In
music
Music is generally defined as the art of arranging sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise expressive content. Exact definitions of music vary considerably around the world, though it is an aspect ...
and
music theory
Music theory is the study of the practices and possibilities of music. ''The Oxford Companion to Music'' describes three interrelated uses of the term "music theory". The first is the "rudiments", that are needed to understand music notation (ke ...
, a hexatonic scale is a
scale with six
pitches or
notes
Note, notes, or NOTE may refer to:
Music and entertainment
* Musical note, a pitched sound (or a symbol for a sound) in music
* Notes (album), ''Notes'' (album), a 1987 album by Paul Bley and Paul Motian
* ''Notes'', a common (yet unofficial) sho ...
per
octave
In music, an octave ( la, octavus: eighth) or perfect octave (sometimes called the diapason) is the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon that has been refer ...
. Famous examples include the
whole-tone scale
In music, a whole-tone scale is a scale in which each note is separated from its neighbors by the interval of a whole tone. In twelve-tone equal temperament, there are only two complementary whole-tone scales, both six-note or ''hexatonic'' sc ...
, C D E F G A C; the augmented scale, C D E G A B C; the
Prometheus scale, C D E F A B C; and the
blues scale
Blues is a music genre and musical form which originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads from the African- ...
, C E F G G B C. A hexatonic scale can also be formed by stacking perfect fifths. This results in a
diatonic scale
In music theory, a diatonic scale is any heptatonic scale that includes five whole steps (whole tones) and two half steps (semitones) in each octave, in which the two half steps are separated from each other by either two or three whole steps, ...
with one note removed (for example, A C D E F G).
Whole-tone scale
The whole-tone scale is a series of whole tones. It has two non-enharmonically equivalent positions: C D E F G A C and D E F G A B D. It is primarily associated with the French impressionist composer
Claude Debussy
(Achille) Claude Debussy (; 22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. He is sometimes seen as the first Impressionist composer, although he vigorously rejected the term. He was among the most influential composers of the ...
, who used it in such pieces of his as ''
Voiles
Voiles is a composition by Claude Debussy for solo piano from 1909. It is the second piece in a set of twelve préludes published in 1910. The title may be translated as either ''veils'' or ''sails''; both meanings can be connected to the musical ...
'' and ''Le vent dans la plaine'', both from his first book of piano ''
Préludes''.
This whole-tone scale has appeared occasionally and sporadically in jazz at least since
Bix Beiderbecke
Leon Bismark "Bix" Beiderbecke (March 10, 1903 – August 6, 1931) was an American jazz cornetist, pianist and composer.
Beiderbecke was one of the most influential jazz soloists of the 1920s, a cornet player noted for an inventive lyrical app ...
's impressionistic piano piece ''In a Mist''.
Bop pianist
Thelonious Monk
Thelonious Sphere Monk (, October 10, 1917 – February 17, 1982) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He had a unique improvisational style and made numerous contributions to the standard jazz repertoire, including " 'Round Midnight", "B ...
often interpolated whole-tone scale flourishes into his improvisations and compositions.
Mode-based hexatonic scale
The major hexatonic scale is made from a
major scale
The major scale (or Ionian mode) is one of the most commonly used musical scales, especially in Western music. It is one of the diatonic scales. Like many musical scales, it is made up of seven notes: the eighth duplicates the first at double i ...
and removing the seventh note, e.g., C D E F G A C.
It can also be made from superimposing mutually exclusive triads, e.g., C E G and D F A.
Similarly, the minor hexatonic scale is made from a
minor scale
In music theory, the minor scale is three scale patterns – the natural minor scale (or Aeolian mode), the harmonic minor scale, and the melodic minor scale (ascending or descending) – rather than just two as with the major scale, which also ...
by removing the sixth note, e.g., C D E F G B C.
Irish and Scottish and many other folk traditions use six-note scales. They can be easily described by the addition of two triads a tone apart, e.g., Am and G in "
Shady Grove", or omitting the fourth or sixth from the seven-note diatonic scale.
Augmented scale
The augmented scale, also known in jazz theory as the symmetrical augmented scale,
[Workman, Josh. Advanced:]
Secrets of the symmetrical augmented scale
, ''Guitar Player'' 41.7 (July 2007): p108(2). is so called because it can be thought of as an interlocking combination of two
augmented triad
Augment or augmentation may refer to:
Language
*Augment (Indo-European), a syllable added to the beginning of the word in certain Indo-European languages
*Augment (Bantu languages), a morpheme that is prefixed to the noun class prefix of nouns i ...
s an augmented second or minor third apart: C E G and E G B. It may also be called the "minor-third half-step scale", owing to the series of intervals produced.
![Augmented scale](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Augmented_scale.png)
It made one of its most celebrated early appearances in
Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt, in modern usage ''Liszt Ferenc'' . Liszt's Hungarian passport spelled his given name as "Ferencz". An orthographic reform of the Hungarian language in 1922 (which was 36 years after Liszt's death) changed the letter "cz" to simpl ...
's ''
Faust Symphony
''A Faust Symphony in three character pictures'' (german: Eine Faust-Symphonie in drei Charakterbildern), S.108, or simply the "''Faust Symphony''", is a choral symphony written by Hungarian composer Franz Liszt inspired by Johann Wolfgang von Go ...
'' (''Eine Faust Symphonie''). Another famous use of the augmented scale (in jazz) is in Oliver Nelson's solo on "
Stolen Moments".
[Advanced: "Secrets of the symmetrical augmented scale". Josh Workman. ''Guitar Player'' 41.7 (July 2007): p108(2).] It is also prevalent in 20th century compositions by
Alberto Ginastera
Alberto Evaristo Ginastera (; April 11, 1916June 25, 1983) was an Argentinian composer of classical music. He is considered to be one of the most important 20th-century classical composers of the Americas.
Biography
Ginastera was born in Buen ...
,
Almeida Prado Almeida may refer to:
People
*Almeida (surname)
*Almeida Garrett (1799–1854), Portuguese poet, playwright, novelist and politician
*Laurindo Almeida (1917–1995), Brazilian jazz musician
Places
*Almeidas Province, province in Colombia
* Almeid ...
,
Béla Bartók
Béla Viktor János Bartók (; ; 25 March 1881 – 26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Franz Liszt are regarded as H ...
,
Milton Babbitt
Milton Byron Babbitt (May 10, 1916 – January 29, 2011) was an American composer, music theorist, mathematician, and teacher. He is particularly noted for his Serialism, serial and electronic music.
Biography
Babbitt was born in Philadelphia t ...
, and
Arnold Schoenberg
Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg (, ; ; 13 September 187413 July 1951) was an Austrian-American composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. He is widely considered one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was as ...
, by saxophonists
John Coltrane
John William Coltrane (September 23, 1926 – July 17, 1967) was an American jazz saxophonist
The saxophone (often referred to colloquially as the sax) is a type of single-reed woodwind instrument with a conical body, usually made of br ...
and
Oliver Nelson
Oliver Edward Nelson (June 4, 1932 – October 28, 1975) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, arranger, composer, and bandleader. His 1961 Impulse! album '' The Blues and the Abstract Truth'' (1961) is regarded as one of the most signifi ...
in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and bandleader
Michael Brecker
Michael Leonard Brecker (March 29, 1949 – January 13, 2007) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. He was awarded 15 Grammy Awards as both performer and composer. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Berklee College of M ...
.
Alternating E major and C minor triads form the augmented scale in the opening bars of the Finale in
Shostakovich
Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich, , group=n (9 August 1975) was a Soviet-era Russian composer and pianist who became internationally known after the premiere of his First Symphony in 1926 and was regarded throughout his life as a major compo ...
's
Second Piano Trio.
Prometheus scale
The Prometheus scale is so called because of its prominent use in
Alexander Scriabin
Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin (; russian: Александр Николаевич Скрябин ; – ) was a Russian composer and virtuoso pianist. Before 1903, Scriabin was greatly influenced by the music of Frédéric Chopin and composed ...
's
symphonic poem
A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music, usually in a single continuous movement, which illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other (non-musical) source. The German term ''T ...
''
Prometheus: The Poem of Fire''. Scriabin himself called this set of pitches, voiced as the simultaneity (in ascending order) C F B E A D the "
mystic chord
In music, the mystic chord or Prometheus chord is a six-note synthetic chord and its associated scale, or pitch collection; which loosely serves as the harmonic and melodic basis for some of the later pieces by Russian composer Alexander Scriabin ...
". Others have referred to it as the "Promethean chord". It may be thought of as C Lydian b7 without the 5th degree.
Blues scale
The blues scale is so named for its use of
blue note
In jazz and blues, a blue note is a note that—for expressive purposes—is sung or played at a slightly different pitch from standard. Typically the alteration is between a quartertone and a semitone, but this varies depending on the musical co ...
s. Since blue notes are alternate inflections, strictly speaking there can be no one blues scale, but the scale most commonly called "the blues scale" comprises the
minor pentatonic scale
Minor may refer to:
* Minor (law), a person under the age of certain legal activities.
** A person who has not reached the age of majority
* Academic minor, a secondary field of study in undergraduate education
Music theory
* Minor chord
** Bar ...
and an additional flat 5th scale degree: C E F G G B C.
[Arnold, Bruce (2002). ''The Essentials: Chord Charts, Scales and Lead Patterns for Guitar'', p.8. .]
Tritone scale
The tritone scale, C D E G G() B, is
enharmonic
In modern musical notation and tuning, an enharmonic equivalent is a note, interval, or key signature that is equivalent to some other note, interval, or key signature but "spelled", or named differently. The enharmonic spelling of a written n ...
ally equivalent to the
Petrushka chord
The Petrushka chord is a recurring polytonal device used in Igor Stravinsky's ballet ''Petrushka'' and in later music. These two major triads, C major and F major – a tritone apart – clash, "horribly with each other", when sounded together a ...
; it means a C major chord ( C E G() ) + G major chord's 2nd inversion ( D G B ).
![Tritone scale on C (extra)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Tritone_scale_on_C_%28extra%29.png)
The ''two-semitone tritone scale'', C D D F G A, is a
symmetric scale
In music, a symmetric scale is a music scale which equally divides the octave. The concept and term appears to have been introduced by Joseph Schillinger and further developed by Nicolas Slonimsky as part of his famous ''Thesaurus of Scales and M ...
consisting of a repeated pattern of two semitones followed by a major third now used for improvisation and may substitute for any mode of the
jazz minor scale
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major f ...
.
[Dziuba, Mark (2000). ''The Ultimate Guitar Scale Bible'', p.129. .] The scale originated in
Nicolas Slonimsky
Nicolas Slonimsky ( – December 25, 1995), born Nikolai Leonidovich Slonimskiy (russian: Никола́й Леони́дович Сло́нимский), was a Russian-born American conductor, author, pianist, composer and lexicographer. B ...
's book ''Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns'' through the "equal division of one
octave
In music, an octave ( la, octavus: eighth) or perfect octave (sometimes called the diapason) is the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon that has been refer ...
into two parts," creating a tritone, and the "interpolation of two notes," adding two consequent semitones after the two resulting notes.
The scale is the fifth mode of
Messiaen's list.
See also
*
Hexachord
In music, a hexachord (also hexachordon) is a six-note series, as exhibited in a scale (hexatonic or hexad) or tone row. The term was adopted in this sense during the Middle Ages and adapted in the 20th century in Milton Babbitt's serial theor ...
*
Istrian scale
"Istrian scale" refers both to a "unique"Thammy Evans, Rudolf Abraham (2013). ''Istria: Croatian Peninsula, Rijeka, Slovenian Adriatic'', p.17. . musical scale of folk music genres from Istria and Kvarner which use the style.
References
External links
A model for hexatonic scales in 96-EDO ''96edo.com''.
Detailed Examination of Hexatonic Scales Originating in the Natural Scale/Harmonic SeriesThe origin of triads and musica ficta filling in hexatonic gaps in the diatonic scale
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hexatonic Scale
Tritones
Musical scales
lv:Blūza skaņkārta