Hermann Hogeback

Hermann Hogeback (25 August 1914 – 15 February 2004) was a German bomber pilot during the Nazi era. He flew more than 100 operational sorties during the Spanish Civil War and 500 during World War II and was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany. Hogeback's last service position was commander of the 6th Bomber Wing.

Born in 1914, Hogeback joined the military service of the Wehrmacht in 1934. He transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1935; he volunteered for service with the Condor Legion in the Spanish Civil War. During World War II he fought in the Invasion of Poland, Battle of France, Operation Weserübung, the German invasion of Norway, Battle of Britain, Battle of Crete, siege of Malta, Mediterranean theatre of operations, over the Eastern Front and in Defense of the Reich.

Childhood, early career and Spanish Civil War

Hogeback, the son of a tax inspector, was born on 25 August 1914 in Idar-Oberstein at the time in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, a state of the German Empire. Growing up in Münster from 1921 on he graduated with his ''Abitur'' (diploma) in 1934. After his graduation, Hogeback joined the military service as an officer cadet in the 9th Company of Infantry Regiment 15, 5th Division of the Reichswehr in Kassel.Kaiser 2010, p. 18. Following his officers training he transferred to the ''Luftwaffe'' a year later where he received his pilot training at Neuruppin, Ludwigslust and at the R.B.-Strecke of the Deutsche Luft Hansa. During this training period he was promoted to ''Leutnant'' (second lieutenant) on 1 June 1936. After he completed his bomber pilot training he transferred to the III./Lehrgeschwader Greifswald (3rd group of Demonstration Wing Greifswald), which was formed on 1 April 1937 and later became the III./Lehrgeschwader 1 (LG 1—1st Demonstration Wing).For an explanation of ''Luftwaffe'' unit designations see Organisation of the ''Luftwaffe'' during World War II. Hogeback then transferred to the II./Kampfgeschwader 355 (2nd group of the 355th Bomber Wing) on 1 May 1938 and to Kampfgeschwader 253 (243rd Bomber Wing) on 1 September 1938.

Following his promotion to ''Oberleutnant'' (first lieutenant) Hogeback volunteered for combat service with the Condor Legion () where he flew more than 100 missions in the Spanish Civil War. The Condor Legion was a unit composed of volunteers from the ''Luftwaffe'' and from the German Army ('' Heer'') which served in the Spanish Civil War in support of the Nationalists. His Heinkel He 111 was shot down by republican anti-aircraft artillery on his first mission with 1. 88 in Spain. The mission was to attack positions at Móra d'Ebre and Ebro. Hogeback's starboard engine was hit and caught fire. Attempting to return to Zaragoza-Sanjurjo, he had to give the order to abandon the aircraft. The combat observer, Poppenhagen, and the flight engineer, Hermann, managed to bail out but the radio operator Gerhard Pacht, was wounded and failed to escape. Hogeback bailed out as well but sustained skull and lung injuries when he struck the antenna and vertical stabilizer and came down in no man's land where he was recovered the following night. For his services in Spain he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords in June 1939.

World War II

At the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, Hogeback was back with III./LG 1 where he flew the He 111 in combat missions in the Invasion of Poland. His '' Gruppe'' (group) converted to the then new Junkers Ju 88 at the beginning of 1940. He flew further combat missions in the Battle of France. In summer of 1940 he flew missions against England in what would become the Battle of Britain, including 28 missions over London.

Hogeback and III./LG 1 was relocated to Sicily for operations in the siege of Malta and on 20 January 1941 he was appointed (squadron leader) of the 8./LG 1. On one of his first missions in the Mediterranean theatre he was credited with the sinking of a freighter. His Ju 88 came under attack from 12 British fighters during an aerial reconnaissance flight over the Mediterranean Sea in July 1941. The British fighters broke off the attack following aerial combat, during the course of which Hogeback's radio operator ''Feldwebel'' (Sergeant) Willy Lehnert managed to shoot down two of the attackers.

On 8 September 1941, after 163 combat missions, ''Oberleutnant'' Hogeback received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () from the hands of ''Fliegerführer Afrika'' ''Generalmajor'' (Lieutenant General) Stefan Fröhlich at Derna in North Africa. On 20 February 1943, for his leadership of III.(''Kampf'')/LG 1, Hogeback was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (), the 192nd German soldier so honoured. The award was presented at the Wolf's Lair, or (Führer Headquarters, at Rastenburg, East Prussia) in early March 1943. Hogeback together with ''Hauptmann'' Erwin Fischer, an aerial reconnaissance pilot with Fernaufklärungs-Gruppe 121 (Long–range Reconnaissance Group 121), received the award directly from Adolf Hitler. At this presentation Hitler commented that eligibility for high awards was most difficult to achieve for reconnaissance pilots, next were the bomber pilots, and last and most easy for the "fine gentlemen" from the fighter force. Hitler then said that this procedure would be changed before inviting them to tea along with ''Luftwaffe'' adjutant Nicolaus von Below.

On 12 August 1943 Hogeback was appointed to succeed Walter Storp as ''Geschwaderkommodore'' (Wing Commander) of (KG 6—6th Bomber Wing) and was promoted to ''Oberstleutnant'' (Lieutenant Colonel) with effect from 1 May 1944. On 18 October 1944  6, along with (KG 27—27th Bomber Wing), ''Kampfgeschwader 30'' (KG 30—30th Bomber Wing) and (KG 55—55th Bomber Wing) were subordinated to the newly formed IX. (J) Fliegerkorps.  6 received the suffix "J" to its name—J stands for ''Jagd'' (fighter aircraft)—and was now known as (J) 6, denoting its fighter aircraft character. Hogeback ordered all the remaining Junkers Ju 88 and Junkers Ju 188 units transferred to other units.  6 then transferred to Prague for conversion to the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter.

Between 1943 and 1945 every member of Hogeback's Junkers Ju 88 crew was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, making it the most highly and only so decorated crew in the ''Luftwaffe''. Air gunner ''Oberfeldwebel'' Günter Glasner—crew member since early 1940—received the Knight's Cross on 31 December 1943, radio operator ''Oberfeldwebel'' Willy Lehnert—crew member since March 1941—on 5 April 1944, and observer ''Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel'' Wilhelm Dipberger—crew member since 1940—on 9 January 1945.

Following the German capitulation in May 1945, Hogeback was taken prisoner of war by United States Army forces. He was held captive in London, England, and at Sainte-Mère-Église, France, before being released in September 1945.Schumann 2004, p. 96.

After the war Hermann Hogeback studied law and worked in the automobile industry. He died on 15 February 2004 in Dötlingen, Lower Saxony, and was buried with full military honors.

Awards

* Medalla de la Campaña (4 May 1939)
* Spanish '' Medalla Militar''Berger 2000, p. 130.
* Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords (6 June 1939)
* Front Flying Clasp of the ''Luftwaffe'' in Gold with Pennant "500"
* Combined Pilots-Observation Badge
* Italian aviator badge
* Crimea Shield
* Wound Badge (1939) in Black
* German Cross in Gold on 24 September 1942 as ''Hauptmann'' in the III./LG 1
* Iron Cross (1939)
** 2nd Class (20 May 1940)Thomas 1997, p. 296.
** 1st Class (26 September 1940)
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
** Knight's Cross on 8 September 1941 as ''Oberleutnant'' and ''Staffelkapitän'' of the 9.(K)/LG 1
** 192nd Oak Leaves on 19 February 1943 as ''Hauptmann'' and ''Gruppenkommandeur'' of the III./LG 1
** 125th Swords on 26 January 1945 as ''Oberstleutnant'' and ''Geschwaderkommodore'' of KG 6Von Seemen 1976, p. 19.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

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* Laureau, Patrick (2010). ''Condor: The Luftwaffe in Spain, 1936–39''. Stackpole Books. .
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* Weal, John (2009). ''Junkers Ju 88 Kampfgeschwader in North Africa and the Mediterranean''. Osprey Publishing. .
* Weal, John (2010). ''Junkers Ju 88 Kampfgeschwader on the Russian Front''. Osprey Publishing. .

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hogeback, Hermann
1914 births
2004 deaths
People from Birkenfeld (district)
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
German World War II pilots
People from Oldenburg (state)
German military personnel of the Spanish Civil War
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Condor Legion personnel