs of their legs as they stall.
An effective approach shape can be derived from physics. For example, the rate of backward spin required as the jumper crosses the bar in order to facilitate shoulder clearance on the way up and foot clearance on the way down can be determined by computer simulation. This rotation rate can be back-calculated to determine the required angle of lean away from the bar at the moment of planting, based on how long the jumper is on the takeoff foot. This information, together with the jumper's speed, can be used to calculate the radius of the curved part of the approach. One can also work in the opposite direction by assuming a certain approach radius and determining the resulting backward rotation.
Drills can be practiced to solidify the approach. One drill is to run in a straight line and then run two to three circles spiraling into one another. Another is to run or skip a circle of any size two to three times in a row. It is important to leap upwards without first leaning into the bar, allowing the momentum of the J approach to carry the body across the bar.
Flight
The knee on the athlete's non-takeoff leg naturally turns their body, placing them in the air with their back to the bar. The athlete then drives their shoulders towards the back of their feet, arching their body over the bar. They can look over their shoulder to judge when to kick both feet over their head, causing their body to clear the bar and land on the mat.
All-time top 25
*.
[High Jump - men - senior - outdoor]
IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.[High Jump - women - senior - outdoor]
IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.[High Jump - men - senior - indoor]
IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.[High Jump - women - senior - indoor]
IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
Men (outdoor)
Annulled marks
*
Ivan Ukhov
Ivan Sergeyevich Ukhov (russian: Иван Сергеевич Ухов; born 29 March 1986) is a Russian high jumper. He won a gold medal at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships and is a two-time European Indoor champion (2009 and 2011). ...
jumped 2.41 in Doha on 10 May 2014. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.
Women (outdoor)
Men (indoor)
Annulled marks
*
Ivan Ukhov
Ivan Sergeyevich Ukhov (russian: Иван Сергеевич Ухов; born 29 March 1986) is a Russian high jumper. He won a gold medal at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships and is a two-time European Indoor champion (2009 and 2011). ...
jumped 2.42 in Prague on 25 February 2014. This performance was annulled due to doping offences.
Women (indoor)
Olympic medalists
Men
Women
World Championships medalists
Men
Women
World Indoor Championships medalists
Men
Women
*
Known as the ''World Indoor Games''.
Athletes with most medals
Athletes who have won multiple titles at the two most important competitions, the
Olympic Games
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (french: link=no, Jeux olympiques) are the leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a var ...
and the
World Championships
A world championship is generally an international competition open to elite competitors from around the world, representing their nations, and winning such an event will be considered the highest or near highest achievement in the sport, game, ...
:
*4 wins:
Mariya Lasitskene
Mariya Aleksandrovna Lasitskene (russian: Мария Александровна Ласицкене, ; ; born 14 January 1993) is a Russian athlete who specialises in the high jump. She is the 2020 Olympic champion and three-time world champion ...
(RUS) - Olympic Champion in 2020, World Champion in 2015, 2017 & 2019
*3 wins:
Javier Sotomayor
Javier Sotomayor Sanabria (; born October 13, 1967) is a Cuban retired track and field athlete, who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder. The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; hi ...
(CUB) - Olympic Champion in 1992, World Champion in 1993 & 1997
*3 wins:
Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) - Olympic Champion in 1996, World Champion in 1987 & 1995
*3 wins:
Mutaz Essa Barshim
Mutaz Essa Barshim ( ar, معتز عيسى برشم, Muʿtazz ʿĪsā Baršim; born 24 June 1991) is a Qatari track and field athlete who competes in the high jump and is the current Olympic Champion (2020). He is also the current World Champio ...
(QAT) - Olympic Champion in 2020, World Champion in 2017 & 2019
*2 wins:
Gennadiy Avdeyenko (URS) - Olympic Champion in 1988, World Champion in 1983
*2 wins:
Charles Austin (USA) - Olympic Champion in 1996, World Champion in 1991
*2 wins:
Iolanda Balas (ROM) - Olympic Champion in 1960 & 1964
*2 wins:
Ulrike Meyfarth
Ulrike Nasse-Meyfarth (; born 4 May 1956) is a German former high jumper. She won the Olympic title twice, in 1972 and 1984. She is the youngest Olympic champion ever in women's high jump, and at the time of her 1984 triumph, she also was the ...
(FRG) - Olympic Champion in 1972 & 1984
*2 wins:
Heike Henkel
Heike Henkel (; born Heike Redetzky on 5 May 1964) is a German former athlete competing in high jump. She was Olympic, World and European champion. She won the high jump gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
Biograp ...
(GER) - Olympic Champion in 1992, World Champion in 1991
*2 wins:
Hestrie Cloete
Hestrie Cloete OIS (née Storbeck; born on 26 August 1978) is a former South African professional high jumper. Her foremost achievements were winning two world championships and two silver medals at the Olympic Games.
Career
Cloete was disc ...
(RSA) - World Champion in 2001 & 2003
*2 wins:
Blanka Vlašić
Blanka Vlašić (; born 8 November 1983) is a Croatian former track and field athlete who specialized in the high jump. She is a two-time world champion and double Olympic medallist who ranks as the joint second highest female jumper of all tim ...
(CRO) - World Champion in 2007 & 2009
*2 wins:
Anna Chicherova
Anna Vladimirovna Chicherova (russian: Анна Владимировна Чичерова; born 22 July 1982) is a Russian high jumper. She was the gold medalist at the 2012 London Olympics and the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and origin ...
(RUS) - Olympic Champion in 2012, World Champion in 2011
Kostadinova and Sotomayor are the only high jumpers to have been Olympic Champion, World Champion and broken the world record.
Men
Women
Season's bests
Men
Women
Height differentials
All time lists of athletes with the highest recorded jumps above their own height.
50 cm club - Alltime list in jump above own height
Men
Women
National records
*Updated 22 August 2022.
Men
NR's equal or superior to 2.20 m:
Women
NR's equal or superior to 1.88 m:
See also
* List of high jump national champions (men)
* List of high jump national champions (women)
Below a list of all national champions in the women's high jump event in track and field from several countries.
Australia
*1970: Carolyn Wright
*1971: Carolyn Wright
*1972: Raylene Parke
*1973: Carolyn Lewis
*1974: Raylene Parke
*1975: Rayl ...
* Standing high jump The standing high jump is an athletics event that was featured in the Olympics from 1900 to 1912. It is performed in the same way as high jump, with the difference being that the athlete has no run-up and must stand still and jump with both feet ...
Sources
* ''The Complete Book of Track and Field'', by Tom McNab
* ''The World Almanac and Book of Facts
''The World Almanac and Book of Facts'' is a US-published reference work, an almanac conveying information about such subjects as world changes, tragedies, and sports feats. It has been published yearly from 1868 to 1875, and again every year sinc ...
, 2000''
References
External links
IAAF high jump homepage
IAAF list of high-jump records in XML
Vertical Jump Resource
{{DEFAULTSORT:High Jump
Events in track and field
Sports originating in Scotland
Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics
Jumping sports