Heydar Gholi Latifiyan ( fa, حیدر قلی لطیفیان;

1879 Events January–March * January 1 – The Specie Resumption Act takes effect. The United States Note is valued the same as gold, for the first time since the American Civil War. * January 11 – The Anglo-Zulu War begins. * Janu ...

– December 16,

1915 Events Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix. January * January – British physicist Sir Joseph Larmor publishes his observations on "The Influence of Local Atmospheric Cooling on Astronomical Refraction". *January 1 ...

), also known as Heydar Latifiyan ( fa, حیدر لطیفیان), was a Supporter of the

Persian Constitutional Revolution The Persian Constitutional Revolution ( fa, مشروطیت, Mashrūtiyyat, or ''Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh''), also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911. The revolution led to the establishment of a par ...

and the Democrat Party of Iran. He was one of the Iranian world war I

Commander Commander (commonly abbreviated as Cmdr.) is a common naval officer rank. Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organizations, including several police forces. In several countries this naval rank is termed frigate captain. ...

s in

Persian Campaign Persian expedition or Persian campaign may refer to: * Persian campaign (Alexander the Great) (334–333 BC) *Julian's Persian expedition (363) * Persian expedition of Stepan Razin (1699) * Persian campaign of Peter the Great (1722–1723) * Pers ...

. During the occupation of Tehran by the

Imperial Russian Army The Imperial Russian Army (russian: Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия, tr. ) was the armed land force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917. In the early 1850s, the Russian Ar ...

in the World War I (when the troops were sent from Tehran to

Qom Qom (also spelled as "Ghom", "Ghum", or "Qum") ( fa, قم ) is the seventh largest metropolis and also the seventh largest city in Iran. Qom is the capital of Qom Province. It is located to the south of Tehran. At the 2016 census, its popul ...

) due to the destruction theory of transfer of the capital by the provisional constitutional government (National Defence Committee), he organized resistance and people's forces.

Life

Childhood

Heydar Latifiyan, one of the Latifiyan family, was born in

VahnAbad , native_name_lang = fa , settlement_type = Village , image_skyline = , imagesize = , image_alt = , image_caption = , image_flag = , flag_alt = , ...

(On that time It was a village in

Ray Ray may refer to: Fish * Ray (fish), any cartilaginous fish of the superorder Batoidea * Ray (fish fin anatomy), a bony or horny spine on a fin Science and mathematics * Ray (geometry), half of a line proceeding from an initial point * Ray (g ...

, Tehran, Iran). It had been said that this family was originally from

Safavid dynasty The Safavid dynasty (; fa, دودمان صفوی, Dudmâne Safavi, ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of th ...

that immigrant to near Ray because of the

Persian famine of 1870–1872 The Great Persian famine of 1870–1872 was a period of mass starvation and disease in Iran (Persia) between 1870 and 1872 under the rule of Qajar dynasty. The best documented famine in the Iranian history, it affected almost the whole country, ho ...

. According to estimates, about one tenth of Iran's population died of hunger in these years. Heydar's Father was among of those who settled around Tehran with the supports of Mirza Hossein Khan Sepahsalar.

Adherence to constitutionalism

His youth coincided with the assassination of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, after which the capital underwent many changes. Residents close to the capital, like other Iranians, participated in the great developments of Iran. Heydar tried to support

Hossein Pirnia Hossein Pirnia, also known as Mo'tamen al Molk ( fa, حسین پیرنیا; 1875–1948) was an Iranian politician. His father, Mirza Nasrullah Khan, and his elder brother, Hassan Pirnia, both served as Prime Minister of Iran. Career He served as ...

(Moutamen al-Molk), who became the Speaker of the National Council and a six-term representative of the National Council from the Central Province (Tehran) branch of the Democrat Party.

Government of immigrants

Russia was Iran's northern neighbor at that time and had many wars with Iran during the Qajar period. The British forces in the south and southeast of Iran had caused dissatisfaction among the Iranians by seizing parts of Iran's territory under the pretext of protecting their interests. Therefore, it has been said that Iranians had a strong hatred for the colonists. During the First World War, despite the official announcement of Iran's neutrality, two countries, Britain and Russia, caused a violation of territorial sovereignty due to a lack of confidence. Russia gave Iran an ultimatum to expel William Morgan Shuster (American lawyer). However, after his departure, Russia continued to influence Iran. Russia, which had previously threatened the National Consultative Assembly, by approaching Tehran (the capital of Iran), caused the situation in Tehran to become critical and the parliament to be dissolved. At the same time as the parliament was dissolved, Russia announced that it had nothing to do with the monarchy. However, the prime minister formed a new cabinet with the presence of many parliamentarians and moved the seat of government from Tehran to Qom to deal with the invaders. From this point of view, they are called the National Defense Committee or the immigrant government. After the capture of Tehran by the Russians, the administration of other free parts of the country was still the responsibility of the immigrant government. This matter upset the Russians. Therefore, ،They marched to Qom to completely destroy the Iranian government. Heydar along with the rest of the democrats, who were opponents of the Russian and British military attack on Iran, moved towards Qom. At this time, the officers of the Kazakh forces and the

Gendarmerie Wrong info! --> A gendarmerie () is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population. The term ''gendarme'' () is derived from the medieval French expression ', which translates to " men-at-arms" (literally, ...

are disturbed and stop fighting the Russians. The responsibility of protecting the area between Tehran, Karaj and Qom has been the responsibility of the 1st Tehran Gendarmerie Regiment based in Yousef Abad and the 2nd Tehran Gendarmerie Regiment based in Baghshah and the Qom Gendarmerie Independent Battalion. With the supports of the Immigration Committee (or the National Defense Committee), Heydar Latifiyan, together with a group of people who knew the geographical location of the region, organized popular forces of resistance against the Russian forces.

Last fight

"... the Russian army from one side reaches the village of Kolmeh (Fajr town,

Nasimshahr , native_name_lang = fa , settlement_type = City , image_skyline = , imagesize = , image_alt = , image_caption = , image_flag = , flag_alt = , imag ...

), which is located between the Robat Karim road and Tehran, and the local fighters are surrounded from three sides. The Russians start bombarding the area from almost a mile, until in the evening, the strongholds of the local Batop fighters are bombarded. But everyone survives. But in the evening, the infantry riders of the Russian army came closer and the war with swords started and after a bloody clash 70 people were killed..." Hassan Azam Qudsi (Azam Al-Wozara) wrote in the first volume of his memoirs called "My Memories or clarifying the history of a hundred years". Heydar Latifiyan was also killed like the rest of his comrades. According to the traditions of the local people, the Russians made it difficult to identify the bodies by cutting off the heads of the dead. The only body that could be identified (by his clothes) was that of Heydar Latifiyan, who was buried near the north of Vahan Abad village. (Nowadays, One kilometer to Tehran International Airport). After the defeat of the popular resistance of Robat Karim and his death, Abdul Hossein Farmanfarma expressed his regret through a telegram sent to Isfahan and told the National Defense Committee that:"...In addition to the seven-eight-year exams and the exams of Saveh and Robat Karim (the defeat of popular resistance), gentlemen, I will sit for one more exam in Isfahan and forcefully invite a foreign army to the middle of Iran's soil - which is

Isfahan Isfahan ( fa, اصفهان, Esfahân ), from its Achaemenid empire, ancient designation ''Aspadana'' and, later, ''Spahan'' in Sassanian Empire, middle Persian, rendered in English as ''Ispahan'', is a major city in the Greater Isfahan Regio ...

..."

ِِDescendants

Ali Latifiyan Ali Latifiyan (born December 6, 1968 – Tehran) (in Persian: علی لطیفیان), is an Iranian writer, researcher, social- political theorist, historian. Most of his theories and researches are in the field of enlightenment, intellectualis ...

, An Iranian writer, is his great-grandson.

References

{{Authority control Iranian revolutionaries 1879 births 1915 deaths Democrat Party (Persia) politicians Democrat Party of Iran politicians People from Ray, Iran Politicians from Tehran 19th-century Iranian politicians 20th-century Iranian politicians Democratic socialists Iranian social democrats Iranian democracy activists People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution Iran–Russia military relations Political history of Iran Politics of Qajar Iran People of Qajar Iran 1915 in Iran Iranian human rights activists Liberalism in Iran Iranian nationalists